Psychological Science

The current research aims to identify the Success and Failure Expectations of university Students, and to identify The differences in the success and failure expectations according to gender variable (male\female) and specification variable (scientific, humanities),in order to achieve this the researcher adopted a Scale of the Success and Failure Expectations of (Fibel & Hale,1978) after she translated it into Arabic, the Scale was applied to a sample of 400 Students who were selected in random stratified method , the validity and stability of the Scale were verified and the researcher collected and processed the data statistically , the results showed that the members of the research sample had the Success and Failure Expectations, there are also differences in the success and failure expectations according to specification variables (scientific\ humanities) in favor of the humanities specification. There are no statistically significant differences in the success and failure expectations according to gender variables.

This Research aims identified to the Behavioral problems for the Autistic Children from the point of view of their teaches and parents and identified the statistical differences for the Behavioral Problems for Autistic children ,acci or ding to the gender fanatic male and statis tical differences according to age(5-9) years .
The research population in clueing (18) centers and institul in terance (12) Community centers of Autism and (6) Centers for autism government and civil exist in the eity of Baghdad for the year 2016- 2017 community of paveuts of childven for Autism in existing autism centers in Baghdad , The Researchers build attest that has been psychometric charactisties and The results of tho is Research revealed that the mach for the sample degree are (87,34) with the standard deviation (15.432). and compare this mean with the basic mcan for the scale is (88) this result Indicated to the Autistic children Behavioral pvoblem above for the Basic mean then thers is no statistical differenees according to the geuder( male, Effetely becauss Both of them ( males & Females lives in the same conditions for disorder in the society and the samc conditions statisial for the children in age (5 Years) that not differ for the Autistic children in age (9) years in Behavior al problems avaranle or Behavioral disorders then the situations and experiences exposed by Autism children in age (5 years) from (9Years) not differ,
They always exposed for lifi situation assimilated in these disorders in this age early stage that have been in it. The researchers revealed that Autism children assimilated in Behavioral problems by the punt of view for the teachers and their parents according variable (5-9) years.
The researcher recommended to prepare experimental programs assist autistic childrch with Behavioval disorders according to Behavior modification program then eorking to fecrease the negative effects, The researchers suggested to Prosecuted study about r the Behavioral Problems and its relation with the one type for the Autis tic types to identifying the differences according to the gender and ago because the effect of these programs in Behavior for Autistic chitdren.

( The educational reform in Iraq between an orthodox philosophy and clear-cut stratigy)
The educational and learning system in Iraq, starting from its philosophy and intellectual orientations till what presented in the classrooms interested in dealing with scientific, culural, technological and cognitive structures. In which the variables are more than constants and the interest in future more than the past and the present. From this set off point, we have to review the education process starting from its philosophy and strategies, and the preparation of teachers, training and curriculum, and ending with the formulation of the educational situation in accordance with new standards to judge the educational output in the framework of behavioral products based on international quality standards, even educational, and cultural. Rhythm of the era of cognitive and technological revolution.
And a clear strategy in the preparation of teachers and curriculum development as well as teaching methods.
The research included a number of recommendations including:
1. Objective of the research: To provide a vision for the reform of the components of the educational system in Iraq represented by the philosophy of education work on the maturation of new visions in the philosophy of education able to keep pace with the requirements of the era in light of a comprehensive assessment of the course of the educational process and concepts for the advancement and advancement of civilization and build a human being able to balance All aspects of spiritual, mental, psychological and material life, up to human integration.
2. To work on the development of comprehensive courses in light of the requirements of sustainable development and the actual needs of contemporary in the areas of knowledge economics and technology education and take care of the practical aspects of theoretical decisions by providing modern education techniques and training and use of the best use.
3. Increasing the expenditure on education within the budget allocations and providing the necessary financial resources to improve the decisions, programs and experiments of scientific research and directing them towards attention to the problems of the society and the state institutions and their different sectors for their study in-depth scientific study and develop effective solutions to these problems.
4. Develop the concepts and perspectives of student life by spreading and instilling a culture of dialogue and tolerance among students and rejecting the culture of exclusion and violence and racial, religious, sectarian or political intolerance to reach the other and coexist with him within the one homeland that belongs to all his sons.

