Al-Madarat Scientific Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences

One of the most significant and service-rich sectors is higher education. Because of its important role in service delivery, it is frequently referred to as the lifeblood of the economy, given its human resources and potential, as well as its capacity to provide government institutions and the labor market with knowledge, skills, energy, and scientific capabilities. Developed nations depend on higher education for their advancement. The sector has drawn a lot of attention and is a major issue for other sectors, due to its contribution to development through the use of contemporary technologies and sciences, the development of capacities and competencies, and the abundance of human resources, experience, and potential.

Capitalism is not a fair model, which always raises questions about its legitimacy, but despite that, it seems to be the most capable of realistic success, or as they say, the least bad model, as for its future, it depends on its flexibility between its supporters and opponents, its ability to reform itself in the face of crises, and the ability of its opponents to find a realistic alternative to it. Experts almost unanimously agree that the crisis exists within the capitalist system, as it is often described as a carrier of crises due to its competitive nature and focus on maximizing profits, which leads to periodic imbalances in the economy, and these crises appear in the form of economic bubbles, financial collapses, high unemployment rates, and sharp fluctuations in the markets. In addition, the system depends on continuous growth.

The aim of Law No. 18 of 2008 on the Control of Smuggled and Prohibited Money in Local Markets was to curb smuggling operations. However, we believe it has not achieved this goal, as it has set the value of smuggled goods falling under the jurisdiction of the Customs Authority at approximately two and a half million dinars. This amount is very small and does not reflect the current value of the goods, leading many cases to fall outside the jurisdiction of this authority. Therefore, we believe this amount should be increased to twenty-five million dinars, which would help reduce the burden on the courts, The Customs Law also requires the submission of a request to initiate criminal proceedings and regulates the powers of customs employees. It also regulates the formation of the Customs Court, clarifies its jurisdiction, and establishes the appeals process for its rulings.

The issue of community security and the role of education as an activity provided by public educational facilities are among the most important issues facing society today. One of the most important ways to achieve community security and reduce the challenges it faces is through building public educational facilities on advanced educational and pedagogical foundations, capable of keeping pace with developments and overcoming the problems facing society. This will make society and future generations safe, stable, and enjoying community security, capable of building peace, and unaffected by destructive and alien ideologies. Community security is one of the most important pillars that strengthens society, promotes understanding and national unity, rejects foreign values, morals, and ideas, and combats extremism and violence. Public educational facilities are an effective source for disseminating culture imbued with these ideas. They are capable of spreading them, educating generations about them, making them aware of their effects and dimensions, and then disseminating them within society. Hence, Our idea in choosing such an important and vital title, one that is almost a current topic of discussion, is to clarify the role that public educational facilities play in building a conscious and capable society and future generations, able to confront ideas that threaten its security and stability, and to preserve intellectual integrity in order to achieve the desired societal security.

The rapid development that has occurred in societies in the field of cyberspace and the possibility of communication between individuals across the entire world, whether within a single country or beyond, has contributed to the spread of alien phenomena within our Iraqi society.
The development that has affected social media platforms and their use in expressing freedom of opinion has coincided with some individuals using them in a manner that lacks modesty and contradicts customs and traditions, as well as the rules of religion and ethics. These individuals resort to publishing content that harms decency and public morals, contrary to what the laws have permitted for expressing freedom of opinion.

The contemporary international system is undergoing rapid transformations that challenge its traditional foundations, particularly the principles of state sovereignty and national identity. At the same time, international law imposes growing obligations on states in various areas such as human rights, environmental protection, counter-terrorism, and the fight against organized crime. This dynamic creates a persistent tension between the preservation of national identity and the requirements of integration into the international legal order. This study aims to analyze the dialectical relationship between national identity and international legal obligations through an examination of contemporary case studies that illustrate the limits of interaction or conflict between the two principles, with a special focus on the challenges faced by developing states. It also explores the implications of this tension for the future of state sovereignty and proposes a legal approach based on achieving balance between respect for national particularities and adherence to international standards — as the optimal path to address global multidimensional challenges. The research ultimately highlights the potential of international law to serve as a regulatory framework capable of reconciling national identity with the dynamics of globalization, thereby strengthening both the legal awareness of states and the collective identity of the international community.

