magazine aldhakwat albedh

This research aims to identify the effect of the idea generation strategy on the acquisition of rhetorical concepts among fifth-grade literary students. Its null hypothesis is that there is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the first experimental group (idea generation) and the second experimental group (traditional method) on the post-test of concept acquisition.
The study was conducted at a preparatory school affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/Al-Rusafa Third District, and focused on selected topics from the Rhetoric and Application textbook prescribed for the 2017-2018 academic year. This experimental research consisted of two groups: the first group was exposed to the independent variable (teaching using the idea generation strategy), and the second group was exposed to the independent variable (teaching using the standard method). The instrument used was an acquisition test to determine the effect of idea generation and the standard method on the acquisition of rhetorical concepts. The dependent variable was the acquisition of rhetorical concepts. Before conducting the experiment, the researcher ensured the equivalence of the two groups. After applying the experiment, the result was as follows: (It appeared that there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the first experimental group). In light of the result reached by the researcher in this study, he concluded (the effectiveness of generating ideas in acquiring rhetorical concepts, generating ideas contributes to increasing the effectiveness of the teaching process and raising its efficiency). He recommended adopting the idea generation strategy in teaching rhetoric to the fifth literary grade, and suggested (conducting a similar study to this study on female students, conducting a similar study to this study on university students.

The study primarily aims to identify the level of political awareness among Iraqi citizens by examining their knowledge, attitudes, and political practices, and their awareness of their role in the democratic process. It also aims to understand citizens› attitudes toward the electoral process—that is, to understand the reasons that drive some to participate and others to refuse or boycott—and to identify the factors influencing these attitudes and awareness, such as social, cultural, media, and previous political experiences. Among the most important findings of the study are that participation or abstention in the 2025 Iraqi elections results from a complex interaction between motives of belonging, trust, and hope for change on the one hand, and inhibiting factors such as loss of trust, corruption, weak government performance, and security concerns on the other. Trust in political institutions and the electoral system plays a pivotal role in motivating citizens to participate. Those who believe that elections are transparent and their votes are fairly counted are more willing to engage in the democratic process. Social and political affiliation constitutes a powerful incentive for participation, motivating citizens to vote and support candidates or parties that reflect the interests and values of their community.

This study sheds light on the phenomenon of conversational implicature and its importance in analyzing poetic discourse, as it represents an essential element in understanding meaning and achieving textual coherence beyond formal structure. Conversational implicatures and semantic interpretations contain both explicit and implicit meanings determined by the overall context in which the text is read. The study presents a poetic sample and analyzes its discourse and utterances to clarify how this phenomenon occurs and can be inferred within its pragmatic communicative context, revealing the formation of poetic discourse.The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method based on inference and interpretation to extract the rules governing the mechanism of conversational implicature within poetic discourse. It seeks to uncover implicit meanings through application to a sample of poets who wrote about Imam al-Ḥusayn (Peace Be Upon Him) during the first and second centuries AH, examining their poetry from a pragmatic perspective. The focus is on conversational implicature as one of the most prominent aspects of pragmatic linguistics, built upon the principle of communicativeness.

The present study aims to explore art education teachers’ perceptions of the professional ethics of their educational supervisors. To achieve the study’s objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive method. The study was limited to art education teachers in primary schools in the center of Maysan Governorate for the academic year (2024–2025). The research population consisted of 398 male and female teachers, while the sample included 70 teachers.
The researcher developed a questionnaire on the professional ethics of educational supervisors, consisting of 40 items distributed across four domains: (1) supervisor-teacher relationship, (2) supervisor’s evaluation of teacher performance, (3) supervision as guidance rather than inspection, and (4) supervisor’s directions to teachers. The questionnaire was reviewed by experts to ensure its suitability for the target sample and alignment with the study’s objectives, then administered to the sample, and the results were analyzed statistically.
The findings revealed that the overall mean was 2.27, falling within the level “partially applicable.” This indicates that the role of the educational supervisor is generally moderate to relatively weak. While the supervisor performs some roles effectively, other aspects require improvement. The supervisor-teacher relationship was relatively good, facilitating the potential development of other domains, whereas practical performance, guidance role, and modern supervision mechanisms were below the desired level.
Based on the results, the researcher concluded that:
1. Human relations are relatively strong, as supervisors respect teachers, build professional relationships, and serve as good role models; however, recognizing individual teachers’ needs was weak.
2. Participation in decision-making is moderate, as supervisors adjust their approach according to the situation and cooperate with teachers, but involve them less in significant teaching-related decisions.
The researcher recommended:
1. Enhancing the role of educational supervisors in integrating technology into teaching through practical training programs for teachers.
2. Paying more attention to the individual professional and personal needs of teachers and linking them to development plans.
Furthermore, the researcher suggested:
1. Conducting a study on the effectiveness of technology-based training programs to improve supervisors’ professional competence.
Investigating the impact of the professional relationship between supervisors and teachers on teaching quality and student achievement