The educational process needs to an educational counselor because he is an important part of it, and the presence of some features of educational counselors qualify them to be more effective in the process of counseling, and the most important features of the sense of duty, where the owner is characterized as seeking to be a conscious individual and serious and determined and willpower and characterized by determination to act and achievement. As well as concerning the organization, persistence, control and motivation in vector behavior towards the target, and the possession of educational counselor to the meaning of his life makes him the motivation is the basis of the individual's desire to achieve a sense, something that pays the deepest meant is human, that is the most important human phenomenon, This is what distinguishes him from animals that do not worry about any sense of their existence. The meaning is not invented by man, but it is discovered, as Frankel asserts. Hence the current research problem, which lies in answering the following question: Is there a relationship between sensitivity to the duty and the meaning of life to the educational counselors?
The importance of the current research in dealing with an important category of society and educational institutions is the category of educational counselors who represent an important aspect in the educational process, as well as the two variables (Sensitivity to duty, meaning of life ), and the importance of theory and practice among the members of the research sample and the relevant educational institutions. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, there is no local study on the sensitivity variable of duty and the relationship between the two variables in the sample (educational counselors).
The current research will be restricted to educational counselors attending primary and intermediate schools and the preparatory schools of the six general educations departments in Baghdad governorate, (1), Rusafa 2, Rusafa 3, Karkh 1, Karkh 2, Karkh 3), and of both sexes, for the academic year (2017-2018). The current research community consisted of (1863) counselors (male, female) with (652) He-counselors and (1211) she-counselors. The two current research samples of (600) counselors of both sex were selected (400) counselors (sample of statistical analysis) and 200 counselors (Final application sample) from the original community in the random cluster method for the 2017-2018

The present research aims at identifying the relationship between self organized learning and retention strategies. The research required building two scales, the first of which is set to measure the self organized learning, it is composed of 40 items, while the second was set to measure retention strategies, it is composed of 30 items. The statistical indicators of validity and stability were extracted. The two scales were applied to the research sample which included 400 male and female students. The results showed that there is a very obvious decrease in using the skills of self organized learning and retention strategies and that there is a lack in the relationship between self organized learning and retention strategies. The researcher proposed a number of recommendations and suggestions

The present research aims at knowing:
1. Hostile behavior in adolescents.
2. Differences in the hostile behavior according to gender ( males /females).
3. Family violence in adolescents.
4. Differences in the family violence according to gender (maled/ females).
5. The correlational relationship between hostile behavior and family violence in adolescents.
The present research is limited to studying the hostile violence and its relationship with family violence in adolescents of intermediate morning schools belonging to the administration of Baghdad / Rusafa the first. Accordingly, the researcher has chosen the sample
randomly, however, the sample consists of (200) male and female students. The researcher has relied on Bandura theory in constructing and interpreting the hostile behavior and also in constructing and interpreting family violence. The validities of the two scales have been ascertained through using the indicators constructing validity and by using face validity through exposing them on a number of experts in this domain. The reliability of the two scales have been ascertained through using test-retest and half split. The scale hostile behavior consists of (12) verbal items and the scale of family violence consists of (15) verbal items. However, the researcher has used the appropriate statistical means in treating data in addition to using the statistical package. The researcher has arrived the following results :
1. The sample’s individuals suffer from hostile behavior.
2. There are statistically significant differences among males and females for the benefit of females on the scale of hostile behavior.
3. The sample’s individuals suffer from family violence.
4. There are statistically significant differences among males and females on the scale of family violence .
5. The results of the present research show that there is a correlational positive relationship between the hostile behavior and family violence.
However, in the light of the aforementioned results the researcher has concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The aim of this study is to find the relation between teaching methods and personal qualities of teachers for talented students, in consideration of the views of the talented students. The study sample consist of 220 students (Females and males). Two questionnaires have been implemented, the first measures the personal qualities and the second measures the teaching methods followed by the teachers. The questionnaires have been developed by the researcher.
The results of the study indicated that for the personal qualities questionnaire, sense of independence over the sense of shyness has the highest significance. While, for the teaching method questionnaire the consideration of personal differences amongst students has the highest significance. The study also points to positive correlation between personal qualities and teaching methods used by teacher with regards to the views of the students. The study finds a correlation between the gender of the teacher on the personal qualities of teachers for talented students, in favor of female teachers. This study points to a lack of statistical significance regards the academic qualifications of the the teachers and the teaching experience with the personal qualities of teachers for talented students.
Key words: Teaching methods, personal qualities, teachers for talented students.

