URUK FOR HUMANITIES

The subject of our study is to shed light on one of the new Arab tribes, the Fazara tribe, by explaining their lineage, their conversion to Islam, and the scientific contributions they made to Andalusia. Therefore, this study must be based on our choice of descriptive experience when presenting the participants and contributions of the members of this scientific guild and their scientific prominence in occupying various knowledge areas in Andalusia. This must be done by referring to the historical references and resources. Reviewing this part requires precise when dealing with this idea to arrive at the accurate peice of information.
The study shows that the Fazzarin played an important role in the Islamic conquests, as they participated in the liberation of the Levant and Egypt, and in the conquest of Andalusia. They were among the tribes that settled in Andalusia and its most important cities, Cordoba, Seville, and La Paz. The study revealed to us the scientific contributions of the Fazzarin in various sciences, as prominent scholars from them leaving their work. The most important of which is the science of readings, hadith and jurisprudence, and contributions of distinction in the judiciary in the Arabic sciences, including literature and rhetoric .
In conclusion, it is essential for the scientific and specialized researchers in Islamic history to research and study in the history of Arab trade and reveal the participations and contributions of their sons in all fields, especially the scientific field, for the two main goals: The first of which is to identify those contributions in the Islamic conversation, and the second is on the heritage of the nation .

After the defeats suffered by the Chinese Empire, especially after the Boxer Rebellion and the increasing pressure of Western and Japanese colonialism, Empress Tzu-hsi sought to implement a series of reforms known as the "New Policy" or "New Administration" for the period 1901-1910, in order to strengthen the authority of the central court in the face of internal disintegration and increasing foreign interventions. Outer Mongolia had a large share of these reforms, as the ruling Manchu court in China sought to strengthen its direct control over the administratively weak border regions such as Mongolia, and reduce the independence of the local aristocracy and Buddhist monks. Therefore, Empress Tzu-hsi imposed a series of reforms on Mongolia, in which the ruling court sought to modernize from the top down to strengthen the empire and protect it from collapse. However, this policy was immediately rejected by the people of Mongolia; because these reforms aimed to forcibly assimilate them within the Chinese imperial structure, which led to the growth of separatist tendencies in Mongolia. Therefore, Mongolia became A fertile ground for independence movements, which paved the way for its declaration of independence from China in 1911.

The current research aimed to identify the effect of the Thinking Actively in a Social Context (TASC) Wheel Model on the academic achievement of second-grade intermediate female students in chemistry. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design. The research population consisted of second-grade intermediate female students in public intermediate and secondary day schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/Al-Rusafa First. "Zahret Al-Mada'en Intermediate School for Girls" was intentionally selected as the research sample. Two sections from the second-grade intermediate class were randomly chosen; one represented the experimental group (30 students), which was taught using the TASC Wheel Model, and the other represented the control group (30 students), which was taught using the traditional method. The two groups were equalized in several variables: chronological age, previous academic achievement in chemistry, prior knowledge test, and Raven's Progressive Matrices test for intelligence.
An achievement test was prepared consisting of 40 items, including multiple-choice questions and some essay questions, aimed at measuring information retention among the sample. The test's validity and reliability were confirmed. The following statistical methods were used: t-test, Cooper’s formula, discrimination index, difficulty index, effectiveness of distractors, Kuder-Richardson formula, effect size formula, and Pearson correlation coefficient . The results revealed a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who were taught using the TASC Wheel Model and the mean scores of the control group students who were taught using the traditional method, in favor of the experimental group.

Water desalination projects and making it potable are among the most important infrastructure services that must be provided to the population with high efficiency. They are a fundamental pillar in maintaining environmental balance and public health in light of the water pollution that has affected surface water. Accordingly, the current study concludes the environmental assessment of drinking water at the Al-Khader desalination plant for the year 2024 in the city of Al-Khader, Muthanna Governorate. This plant is one of the most important filtration plants in the study area, providing potable water services to more than 58,216 people. Furthermore, the annual environmental assessment process determines the validity of the water for drinking. Therefore, the environmental assessment process focused on identifying qualitative characteristics (temperature, turbidity, total dissolved salts, electrical conductivity, pH), represented by 24 water samples taken over a full year from two locations, raw and purified water. These samples were compared with local and international environmental standards to determine their compliance with the health specifications stipulated by the World Health Organization and Iraqi environmental standards.