This study provides a geographic analysis of the geomorphological impacts of quarries (sand and gravel extraction sites) on the Tigris River channel between the Al-Zawiya and Al-Qayyarah areas in southern Mosul Governorate, Iraq. The research integrates spatial analysis and remote sensing techniques to understand how in-stream mining activities affect fluvial processes (erosion and deposition) and induce morphometric changes in the river channel, with a focus on the role of human activities in disrupting geomorphological equilibrium. Changes in river characteristics over time (from the 1970s to the present) were measured using satellite imagery and topographic maps. The distribution and production capacity of quarries along the riverbanks were documented, and their effects on channel banks were assessed. Expected results indicate significant morphological alterations due to excessive sediment extraction, including channel widening in certain locations caused by bank collapse and the formation of stagnant water ponds at excavation sites. There has also been a notable increase in the number of river islands and shifts in the channel course over recent decades. The study underscores the need for vigilant water resource monitoring and sustainable quarry management to maintain geomorphological balance and preserve the ecological services of the Tigris River.

The present study aims at knowing thet he effectiveness of the inquiy learning strategy in achievement and engagement intermediate school female students in the history of ancient civilizations subject
The research aims to identify the effectiveness of the inquiry-based learning strategy on achievement and learning engagement among first-grade intermediate female students in the subject of Ancient civilizations history.The researcher adopted the experimental method to achieve the objectives of the study. The research population consisted of first-grade intermediate female students in Islamic and secondary schools affiliated with the General directorate of education in Baghdad /Al-Rusafa first district. A sample of 61students was randomly selected from Al-Adwan secondary school for girls into two equal groups: an experimental group of (31) students who studied the subject of Ancient civilizations gistory using the inquiry-based learning strategy, and acontrol group of(30) students who studied the same subject using the traditional method The researcher used two tests to measure the study variable. The first was an achievement test for the history subject, consisting of(60) items, for which validity, reliability and effectiveness were confirmed. The second was scale measuring learning engagement, consisting of (32) items, also validated and confirmed for reliability and effectivenss.
The results showed a clear effectiveness of the independent variable (the inquiry –based learning strstegy) on the dependent variables: the achievement test and learning engagement scale.

Silas Dean was one of the most prominent diplomats of the American Revolution, which led to the founding of the United States of America. He was a member of the committees of the First and Second Continental Congresses and the first official representative in France accredited by the U.S. Congressional Committee on Correspondence for the Colonies. He worked diligently to send military supplies.
Indispensable to the American forces in Saratoga; he assigned many French officers, most notably the Marquis de Lafayette, de Kalbe, and Steuben; he served as commissioner alongside Franklin and Arthur Lee in negotiating treaties with France; he was unjustly summoned for questioning on false charges, which he suffered for many years, namely the accusation of embezzlement.
Public funds intended for the purchase of what the Continental Army needed had led to his financial situation deteriorating into poverty and misery despite his wealth, and he died yearning for justice. Fifty years later, Congress acquitted him of embezzlement charges, compensating his heirs with sums that amounted to nothing compared to the services he rendered to his country or the money he lost through his work. His life wasHis life was filled with critical events; his career was turbulent, and his suffering was intense. He died in exile, a tragic end to the career of one of the Revolution›s most capable men.

The Islamic Maghreb witnessed various events after the emergence of Islam, including the exit of Yemen from the control of the Abbasid court and the people joining the Alawite rule. The Idrisids ruled the Islamic Maghreb for a period of time, and it was also subject to the rule of the Fatimids. People saw things during this rule that they did not see during the rule of the Umayyads or the Abbasids. As for the Islamic culture in the Islamic Maghreb at that time, questions arose, including the budget and how Islamic culture spread during the rule of the Fatimids in the Islamic Maghreb. In this research, we studied, based on historical books, the culture in the Islamic Maghreb during the rule of the Alaouite Husaynid state in the form of a descriptive and analytical study to arrive at the cultural role of that family. We highlight the scientific, intellectual and literary contributions and how they affected society in that important period of Islamic history. We conclude from this that the Husseinite family, and we mean specifically the Fatimids, had an effective role in activating culture and reviving the scientific and cultural life of the people in the Islamic Maghreb. They were interested in building mosques, so they made study circles in them and built public scientific offices in mosques and others. They established the first academic center in the Islamic Maghreb at Al-Azhar Mosque. This was in addition to their establishment of scientific and cultural councils and their interest in Arabic poetry and literature, which made the countries of the Islamic Maghreb, especially Cairo, in their time a haven and refuge for scholars and students of knowledge from various countries. Then, during the Fatimid era, there was great openness towards other sects. They opened their arms to all Islamic sects in their country. They had scholars from all Islamic sects living their scientific lives without harm. This was in addition to their defense of the Shiite faith in their cultural and scientific councils. The scholars would debate with them, but without conflict or hostility.

