JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES

The importance of this research stems from the researcher’s attempt to explore variables that have not been addressed in the sports field, namely the “cube strategy”. This study also represents an effort by the researcher to understand the role of this variable (cube strategy) in the educational process, particularly in learning the forward and backward rolling skills on the floor exercises mat. It aims to determine the strategy’s role in learning the studied skills.

The problem emerged from the researcher’s focus on teaching methods in the sports field and her review of existing teaching strategies. Upon consulting experts, it became apparent that the cube strategy is underutilized in physical education and sports sciences. This strategy can significantly enhance learner motivation, engagement, and active participation in the learning process, rather than having students passively receive information. Consequently, the researcher decided to test this relatively new strategy, which creates a highly interactive learning environment that promotes accurate and effective skill acquisition.

The objectives of the research are:
• To design educational units based on the cube strategy for learning forward and backward rolling on the floor exercises mat.
• To identify the effect of the cube strategy in learning forward and backward rolling on the floor exercises mat.

The researcher hypothesizes that:
• Educational units based on the cube strategy have an effect on learning the forward and backward rolling skills on the floor exercises mat.
• Educational units based on the cube strategy are superior to traditional methods in learning forward and backward rolling skills on the floor exercises mat.

The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, which is suitable for the research problem. The method is defined as a logical scientific way to derive knowledge from reality to discover unknown truths. The design included experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests, applied to second-year female students



of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, for the academic year 2024–2025, with a total number of 10 students. The research sample consisted of Section (B), comprising 30 students, divided into two groups (experimental and control) with 10 students each, selected intentionally. Five students were excluded after participating in a pilot study, and another five were excluded due to health issues.

The researcher ensured homogeneity and equivalence of the sample in terms of (body mass, age, and height) and in the used tests, in an effort to control variables that may affect the research results.

Among the most important conclusions:
• The cube strategy contributed to learning the forward and backward rolling skills on the floor exercises mat for female students.
• There is a difference between the two research groups (experimental/cube strategy and control/traditional method) in learning the basic skills on the floor exercises mat.
• The experimental group using the cube strategy outperformed the control group (traditional method) in the variables of performing forward rolling and backward rolling.

The most important recommendations:
• It is necessary to use the cube strategy to learn the basic skills on the floor exercises mat under study, due to its proven positive and effective role.
• The educational curriculum developed by the researcher should be implemented for learning the targeted basic skills, as it achieved positive results.
• Teachers should be informed about modern teaching strategies and methods for learning basic skills on the floor exercises mat, especially the skills under study.
• Conduct similar studies on other artistic gymnastics skills to understand the role of the cube strategy in learning different skills.
• Conduct similar studies in other individual or team sports

tahdif hadhih aldirasat 'iilaa taslit aldaw' ealaa 'abraz almueawiqat waltahadiyat alati tuajih alaistithmar alriyadia fi 'andiat kurat alqadam bimuhafazat dyuala, wadhalik min khilal wijhat alnazar lilhayyat al'iidariat almaswuwlat ean altakhtit waltanfidh wal'iishrafi. walitahqiq hadha alhadaf aistakhdam albahithan almanhaj alwasfia bial'uslub almashi limulayimatih tabieat aihdaf aldirasa . watumathil mujtamae albahth bialhayyaat aladariat fi muhafazat dyalaa walbaligh eadaduhum (162 ) eudw hayyat 'iidariat tama aikhtiaruhum bialtariqat aleamdiat 'amaa eayinat albahth balaghat (127 ) edwaan tama taqsimuha 'iilaa eayinat 'iistitlaeiat eadaduha (17) eudw hayyat 'iidariat wabinisbat miawia (13.38 %) min eayinat albahth ama eayinat altatbiq balaghat (110 ) eudw hayyat 'iidariat wabinisba (86.61 % )min eayinat albahth walijame albayanat qam albahithan bi'iiedad aistibanat mukawanat min (20) eibarat muazaeat ealaa 'arbaeat mahawir rayiysiatin, wahi: almueawiqat al'iidariat waltanzimiat ,almueawiqat almaliat walaiqtisadiati, walmihwar alaijtimaeii walthaqafii , walmihwar altashrieiu walqanunii ) wa'azharat natayij aldirasat wujud mueawiqat kathirat tueiq tahqiq alaistithmar alriyadii liandiat muhafazat dyala bikurat alqadam waealaa daw' alnatayij tuasi aldirasat bidarurat daem al'andiat alriyadiat bikurat alqadam min khilal tashrieat aistithmariat faeaalatin, watawfir biyat amnat lil'anshitat alriyadiati, watahil alhayyat al'iidariati, 'iilaa janib tatwir albinaa altahtiat wifq nizam almaeayir alduwaliat litahqiq alaihdaf almanshudat fi alriyadat aleiraqia . desired goals in Iraqi sports.