This research argues that the relationship characterized by fierce competition between Real Madrid and Barcelona in the Spanish League and other tournaments was not just a competition for prizes and positions in tournaments, but for very important reasons that cannot be ignored at all, which go back to the Catalonia region\'s demand for secession after the Spanish state lost its colonies and was closely strengthened after the Spanish state refused to recognize the secession and used force in the annexation process. Since that moment, football in the region, represented by Barcelona Club, has become one of the cultural systems expressing Catalan nationalism and its cultural identity, and Barcelona Club has become perhaps the strongest social institution expressing Catalonia\'s right to obtain its cultural, political and national rights, which were manifested in the demand for secession, especially after the civil war waged by the ruling regime in Spain against the region during the period 1936-1939. The hostility between the political system in Spain and Barcelona extended to the Real Madrid team as the club of the political capital Madrid, and even the official team that represents the political system as a result of the unlimited support at the expense of the rest of the other clubs, even those in the capital. This resulted in a competition between the two teams charged with nationalistic emotions that can be sensed through the chants, slogans and some behaviors that express the live solidarity between the team members and fans, in addition to expressing the existence of a crisis whose end cannot be predicted. Despite the efforts made for the political system in Spain to create a national sports symbol that unites and represents all the regions, the separatist tendency remained ingrained in the players of the Barcelona team on the one hand, and the authoritarian view among the players of the Real team, so that the role of sports in creating a cohesive and integrated society in the Spanish case failed as a result.

The study examined the geographical distribution of the educational workforce within the Al-Qadisiyah Education Directorate in the Diwaniyah District. By analyzing and distributing the educational workforce (kindergarten, primary, and secondary) within administrative units, and identifying the extent of differences between them, the ARC GIS program was used to map the differences based on the standard score. The results revealed a disparity in the number of educational cadres. The district center had a high density of the workforce (kindergarten teachers, teachers, instructors, and employees), while some administrative units suffered from a shortage of educational cadres. It became clear that this disparity resulted from population density, varying levels of services, the lack of a suitable school environment, and the absence of scientifically based planning.

Iraq is experiencing rapid demographic shifts, including a 2.3% annual population growth rate and changes in age structure, with individuals aged 15–64 comprising approximately 60.4% of the population. The country also faces challenges such as internal displacement (1.2 million displaced persons as of 2022) and accelerated urbanization, with 70.1% of the population living in urban areas. The population is expected to reach 50 million by 2030, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable population planning.
This research focuses on the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in analyzing demographic data, improving population forecasts, and efficiently allocating resources. It proposes a framework (Zouka, 1991) for integrating AI into public policy, particularly in education and healthcare, to enhance social and economic stability.
Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the first chapter explores theoretical concepts of AI and demographic transformation, while the second reviews successful international experiences. The study identifies key challenges, including weak technological infrastructure, shortage of skilled professionals, brain drain, and the absence of supportive government policies. The research recommends adopting flexible strategies to address future challenges, emphasizing that integrating AI could increase GDP by 2% annually and improve quality of life by 30% in targeted regions

This research aims to analyze the (unspoken) in the poetry of the Islamic poet Abu Dahbal al-Jumahi (d. 63 AH). The study was conducted from a modern critical perspective through which “the systematic codes” in his creative texts are “deciphered” as they represented cultural fabrics that contained meanings that contradicted what was stated. The approach relied on the cultural approach as well as the inductive analytical interpretive approach without neglecting the psychological and subjective aspect of the poet. The approach revealed the presence of different layers of implicit meanings, reflecting the poet's interaction with the cultural, political and social context of his era. The “unspoken” appeared in his poetry as a rhetorical strategy employed to circumvent authority or to reproduce prevailing social values or question ideas without directly clashing with the authority. Hence, his poetry can be understood as a multi-layered text that blends the explicit and implicit in shaping its creative connotations.

Water represents one of the most important key environmental elements that must receive considerable attention and care from all relevant parties, especially in light of the challenges facing water resources in Iraq. These challenges have led to a decrease in water quantity and a decline in quality as a result of climate change and the practices adopted by neighboring countries on the shared river sources without regard for Iraq’s water share. In addition, the inefficient use of water by various sectors has further exacerbated the situation. Water has become the main human challenge of the twenty-first century; therefore, water resources management must be given priority in comprehensive planning by establishing the necessary frameworks and foundations to manage Iraq’s water resources in an integrated and systematic manner, in order to achieve sustainable and inclusive water development.

