URUK FOR HUMANITIES

The concept of atheism is both ancient and modern, having been and remaining a subject of debate in the fields of knowledge and the presentation of Islamic concepts. No era has been without the active role of atheism, especially with the development of technological concepts and sciences, the rejection of belief in the unseen and the metaphysical realms, and the reliance on sensory culture and the limitation of belief to what is tangible. This research examines the term \"atheism\" in the Quranic text. The Quranic texts engage with atheists based on their denial of divinity and resurrection, and the lack of satisfactory answers to their questions and doubts. The dialogue presents rational and scientific arguments consistent with human conscience and innate nature.
This research aims to trace the Quranic texts in understanding atheistic concepts and doctrinal solutions that influence society. It focuses on the causes and sources of atheism and effective solutions that can eliminate its roots by examining the Quranic texts that address this important topic in human life—in thought, belief, and behavior. The conclusion is that the concept of atheism in the Quran is a complex one, not merely expressing the denial of God, but encompassing every deviation from the true path of monotheism. The Quran does not treat the atheist as a mere adversary, but rather analyzes their personality, psychology, and motivations. The Quranic response is not repressive but rational, appealing to sound reason and intellect to draw faith from the depths of human nature, affirming that atheism is an aberration, not an inherent characteristic of humankind.

The overlay (Overlay/Union) process is considered one of the most important functions of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as it relies on inputting data related to the studied phenomenon in the form of layers, each representing a specific factor to build an integrated geographic database. In this research, a set of maps related to wheat cultivation and the environmental factors affecting it—such as climate, soil type, and soil productivity—were used as digital layers within the GIS environment. The study adopted the principle of equal weighting among the factors, due to the absence of detailed and accurate data that would allow for assigning different weights to each factor, and because the primary objective was to develop a practical and simple model that could be applied locally. This method provides a preliminary yet reliable analysis of the overlap between environmental factors and areas of wheat cultivation. The spatial analysis results indicated the potential to identify the most suitable areas for wheat production in the Tal Afar District, Nineveh Governorate. A map was prepared to reflect the relationship between various environmental factors and production sites. These results highlight the value of using GIS in supporting agricultural planning and decision-making based on land suitability.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the “Draw Your Ideas” strategy on conceptual understanding in mathematics among third-year intermediate students for the academic year (2024-2025), verifying the research objective, a number of null hypotheses were formulated, and the experimental method with two equal groups was used. The study was conducted on a sample of (64) students who were intentionally selected from Al-Ilm Al-Nafi’ Middle School for Boys, it was distributed randomly into two groups, one experimental and numbering (31) students, and the other a control group, numbering (33) students, The process of equivalence between the two research groups was also carried out in a number of variables, and to achieve the goal of the research, a conceptual comprehension test in mathematics was prepared, in its final form, consisting of (16) test items. After processing the data statistically using the statistical program (SPSS), the results showed that the experimental group was superior to the control group.
In light of the results reached by the researcher, he came out with a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which are: that using the “Draw Your Ideas” strategy works to develop conceptual understanding in mathematics, A number of suggestions for future research studies were also presented.

This study investigates the impact of applying the Different Symbol Systems Strategy in teaching the Educational Technology course to students in the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences. It examines how this strategy supports students’ acquisition of scientific concepts related to the course and the development of their cultural adaptability. The researcher used an experimental method with two groups—experimental and control—following a post-test design. The sample included 98 students, randomly divided into 49 in the experimental group and 49 in the control group.
The experimental group was taught using the Different Symbol Systems Strategy, which presents information through various symbolic forms such as diagrams, drawings, equations, and written texts, while the control group received traditional instruction. To meet the study objectives, a test was developed to measure concept acquisition, along with a scale to assess cultural adaptability, and both instruments were validated and tested for reliability.
The results showed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on both the concept acquisition test and the cultural adaptability scale. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the Different Symbol Systems Strategy in improving conceptual understanding, reinforcing knowledge, and enhancing students’ ability to interact positively with diverse cultures.

This research examines the influence of logic on Andalusian thought and its connection to the Principles of Jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) in the work of Ibn Juzayy al-Garnati, specifically his book Taqrib al-Wusul ila 'Ilm al-Usul. It aims to uncover the methodological role of logic in simplifying legal concepts, shaping Andalusian jurisprudential thought, and analyzing how Ibn Juzayy employed logic to present fundamental issues.
The study concludes that logic in Andalusian thought was not a philosophical luxury, but a vital cognitive tool for regulating legal reasoning. The open Andalusian environment fostered a rationalist jurisprudential trend that upheld textual authority while combining logical precision with a Maqasidi (objective-based) understanding of the text. Ibn Juzayy represents a pioneering medieval model who successfully bridged reason and revelation (Aql and Naql) through a clear educational vision and a solid logical framework.
The research recommends re-evaluating the jurisprudential methodology of the Islamic West regarding its relationship with logic, designing educational programs inspired by Ibn Juzayy’s logical style, and intensifying comparative studies between Andalusian and Eastern schools of jurisprudence.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of the Dual-Situation Learning Model on the acquisition of sociology concepts and the development of future thinking skills among fourth-year literary female students in Salah Al-Din Governorate. The researcher employed a quasi-experimental design and selected a sample of 56 students, divided equally into an experimental group taught using the Dual-Situation Learning Model and a control group taught with the traditional method.
To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher developed a 36-item test to measure the acquisition of social concepts and another 36-item test to assess future thinking skills. Both instruments were validated and tested for reliability. After implementing the experiment and analyzing the data statistically, the results revealed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in both tests. These findings indicate that the Dual-Situation Learning Model effectively enhances students’ conceptual understanding and future thinking abilities. The researcher recommended adopting this model in teaching sociology due to its positive impact on improving learning outcomes among preparatory-stage students.