This study aimed to identify the cultural and societal challenges that hinder girls’ participation in school sports activities in Diyala Governorate, by analyzing factors related to cultural values, customs and traditions, social beliefs, and the level of community awareness, in addition to the role of the family, the school environment, and the influence of society and the media. The descriptive–analytical method was employed, and the study sample consisted of 240 female physical education teachers, representing 48.28% of the original population of 497 teachers. A questionnaire comprising 27 items was developed and distributed across two main domains: cultural challenges and societal challenges. The results revealed that all study dimensions scored at a high level, indicating the existence of clear cultural and social barriers limiting girls’ participation in school sports activities. These barriers were reflected in social pressures, weak family and institutional support, shortcomings in the school environment, and the prevalence of traditional media representations. The study recommends enhancing community and media awareness, improving the school environment, strengthening the role of the family, and launching targeted educational and awareness programs to create an encouraging and supportive environment for girls’ participation in school sports, in line with the objectives of comprehensive education and community development.

The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of integrated learning strategy in improving motor response speed and learning handball shooting skill among second-grade intermediate students. The study employed an experimental design with two groups (experimental and control). A sample of 105 students from the second-grade intermediate level at Al-Naqaa School for Gifted Students was selected. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group (n = 35) and a control group (n = 35). A pilot sample of 15 students was selected for the exploratory study.
The researcher applied a structured integrated learning program to the experimental group, while the control group followed traditional teaching methods. Both groups were evaluated before and after the intervention using professional tools to measure motor response speed and handball shooting skill.
The most significant findings were that the integrated learning strategy led to a significant improvement in motor response speed among second-grade intermediate students compared to traditional teaching methods.
The study recommends applying similar integrated learning units within physical education curricula to develop students' motor responses and shooting skills. It also suggests training teachers on how to design and implement these units.

The importance of this research lies in its contribution to enriching the theoretical framework of teaching methods in physical education by highlighting the relationship between cognitive achievement and the learning of motor skill performance. Adopting John Zahorik’s model enables the structured development of understanding through the progressive stages of skill execution, The study aimed to design instructional units based on John Zahorik’s model for the experimental group and to identify the model’s impact on cognitive achievement and learning the stages of the snatch lift performance among students. The researcher adopted the experimental approach due to its suitability for the research problem, employing a two-group experimental design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests, The research population consisted of first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Diyala, during the academic year 2024–2025, totaling 141 students. The control group was randomly selected from Class (A) (15 students out of 37), while the experimental group was randomly selected from Class (C) 15 students out of 36, The research procedures included conducting field experiments and tests that covered cognitive achievement assessments and evaluations of the technical performance level of the snatch lift. The instructional units were implemented at a rate of one unit per week, totaling eight instructional units, The results revealed that applying John Zahorik’s model had a clear positive effect on enhancing students’ cognitive achievement, as the model’s five stages stimulated scientific thinking and linked theoretical knowledge with practical application during the learning of the snatch lift. Additionally, the model contributed to improving the technical performance of the lift, The researcher recommends adopting John Zahorik’s model in teaching motor activities—particularly in weightlifting courses within physical education curricula—because of its effectiveness in integrating theoretical understanding with practical mastery. Furthermore, it is recommended to train physical



education instructors on how to design instructional units according to the five stages of Zahorik’s model.