This study explores the phenomenon of alienation in pre-Islamic poetry from a psychological perspective, viewing it as a complex human condition that transcends time and place. The research aims to analyze the psychological and social factors that led the pre-Islamic poet to express his sense of alienation, through the study and interpretation of poetic texts in light of modern psychological theories.
The research is divided into five main chapters. The first chapter defines the concept of alienation linguistically and terminologically, and discusses its psychological, social, and philosophical dimensions. The second chapter examines the characteristics of alienation in pre-Islamic poetry in terms of subject matter and style. The third chapter focuses on the psychological motivations behind alienation, such as feelings of loneliness, marginalization, and death. The fourth chapter analyzes the psychological and social effects of alienation on the poet and how they are reflected in the structure of the poetic text. The fifth chapter presents a comparative analysis between alienation in pre-Islamic poetry and modern Arabic poetry, highlighting similarities and differences in causes and manifestations.
The findings reveal that the pre-Islamic poet experienced a genuine existential alienation stemming from conflict with social values or a loss of belonging. This alienation, rather than being a hindrance, served as a driving force for poetic creativity. The study also indicates that the manifestations of alienation in pre-Islamic poetry share many features with those found in modern Arabic poetry, despite the difference in historical and cultural context.
The study recommends reading pre-Islamic poetry through a modern psychological lens, away from traditional stereotypical approaches, as it holds profound emotional and human dimensions that are no less significant than those in modern and contemporary poetry.

he aim of the research was to identify the level of cognitive skills and skillful thinking among biology teachers, and to identify the relationship between digital skills and skillful thinking among biology teachers. The research community was defined as (832) adult biology teachers in the Qadisiyah Education Directorate. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive correlational research approach was followed, and data were collected by constructing two tools: the digital skills scale and the skillful thinking scale, which were applied to the research sample. It was found that biology teachers possess a good level of digital skills and a high level of skillful thinking, and that the relationship between digital skills and skillful thinking is a strong direct relationship. The conclusion was reached that working on improving the level of digital skills improves the level of skillful thinking.

In this research, we seek to study the narrative in Andalusian travel literature through the book The masterpiece of the mind and the elite of admirationFor Al-Garnati, Al-Garnati adopted a new approach in writing travel literature, which was followed by later travel writers. It is an approach based on linking the realistic with the fantastic or the marvelous, through his focus on one of the narrative elements that he made subject to his own imagination, especially in his description of creatures, both humans and animals, and in his description of the wonders of cities. His journey was also characterized by conveying events, facts, and historical and geographical knowledge, but in a literary language. Therefore, the research aims to know the relationship between the narrative elements and the method of formulating the story .The research method was descriptive analytical.

The phenomenon of theft and banditry represented one of the most prominent social issues, most often caused by poverty. Although Iraq during the Abbasid era was an important cultural and political center, the widening social gap, along with political and security instability, led to the emergence of environments conducive to rebellion and theft. This resulted in the rise of famous thieves whose stories were recorded by historians in their works. Banditry also became widespread, especially in key cities such as Baghdad, Mosul, Kufa, and Wasit, leading to the appearance of a group of thieves known as “al-Khannaqūn” (the stranglers), who operated as organized gangs cutting off roads and attacking travelers.

In this research, we shed light on the multiplicity of Arabic dialects and the differences that occur in them through interpreting vocabulary lexically. Then, we are aware that the Arabic language is divided into four basic analytical levels: the phonetic level, the morphological level, the syntactic or grammatical level, and the semantic level. So, I chose the second level of the language, which is the morphological level, due to the importance of this level in developing and growing the language throughout history through the inflection of structures and their meanings. As for the issue of choosing the poet, I chose Al-Hadhra specifically because I did not find his poems a field for morphological study. 1 presented this study according to the descriptive approach and what is required of tools such as analysis, comparison, inference, and statistics, dividing it into two sections preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The first section includes the structures of abstract verbs, and the second section includes the structures of augmented verbs.