This research addresses the importance of the cultural connection between Mesopotamia and ancient Yemen (a study of the system of government). This is an important and fundamental topic that reveals the cultural and political interactions between two major regions in the ancient East. These regions had a significant influence in shaping the features of ancient Arab civilization. The geographical connection had a clear impact on the cultural convergence, given that Mesopotamia was a natural extension of the Arabian Peninsula, and that population migrations from the Arabian Peninsula contributed to the formation of the empires of ancient Iraq (such as the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian). This topic opens the door to comparing the mutual influences between Yemen (and the Kingdoms of Saba, Ma\'in, and Himyar) and Iraq, including their systems of government and political organization. From this perspective, this study aims to provide a clear picture of the impact of ancient Iraq on the cultural formation of the region. Yemen emphasized the authenticity of the Iraqi experience by comparing it with other sources of civilization in the region, attempting to present this with cognitive motivations by comparing the political heritage of ancient Iraq and its impact on Yemeni civilization in the political sphere (the system of government). The research was limited to The study focuses on the political phase experienced by both Iraq and Yemen, without delving into the details of the state and its components. It begins with the foundations upon which society emerged, the emergence of the first religious and political systems in both regions, the convergence and convergence between them, how these authorities were administered, and the influence of the people\'s councils on them.

Natural gas discoveries in the Middle East have been a transformative factor in Turkish-Cypriot relations, transforming a political dispute into a dynamic geopolitical crisis with regional and international dimensions. Energy resources have not been a catalyst for cooperation, but rather a major factor in complicating the geopolitical landscape, threatening continued instability in the region. Energy resources did not re-create the conflict, but rather gave it a strategic and economic dimension that deepened disagreements and reshaped alliances between the countries of the region. Therefore, this study aims to shed light on the energy issue and its impact on the nature of the relationship between the two countries. Both countries' policies aim to control energy resources and exclude the other party from the region. However, the conflict is rooted in historical and political issues that have exacerbated crises between the two countries and led to the intervention of more than one international and regional party.

This study addresses the estimation of gully erosion intensity within the Wadi Kur Al-Tayr Basin, one of the valleys located on the southern plateau west of Al-Muthanna Governorate, within the Al-Salman District in southern Iraq. The research relies on Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, utilizing the ArcGIS 10.8 software and 30-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to generate drainage network maps, classify elevation levels, and calculate the lengths and frequencies of stream orders along with their respective areas. These data were subsequently applied within the Bergsma (1982) model to delineate the spatial distribution and intensity zones of gully erosion within the basin and to assess its associated negative impacts on human activities, particularly agriculture and livestock grazing. The findings indicate that gully erosion within the basin ranges from Zone I (very slight erosion) to Zone IV (high erosion). The area affected by moderate gully erosion was the most extensive, covering 2,474.56 km², which constitutes (92.41%) of the total basin area. This was followed by the zone of slight erosion with an area of 146.15 km² (5.46%), the high erosion zone with 34.62 km² (1.29%), and finally, the very slight erosion zone with 22.5 km², accounting for (0.84%) of the total basin area.

In this research, we discuss the career of one of the influential figures in the history of Tunisia, who played a major role in standing up to the French colonizers. He took it upon himself to carry out this national mission despite the difficulties that he faced along the way.
Ali Pasha Hanbeh was able to achieve many gains for his country, and his personality was distinguished by its great influence on the Tunisian youth who supported him in getting rid of the injustice and oppression with which the French treated them, and thus led to the expansion of popular rejection of those conditions due to the contributions made by Ali Pasha Hanbeh in various political, cultural and social fields.
The research contained a set of results related to the personality of the research subject, as Ali Bash Hanbeh was not just a national leader, but he was also a negotiator and mediator sometimes between the occupation authorities and the Tunisian population, in addition to his possession of an idea that clearly contributed to drawing the basic lines on which the national movement in Tunisia proceeded, so that this national idea and enthusiasm were not limited to the borders of his country, but rather extended to include large parts of the regions in which Ali Bash Hanbeh settled.

This study examines the levels of dialogue in the play "Al-Mawazen" by playwright Shawqi Karim, through an analysis of external/internal/silent dialogue. By exploring these three modes of theatrical dialogue, the research focuses on four key levels of analysis; The Linguistic Level, This represents the expressive techniques employed by the playwright, including word choice and phrasing that shape the textual structure, The Aesthetic Level, This pertains to the artistic style, rhetorical imagery, and musical rhythm that lend depth and impact to the text, enhancing its appeal and suggestive power in delivering visual and auditory pleasure to the audience. This is achieved through wordplay, strategic repetition, and balanced linguistic construction, The Semantic Level, This focuses on the deeper, symbolic meanings of words and sentences within the dialogue, exploring how characters articulate their inner stances by using language to convey their thoughts and emotions, The Psychological Level, This reveals the psychological motivations and internal tensions of the characters through their dialogues, exposing their hesitations, anxieties, and decisions when confronting life and death, Collectively, these levels demonstrate how dialogue interacts with the play’s structure and enhances the conveyance of meaning to the audience through diverse methods that transcend the boundaries of spoken language.