This study aims to identify the most prominent challenges and future prospects of sports marketing in the clubs of Diyala Governorate by seeking to expand and diversify the financial revenue channels of these clubs through establishing clear and effective marketing foundations. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive survey method due to its suitability to the nature of the study goals. The research population consisted of members of the administrative bodies of sports clubs in Diyala Governorate, totaling 171 members. A purposive sample of 120 members was selected, and it was divided into a pilot sample of 20 members (16.66%) and an application sample of 100 members (83.33%)).
Data were collected using a questionnaire that included five main dimensions, with five statements allocated to each dimension: legal and legislative challenges and prospects, financial and economic challenges and prospects, administrative and organizational challenges and prospects, technical challenges and prospects, and societal culture challenges and prospects. The researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the data. The results revealed significant challenges related to sports marketing across all five dimensions from the perspective of the administrative bodies. In light of these findings, the study recommends the necessity of providing financial support to sports clubs through effective investment legislation, developing a suitable and safe environment for sports activities, focusing on the training and development of administrative personnel, and paying attention to stadiums and sports facilities as a fundamental pillar of sports marketing. These measures would contribute to a qualitative advancement in the field of sports marketing in Diyala Governorate .

This study aims to identify the effect of using a dynamic environmental stimulation training method on developing both motor balance and the skill of defending the court in volleyball among a sample of students. The researcher adopted the experimental approach using two groups: an experimental group that underwent a training program based on dynamic environmental stimulation (such as sudden changes in the training environment: lighting, sounds,



transmission angles, etc.), and a control group that trained using the traditional method. Tests were used to measure motor balance. Another was to evaluate the defensive performance on the court before and after implementing the training program. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group statistically significantly in both variables, demonstrating the effectiveness of dynamic environmental stimulation in improving motor and skill performance in volleyball. The research recommends adopting this type of training in curricula and training programs with the aim of developing the motor and mental skills of players

The research aims to identify the importance of sports marketing strategies and their role in achieving sustainable performance for some Iraqi sports clubs, as well as to explore the concept of sustainable performance and the level of its dimensions among the administrative bodies of sports clubs in Iraq.
To achieve this goal, the researcher employed the descriptive method using the survey approach, as it is suitable for the nature of the study’s objectives. The research population consisted of the administrative bodies of sports clubs in the central region of Iraq, totaling 135 administrative members selected intentionally. The research sample included 100 members, divided into an exploratory sample of 10 administrative members (representing 10% of the total sample) and an application sample of 80 administrative members (representing 80% of the total sample).
To collect data, the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of 27 items related to sports marketing strategies distributed across four main dimensions: strategic marketing planning, modern marketing techniques, management of marketing relationships and partnerships, and evaluation and sustainability of marketing performance. Another 22 items were devoted to the sustainable


performance questionnaire, distributed across four main dimensions: financial, beneficiary, learning and growth, and internal operations.
The results indicated that clubs adopting comprehensive marketing plans based on brand development, sponsorship attraction, fan base expansion, and effective management of self-resources achieve higher levels of stability and sustainability compared to others. Accordingly, the study recommends establishing specialized sports marketing units within clubs to develop and implement marketing plans, train administrative staff in modern sports marketing concepts, enhance partnerships with the private sector, and diversify funding sources through sponsorship and sports investment. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of digital marketing and sports media as essential tools for building club identity and enhancing the sustainability of its performance in the long term

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0.802 ) wja' aql artbat byn akhtbar sret aljra lmfsl alktf (0.570 ), akhtbar almhawrt balkrt fa kht mterj lmfsl almrfq (0.593), wawsa albahth bastkhdam albramj alryadyt alwqayyt alta tbna ela ass elmyt slymt me alasteant bafdl altrq walasalyb alhdytht almwjhh wtwzyfha dakhl alwhdat altdrybyt k'ijra' wqaya mn ajl dman alttwr alkaml lljwanb albdnyt walmharyt walta tsahm bdwrha fa alwqayt walhd mn tkrar hdwth al'isabat alryady

This research aims to study the effect of using the Beyer strategy on learning some basic handball skills for second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The physical education lesson in the motor domain aims to learn and develop the basic skills for the prescribed games, which requires the use of modern and effective educational strategies.