This study examines the measures and procedures adopted by the Fatimid caliphs to establish their presence in the Maghreb during a diverse phase of their state. It focuses specifically on the minting of coins as a reliable applied model. Minting was not merely an economic technique for dealing with financial data; it also constituted a propaganda and political tool used by the Fatimids to assert their diverse legitimacy and independence from the Abbasid bloc, and to solidify their presence through cooperation with .
It presents the historical context of the emergence of the Fatimid state in the Maghred and the political and religious circumstances surrounding its emergence, particularly those related to the conflict with the Abbasid caliphates. The Fatimids attempted to impose their Ismaili mission. Through the coins minted during this period, the study examines the inscriptions and phrases that represented them, such as the names of the Fatimid caliphs, their religious titles, and their sectarian slogans. It examines the differences in their minting methods, examining how this method of communication was adopted to establish sovereignty and deliver political messages directly to the people. The research also addresses the impact this policy had on the population of the Maghre.

This study focuses on the fact that cybersecurity has become a fundamental element of state power, adding to its existing dimensions of air, land, and sea power. This is exemplified through a case study of the \"cyber war between Iran and Israel,\" demonstrating how cyber capabilities have become a cornerstone tool that transcends the traditional physical geographical boundaries of state security. This model of warfare is nothing more than an intricate blend linking technology, politics, and security.
This study addresses the main reasons for the conflict between the two states, which included Iran\'s support for its proxies in the region, as well as the undermining of the Iranian nuclear program. Iran aims to extend its influence in the region by enhancing its technological capabilities through alliances with global powers such as Russia and China. Meanwhile, Israel leverages its technological superiority and its relationship with the United States, its primary backer, to bolster its capabilities as part of its proactive security strategy in the Middle East. Israel lacks strategic depth in the region compared to its adversary, Iran. The study also reveals that the repercussions of the conflict have contributed to destabilizing regional and international security and stability.

The study area is a natural part of the floodplain within Al-Muthanna Governorate. The area is characterized by two soil types: riverbank soils and river basin soils. The barren, saline soils were characterized by low organic matter content and exhibited high electrical conductivity and pH values. The landfill soils recorded the highest organic matter content due to the decomposition of dead animals and organic waste, followed by the cultivated soils, which recorded the lowest EC and pH values. The landfill area also recorded the highest concentrations of heavy metals, namely cadmium, copper, and lead, due to the decomposition of industrial waste. The rice-cultivated soils recorded the highest concentrations of arsenic. Overall, all heavy metal concentrations in the studied soils fell within permissible limits. The research resulted in a set of recommendations that included improving soil properties, guiding and directing farmers on the optimal time periods for tilling the soil, changing the location of the current landfill, as well as establishing waste recycling plants in the study area to dispose of waste and benefit from it economically through recycling.

Iranian industrial activity during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah (1848-1896) underwent a turbulent period marked by political, economic, and social conditions that hindered modern development. These conditions included the autocratic interests of the Qajar rulers and wars that exhausted the country and its people by draining resources at the expense of building economic institutions capable of supporting national industry. This led to a weakening of the productive infrastructure, the disruption of reform projects, and the impact on Iran, which borders Russia to the south via the Caucasus. This crucial geographical location fostered reformist and revolutionary movements organized around shared interests and objectives. These movements aimed to modernize Iran and integrate it into the Western industrial revolution, recognizing the necessity of modernization and integration into the Western industrial system to gain a more effective economic and political position. The revolutionary movements placed great emphasis on the workforce and developing its skills to manage production processes, seize leadership in the economic and political spheres, and bring about radical changes in Iranian society. This society was drawn to the need for justice for the working class and its empowerment within factories and revolutionary movements, contributing to the formation of a more organized and capable economic foundation. Global transformations, confronting the tyranny of Nasser al-Din Shah.

The aim of the study is to analyze the content of social studies textbooks for the intermediate grade in the Federal Republic of Iraq according to the dimensions of national identity. To achieve this goal, the social studies textbooks under analysis were identified in (Baghdad and the Kurdistan Region). The researcher then identified seven dimensions of national identity: historical, geographical, political, social, religious, cultural, and economic. After analyzing the content of the textbooks and excluding questions, images, and chapter introductions, the research reached results showed that the social studies textbooks in Baghdad exceeded in the number of repetitions, (330) repetitions for all the textbooks combined. The historical and geographical dimensions were the first followed by the political, religious, and economic dimensions. Meanwhile, the social studies textbooks in the Kurdistan Region collectively obtained (140) repetitions, with the historical, political, and social dimensions were the first and the geographical dimension comes next. Based on these results, the researcher presented recommendations and suggestions.