The research aims to identify the most important standards of academic integrity among graduate students from the point of view of supervisors according to the human and scientific specialization The current research is determined by a sample of postgraduate students in both the Faculty of Engineering, the College of Veterinary Medicine, the College of Education for Girls and the Faculty of Education Ibn Rushd, Baghdad University, who are of the rank of (Professor -Assistant Professor), who supervise postgraduate students in the master's and doctoral programs. In order to achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the Standards of Academic Integrity Standard for the (Alagees, 2011) And the results showed that the research sample possess the standards of academic integrity in writing their scientific research. In light of these results, the researcher made several recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify the level of self-discrepancy and the level of social anxiety among university students, as well as to identify the significance of differences according to type (male-female), specialization (scientific - human) as well as the correlation between the two variables, The researcher adopted the self-contradictory self-discrepancy scale (Hickens 1987), and the teacher by (Warrior 1997), the number of paragraphs in the final version (28) paragraph, and adoption of the scale of social anxiety prepared by (Hijazi 2013), the number of paragraphs as final (21) The two tools were tested on a sample of 152 students Elbe were randomly selected from two colleges of Mustansiriya University colleges are: (Faculty of Science, College of Arts) for the academic year 2017-2018 research showed the following results:
1. There is a contradiction of the self-perception (ideal style) among university students.
2. There is a self-contradictory perception (realistic style) of university students.
3. There is a contradiction of the self - aware (the pattern) of the university students.
4. There is a difference in self-discrepancy based on the model (ideal - realistic) depending on the gender variable (male - female) among university students and for males.
5. There is no difference in self - discrepancy realized according to the pattern (ideal - realistic) depending on the specialty (scientific - human) of university students.
6. There is a difference in the self-discrepancy realized according to the pattern (real - duty) depending on the gender variable (male - female) among university students in favor of males.
7. There is no difference in self - discrepancy realized according to the pattern (real - duty) depending on the specialty (scientific - human) of university students.
8. There is a level of social anxiety among university students.8-
9. There is no difference in social anxiety according to gender variable (male-female) among university students.
10. There is no difference in social anxiety depending on the specialization (scientific - human) of university students.
11. There is a correlative relationship between self-contradictory self-perception (idealistic - realistic) and social anxiety.
12. There is a correlative relationship between perceived self-discrepancy (real-duty) and social anxiety.
13. Contradictory self-discrepancy contributes to the mode (the real-duty) in social anxiety rather than the ideal-realistic type

This research aims at identifying the level of Fear of misjudge and the level of Open to Experience of the university instructors, in addition to identifying the significance according to gender ( male – female ) as well as correlation between the two variables, To achieve this, the researcher constructed a scale of Fear of misjudge which consists of (14) items, in addition to the scale of Open to Experience prepared by Costa & McCrae, which consists of (40) item, the psychometric of characteristics of these items have been confirmed and the two instruments are applied on a sample of (120) male and female instructors which are chosen randomly from three colleges of Baghdad university and Al- Mustansirya university for the academic year 2017-2018 .
Results of the research :-
1. the university instructors do have Fear of misjudge .
2. there are non statistical significant differences between the (male and female) in the Fear of misjudge .
3. the university instructors have Open to Experience.
4. there are non statistical significance between the (male and female) in the Open to Experience
5. statistical analysis results show that there is no significant correlation significant between Fear of misjudge and Open to Experience according to the sample as a whole .

The goal of this research are To find out
1. Apathy's level on the Ministry of higher education and scientific research employees.
2. Significance differences an apathy on the Ministry of higher education and scientific research employees according to variables of:
(gendar, Social situation, number of years of service, certificate)

The researchers has been followed sample of research on method of Stratified random which are ( 370 employees) from university of Baghdad
The data processing are addressing by statistical methods ( Spss) in find data analysis
the descriptive analytical method as it is considered the best and the suited one to the nature of this research. the total size of the Samples has reached to (370) employees.
The results of this research are,
1. The proportion of employees who have higher job apathy employees a minimum level of apathy proportion (13%) is higher than the percentage (10%).
2. Statistically significant differences among a sample members on the variables of gendar, and the (gendar) of male behavior is characterized by indifference than females.
3. No statistically significant differences among a sample members on the variables of ( Social situation, number of years of service, certificate).