Achieving high levels of learning requires the adoption of contemporary and advanced educational strategies. The Beyer strategy is one of the modern educational and thinking strategies proposed by the Australian scholar (Bayer). It makes the student active and focused on the educational process, helps them generate new ideas, and develop critical thinking skills and abilities. It relies on increasing dialogue, questions, and inquiries to build knowledge. Its importance is that it is an effective and influential strategy that has recently become increasingly prevalent. It takes into account the individual differences of learners and relies on creating situations that require the practice of higher and purposeful thinking skills. The researcher chose handball because it is a popular team sport that requires high motor skills and attributes (such as speed, accuracy, and motor intelligence). The study aimed to develop educational units based on the steps of the Beyer strategy to teach students some basic handball skills.

The aim of the research is to identify the academic self-concept and its relationship to psychological harmony among the students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – University of Diyala. The researchers used the descriptive method with a survey approach of correlational relations, as it is the most suitable method for the nature of the research problem and objectives. The research population consisted of the students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, totaling (110) students from the second, third, and fourth stages of the morning studies for the academic year (2024–2025), selected intentionally. The research sample consisted of (100) students from the second, third, and fourth stages, representing (90.90%) of the original research population, and they were selected randomly by lottery, taking into consideration the students’ commitment to official attendance and their participation in both theoretical and practical lectures at the college. The exploratory sample consisted of (10) students, representing (9.09%) of the original research population, and they were excluded from the main research sample. Thus, the total research population reached (100%). The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to process the research data.
The results of the statistical data, through the application of the two scales to the study sample, showed that the students had levels ranging between moderate and good in academic self-concept and psychological harmony, and that there was a significant correlation between the two study variables (academic self-concept and psychological harmony) among the students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala. Based on the study results, the researchers recommend adopting the scales of academic self-concept

Understanding how muscle mechanical properties affect force production is crucial for optimizing performance in strength sports. This study aimed to develop a predictive equation model that links myotonometric indicators of muscle viscoelasticity with neuromuscular explosive power in advanced weightlifters. Thirty male athletes (mean age = 24.1 ± 2.8 years) participated. Muscle properties including stiffness, tone, elasticity, relaxation time, and creep were measured using the MyotonPRO device in four major muscles: Vastus Lateralis, Biceps Femoris, Upper Trapezius, and Biceps Brachii. Explosive performance was assessed through the rate of force development (RFD), countermovement jump (CMJ), and time to contraction threshold (TCT). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied via AMOS 26 to identify direct and indirect relationships among latent variables representing muscle function and performance outcomes. Results revealed that muscle stiffness and relaxation time were the strongest predictors of explosive capacity (p < 0.05), while tone, elasticity, and creep showed no significant relationships. The model demonstrated excellent fit indices (χ²/df = 1.37, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.049), confirming its reliability and explanatory accuracy. These findings highlight the diagnostic and monitoring potential of myotonometric parameters especially stiffness and relaxation time for individualizing training


and recovery programs in strength athletes. The study supports integrating mechanical muscle assessment tools with performance metrics to enhance the precision of athlete monitoring and to design personalized interventions that optimize force production and reduce injury risk

The present study aims to identify the level of mental motivation among fourth-grade preparatory students in the volleyball lesson, to determine their level of volleyball skill performance, and to examine the nature of the relationship between mental motivation and volleyball skill performance. The researchers adopted the descriptive-correlational method due to its suitability for the nature of the problem and research objectives. The research population consisted of fourth-grade preparatory students at Al-Zamakhshari Secondary School in the Baladrooz District of Diyala Governorate, totaling 120 students for the academic year 2024/2025. The research sample was selected randomly, comprising 30 students (25%) of the original population.
The results indicated a significant positive relationship between the level of mental motivation and the performance of basic volleyball skills among the fourth-grade students. The data also revealed that developing mental motivation contributes to enhancing self-confidence and the desire for athletic excellence, thereby motivating students to continue learning and practicing. Based on these findings, the researchers recommend integrating programs to develop mental motivation into physical education lessons in preparatory schools to enhance students’ skill performance, as well as encouraging teachers to adopt instructional methods that rely on mental stimulation and competitive tasks that foster thinking and attention.