Ansab area is located in the far southwestern part of Iraq within the administrative borders of Al-Muthanna Governorate between latitudes (29° 11\' 05\" -29° 27\' 57\" ) N and longitudes (45° 00\' 01\" - 44° 30\' 43\" ) E, , and occupies an area of 1455.66 km2. Since the basins of the study area (Ansab, Rawak, and Muruq) lack hydrological measuring stations, the SCS_CN method was used. The CN curve values ranged between (85-49), where the 63-49 category occupied the largest area of the study area with 45.12% of it. As for the land cover, barren lands occupied 60.65%, while the grass cover in an average condition constituted the lowest percentage with 2.63% of the total area. The hydrological groups of the soils were limited to class A, which occupied 70%, and class B, which occupied 30%. The class 0.55-0.003 mm for runoff depth occupied the highest percentage, reaching 53.11%. The 0.8-0.004 m3 category of surface runoff recorded the highest percentage in terms of its spread in the study area, at 53.11% of the total area, while the 7.6-5.3 m3 category recorded the lowest percentage of the study area, at 2.65% of it. The total surface runoff volume for the study area reached 1455.62 m3.

This article examines the pivotal role played by General George Marshall، U.S. Secretary of State (1947–1949)، in shaping American foreign policy in the immediate post–World War II period. The study focuses on the international circumstances that compelled Washington to redefine its global strategy، particularly with the onset of the Cold War and the rise of the Soviet challenge in Europe. Marshall was the epitome of a leader who combined military vision with diplomatic skill, making him one of the most influential figures in shaping the modern world. The article discusses the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Western Europe as a dual-purpose tool: humanitarian in seeking to rescue collapsing economies، and political–security-oriented in aiming to contain communist influence and consolidate the Western alliance. It also highlights Marshall’s contribution to establishing transatlantic cooperation structures that later paved the way for the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The study concludes that Marshall’s contributions during this period went beyond launching a historic economic program; they laid the institutional and political foundations for U.S. dominance in the international system throughout the second half of the twentieth century.

In view of the remarkable development in the means of communication and the opening of means of communication across political and geographical borders between States, which do not constitute an obstacle to the movement of capital and the consequent formation of legal relations with a foreign element. If a dispute arises on the occasion of a legal relationship marred by foreign elements, it cannot be said in this case that national law applies to disputes in which one of the parties is a foreigner, thus creating a new legal association that requires appropriate rules for its interpretation and consideration. Because of the developments that are happening in the work life. The German jurist G. Kegel believes that these rules should be called substantive rules in private international law, because law in general is either procedural or substantive, if it is viewed in terms of the content of its rules general or private, and considering its persons and the type of its relations, but there is no law materially and law-meaningful, unless the latter refers to the law of conscience and morality, which differs in many ways from positive law in general, while another aspect of jurisprudence goes on to prefer to call these rules material rules at the expense of objective rules.

The study area is located within the central region of Iraq, and is characterized by its hot, dry climate in summer, moderate and low rain in winter, as it receives small amounts of rainfall, and at the same time suffers greatly from the evaporation process, so calculating the climatic water budget is of great importance, because this calculation enables us to estimate and know the amount of water input to the study area based on the relationship between rainfall and the amount of evaporation/transpiration possible, in order to know the size of the water surplus or water deficit. The outputs of the hydroclimatic balance are the surplus or water deficit in an area, which results from the relationship between precipitation and possible evaporation/transpiration. Knowing the amount of water surplus or deficit is important in the agricultural aspects of the study area, by tolerating mathematical equations that are suitable for the astronomical location of Hilla and Kut stations, as well as climatic elements, especially the temperature and the amount of rainfall in the two stations for the period (1991-2023). The researcher found that there is a water deficit in the study area and for all months of the year, until the winter months (December, January and February) a water deficit was recorded, despite the highest amount of rainfall in them, which has a negative impact on agricultural activity in the study area.

This research examines the geographical reality of the renewable energy sector in Iraq and its role in enhancing national energy security. It analyzes the country’s natural resources, climatic characteristics, and spatial potentials that qualify it to develop renewable energy as a strategic sector. The study focuses on Iraq’s main renewable energy sources—solar, wind, and hydropower—by assessing their geographical distribution and current levels of utilization in electricity generation. It also reviews major ongoing projects and identifies key challenges hindering development, including economic constraints, technical limitations, and political and institutional obstacles. The research emphasizes the strategic importance of diversifying energy sources and reducing excessive dependence on oil to achieve sustainable energy security. It concludes that effective investment in Iraq’s geographical potentials, particularly its high solar radiation levels and renewable water resources, can significantly contribute to building a more stable, efficient, and resilient energy system that supports long-term economic growth and environmental sustainability.