The current study aims to identify the domestic violence of adolescents according to the variables of gender and grade, as well as the identification of impulsivity in adolescents according to the two variables of gender and grade, in addition to the relationship between family violence and adolescent violence according to the two variables of gender and grade.
In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher adopts the scale of family violence prepared by Rand Rahim Abd 2010, which was built in the light of Pandora's theory, consists of (45) items divided into three fields (physical violence, verbal violence, symbolic violence), The researcher also adopts the barometer of (Barrett,1995) which consists of 28 items on three dimensions (the motor impulse, the motion of the movement, the lack of planning, and the cognitive rush),The researcher investigates the psychometric properties of the two research tools and she applies the scale to a sample of (400) male and female students who were selected
The results obtained from the present study show that the samples of present study have suffered from family violence to a moderate extent, and that the sample of the present study is characterized by impulsivity. Moreover, there is also a positive relationship and statistical function between family violence and impulsivity in adolescents.
In light of the results, the researcher comes up with a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

Doping is one of the most serious problems that the international community has experienced in recent years. Despite the great damage it leaves, its use is increasing day by day. The International Federation of Sports Medicine defines doping as "the various industrial means used to increase the physical and psychological efficiency of an individual in the field of competition, Training). The theory of emotional rationality is based on the fact that individuals are not disturbed by events but by a system of false belief. Belief is a consistent organization of perceptions and knowledge about a particular aspect. The aim of the research is to identify the reality and trends of doping among young people, and to plan psychological counseling in accordance with Albert Ellis's emotional and rational therapy theory to modify positive attitudes towards doping. The results followed statistical analysis using (SPSS) program. There was a positive trend towards doping, and the effectiveness of rational, behavioral and behavioral intervention was shown to modify the trends of the pilot sample towards doping. The study recommended the need to adopt solid scientific plans according to academic studies to reduce demand through awareness and reduce supply through supervision.

The current study aims to identify the superstitious beliefs of Baghdad university students; also, it aims to determine the significant differences among the superstitious beliefs in regard of students’ gender and the most superstitious beliefs of female and male university students. To do this, the researcher designed a questionnaire to measure the superstitious beliefs among students based on the literature and survey questions were administered to a number of students. A sample of (200) male and female students were chosen randomly from four different colleges at the University of Baghdad. To analyze the collected data, independent Samples T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, alpha Cronbach test, one sample t-test were used. The results revealed that females believe in superstitious more than male do, no superstitious ideas among the students of the University of Baghdad at the level of (0.05). Items number (14), (15), (24) got a greater percentage among the sample of study compared to the items number (29), (7), (8), which got less percentage among male.

This research aims at:
1- Identifying the level of leadership features for the kindergarten child. 2- Identifying the differences between the first level pupils recorded as joining the kindergarten before school and those who have not joined kindergarten and according to the variable of gender (male and female).
3- Identifying the differences between the first level pupils recorded as joining the kindergarten before school and those who have not joined kindergarten and according to the variable of leadership features.
4- Revealing and sorting the leadership features in children.
In order to achieve the aims of this research, the researcher designed a scale a leadership features scale and this scale has been checked by a group of expertise specialized in psychological and educational sciences to measure its reliability of (80%). The scale is proved valid through its ability to signify the distinctive power of its items. The stability of this scale is recorded as (97%) through Cronbach’s Alpha. The sample of the research included 200 male and female first primary level pupils of those who joined and who did not join the kindergartens.
The research resulted in the following:
1- The 1st primary level pupils have the leadership feature
2- There is no difference between male and female pupils in having the leadership features.
3- There is a difference between the first level pupils recorded as joining the kindergarten before school and those who have not joined kindergarten and in preference to the side of those pupils who joined the kindergarten before school.
4- The item of (distinguishing the right and wrong) represents a pioneer feature of leadership, and the item of (retreating in doing tasks when being absent from class) represents the last of the leadership features.

The study aims at finding out:
- The cognitive biases of university students.
In order to find out the study aims, the following psychometric process are made:
• The using of (Van der Gaag et al, 2013) cognitive biases scale which consists of (42) items. The scale items are analyzed by using the two groups and the relation the item with to tal score the scale. The construct validity is found out by the discriminat Validity. The scale reliability is found out by test-retest and alpha- cronbach.
The study tools are administrated on sample of (400) students who are selected from university of Baghdad, by cluster random sampling method. The results show that:
- The university students have cognitive biases.
According to the results, several recommendations and suggestions are put forward.