The current research aims to identify many necessary matters, namely: What are the reasons for the spread of the phenomenon of juvenile labor from an economic and social point of view, and what are the reasons for juvenile labor from the point of view of the juvenile workers themselves, and to know the family, economic and social background of the families of the juvenile workers, as well as to know the effect of both age and gender in determining the nature of the work of the working child (permanent work or work during school holidays).
The most important results reached by the study
1.Through the field study, it becomes clear to us the reason for the weak economic situation leading to poverty at a rate of 77%.
2.Through the field study, it becomes clear to us that the most common reasons they are exposed to during work are physical exhaustion at a rate of 41%.
3.Through the field study, it becomes clear to us that most of the sample members were exposed to exploitation at work at a rate of 90%.
4.Through the field study, it becomes clear to us that child labor was a reason for leaving school at a rate of 64%
(Events, child labor, social problems)

The research problem lies in understanding the effects of extremist thought. This necessitates, first, identifying the causes and factors driving extremist thought, and the diverse ways in which these factors are cultivated. This raises the challenge of defining and categorizing these driving factors and causes of extremism, and then exploring ways to address them.
This research will define the terminology of extremism, trace its historical development, and examine the factors that fuel extremist thought, its causes, Islam›s stance on it, and its impact on society.
The research includes an introduction, four sections, each with its own subsections, recommendations, and a bibliography.

The current research objective is summarized as (identifying the effectiveness of the Pentagram strategy in probing thinking among second-year middle school students in biology). To achieve the research objective, a quasi-experimental research method with partial control was adopted. The research sample consisted of (60) second-year middle school students. To collect data from the sample, a probing thinking test was constructed, consisting in its final form of (30) objective four-indicator paragraphs. The experiment was implemented in the second semester of the academic year 2024-2025. By collecting data after the end of the experiment, the results showed that the experimental group students who studied with the Pentagram strategy outperformed the control group students who studied with the traditional method of probing thinking. The Pentagram strategy is effective in positively changing the level of probing thinking. The conclusion was reached that the Pentagram strategy distances students from searching for specific answers from only one side of problems, and thus imposes the branching of thinking in more than one direction, and the generation of proposed solutions and alternatives.

The research deals with the subject of the jurisprudential sayings attributed by Imam Shafi›i (D: 204 AH) to the most jurists in the book «The Mother» - collectively and study - by presenting the biography of his personal and scientific life, explaining the definition of the term majority, and the evidence of protesting the saying of the majority in weighting among jurists, and explaining the types of sayings attributed by Imam Shafi›i to the most jurists, and then explaining the issues of jurisprudence attributed by Imam Shafi›i in Bab Umrah, presenting the sayings of the four well-known jurists and discussing the evidence from the book and the Sunnah and the direction of meaning and weighting after that

The current research aims to identif the effect of a counseling program using the rules¬¬_ change approach in reducing existential emptiness among divorced women. The current research is limited to divorced female students in the center of Bequbah city in Diyala Governorate for the academic years (2020\2019) .
To achieve the research objective and test its hypotheses, the experimental method was used. The research sample consisted of 16 divorced women who were distributed in a purposive way into two groups : an experimental group and a control group. Each group included 8 divorced women.
The researcher relied on the Existential vacuum scale (hussin, 2016), which consists of 40 items. It was presented to a group of specialists in the fields of educational and psychological sciences measurement and evaluation. Thus, the apparent validity of the scale was achieved. The stability was found using Cronbachs alpha method and it was 0.88.
The researcher applied a counseling program using the cognitive rules- change approach (Beck). The program was implemented through a counseling program that was prepared for the purpose of reducing existential emptiness. The validity of the counseling program was verified by presenting it to a group of specialists in the field of psychological counseling.
The results of the study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test in favor of the experimental group. This indicates that the counseling program using the rules-change approach was effective in reducing existential emptiness among divorced women.
The research recommends conducting more studies on the effectiveness of counseling programs using the rules-change approach in reducing existential emptiness among other population groups.
The counseling program was validated by presenting it to a group of specialists in the field of psychological counseling and educational guidance. Thus the apparent validity of the program was achieved, and the program consisted of (8) sessions guidance (two sessions) per week, each session takes (45) minutes.
The results of the current research showed the following:
1. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the group grades control in the per- and post-tests on the existential emptiness scale.
2. There are statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the grades of the experimental group before and after applying the counseling program on the scale of existential emptiness.
3. There are statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the grade levels of the two groups.
The results showed that the counseling program using the method of changing the rules has an impact in reducing the existential emptiness among divorced women in light of the research results the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

Educational guidance is one of the fundamental pillars of the educational process, intertwined with all aspects of the educational process, whether for students or teachers. It plays a vital role in achieving psychological and educational balance and creating an environment conducive to learning. However, guidance unit officials in colleges face a number of challenges that may hinder the efficient implementation of their duties and impact the effectiveness of the guidance process. This article presents the concept of educational guidance, defines the counselor and their duties, and reviews the most prominent difficulties facing guidance officials. Finally, it presents a set of recommendations aimed at improving the quality of guidance services in higher education institutions.

The aim of this research is to identify (the impact of the numbered heads strategy in the acquisition of fourth grade students and their creative thinking). The researcher relied on the experimental method to achieve the research goal. As for the research community, the fourth grade students in Baghdad governorate / Rusafa First Directorate of Education. Randomly, the research sample was selected from the Intifada School for Girls, as it reached (58) students by (29) students for the experimental group and (29) students of the control group. Two tests were approved by the researcher prepared to measure the variables of her research, the first is an academic test for the science subject for the fourth grade of primary school, and the second is the creative thinking test, and the researcher verified their sincerity and stability. And their distinction, and after the statistical processing of the data, the results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group over the students of the control group in the achievement test and the creative thinking test.

«The period during which the Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadir Billah ruled is considered one of the most tumultuous eras in the history of the Abbasid Caliphate, as it was characterized by sedition and civil unrest (fitna), conspiracies, rioting, the weakening of the Caliph›s authority, the influence of the entourage/court officials and commanders, and the interference of palace women in matters of governance. These years were also known for the multiplicity of viziers (wazirs), their frequent replacement and downfall (nakba), and their administrative corruption. Conversely, there were simple attempts at reform. However, these attempts were a direct cause of the deterioration of the Caliphate›s affairs in both political and economic aspects.

This study elucidates how information processing and self-questioning strategies are strategically employed within the pedagogical framework of online flipped teaching. Against the backdrop of increasing adoption of blended learning models in higher education, this research addresses a critical gap by empirically comparing the efficacy of two distinct learning strategies: annotation-summarizing-questioning (ASQ) and concept mapping-questioning (CMQ). A 6-week quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate these strategies, with the primary goal of exploring their impacts on college students’ online learning motivation, learning engagement (behavioral, emotional, and cognitive), and academic achievement. A total of 36 third-year undergraduate students enrolled in a educational technology course were purposively sampled and randomly assigned to either the ASQ or CMQ intervention group.The findings of this research indicated that while these two strategies did not have statistically significant effects on students’ intrinsic learning motivation or overall performance across all dimensions of learning engagement, they yielded specific, valuable benefits. Both strategies were found to significantly improve students’ emotional engagement, fostering a more positive and invested attitude toward the online learning process. A key differential outcome emerged in cognitive engagement; students who used the ASQ strategy exhibited significantly higher levels of critical thinking and deeper information processing. Consequently, their academic performance, as measured by final course grades, was significantly better than that of students who used the CMQ strategy. In conclusion, while both CMQ and ASQ strategies can enhance specific aspects of student engagement in online flipped learning environments, the ASQ strategy is demonstrably more effective in promoting higher-order cognitive engagement and academic performance. This study, therefore, holds considerable significance for instructional designers and educators, as it highlights evidence-based learning strategies that directly influence crucial educational outcomes and provides a replicable operational model for implementing effective online flipped teaching.

The number seven has long been one of the most fascinating figures in human history, deeply rooted in ancient civilizations and religious traditions. It appears in Sumerian and Babylonian texts and is frequently mentioned in the holy scriptures, symbolizing perfection and harmony. This article explores the mysterious connection between the number seven and natural phenomena—such as the seven colors of the rainbow, the seven continents, and the seven musical notes—highlighting the intriguing overlap between myth and science. It also investigates how this number evolved from a simple mathematical value into a cultural and psychological symbol, questioning whether its significance stems from scientific reasoning or from the human pursuit of meaning throughout history.

The dynamics of tension and disruption within the poetic text serve as mechanisms for evoking astonishment in the audience, thereby functioning as key elements of surprise. From this standpoint, such features are not limited to modern Arabic poetry but extend back to the corpus of ancient Arabic verse, particularly pre-Islamic poetry. In this tradition, tension and disruption emerge as salient stylistic markers, most notably in the works of Imru’ al-Qais. His poetry may be seen as a precursor to innovative critical perspectives that resonate not only within the framework of modern Arabic literary criticism but also contribute to broader global critical discourses.