This study explores the profound impact of globalization on the traditional principles of conflict of laws within private international law. With the increasing interconnection between legal systems, globalization has challenged core concepts such as state sovereignty and territorial jurisdiction. It has also introduced new legal trends, including the growing role of party autonomy, international contracts, and the unification of laws as alternatives to resolving legal conflicts. Using an analytical and comparative methodology, the research evaluates the evolution of legal doctrines and the diminishing role of rigid conflict rules. It analyzes the role of international agreements (e.g., Rome I Regulation, Hague Conventions) in shaping a more flexible legal framework responsive to the cross-border nature of modern legal relationships. The study concludes that globalization has transformed the foundations of conflict of laws, necessitating a reevaluation of domestic legal frameworks and encouraging harmonization to ensure legal certainty, especially in digital trade and international contracts.

It is well recognized that public office holds great importance in all societies. This importance is not limited to certain communities or countries, as the public office carries with it sanctity, respect, and dignity. Therefore, it must be entrusted only to a public employee or a person assigned to perform a public service for beneficiaries in a manner that corresponds to this sanctity. However, at times, while performing their duties, an employee may engage in conduct that undermines the status of the public office, making it necessary to address such behavior. Among these acts is the employee’s refusal to perform the tasks and duties assigned to them. Accordingly, the main issue discussed in this study is the crime of a public employee’s refusal to carry out their entrusted official duties. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic, the study examines this crime in general terms and then analyzes it from a criminal law perspective by presenting how both the Iraqi and Lebanese legislators have addressed and organized this offense within their respective legal frameworks.

when directing lawsuit and its related evidence، the judge’s expansion of his authority is coupled with the proper application of legal provisions in order to reach a just ruling, this often occurs when the judge’s decision is based on claims of the plaintiff or the defendant which may be derived from artificial intelligence. This is something those legal specialists do not know much about in terms of its manufacture and its usage, to produce predetermined results.
This study addresses the topic through legal research and scientific scrutiny in two sections. the first one discusses the nature of evidence obtained through artificial intelligence, and the second one deals with the validity of evidence obtained through artificial intelligence. We sum up the study with a conclusion in which we present a set of conclusions and recommendations.

There is no unified international court with specific jurisdiction over cybercrimes. Rather, the principles of private international law are applied to determine the jurisdiction of national courts in cases of cross-border crimes. Parties rely on the jurisdictional controls determined by each country, in addition to international agreements that address this issue as it is a newly emerging crime that has not found legislation regulating these matters, such as the Budapest Convention to Determine the Court Competent to Consider Disputes Arising from Tortious Liability in Cross-Border Crimes.

This study focuses on the role of international law and international bodies in limiting or stopping the excessive use of force and the violation of international legitimacy by some permanent members of the Security Council who are the direct supporters of the Israeli occupation in its aggression and war that it constantly wages against countries such as Palestine, most notably the war on the Gaza Strip, southern Lebanon, Syria, and Iran, in addition to some European countries such as France and Britain, which have explicitly supported Israel's violation of international humanitarian law through various means of support. The hegemony of the United States and European countries calls on the international community, with all its bodies, to stand against the role that hegemony plays in destabilizing international peace and security. The Israeli occupation in its war, which has been described as genocide, in the presence of the United Nations, the Human Rights Council, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the International Court of Justice, and the International Criminal Court, has led to the question of what the future of security will be in Palestine and the world if international mechanisms, from a realistic perspective, are witnessing a high degree of fragility and weakness.

The Arab Charter continues to suffer from weak oversight of its implementation by member states. The Charter Committee's role is limited to receiving and discussing reports from member states and issuing recommendations that may not be adhered to by the concerned state. Furthermore, it is not permitted to receive complaints from states, individuals, or non-governmental organizations. The Statute of the Arab Court, which has not yet entered into force, is also burdened with several shortcomings regarding the Court's jurisdiction, most notably the prohibition on individuals and the Charter Committee from resorting to it. Therefore, this study proposes a suitable project to reform the role of these mechanisms, enhancing the effectiveness of protection by fostering cooperation and integration between the Charter Committee and the Arab Court. The primary procedure within the protection system is entrusted to the Charter Committee, which strives to find an amicable settlement between the parties. If its efforts fail, it can refer the complaint to the Arab Court as a last resort. This hierarchical approach to protection reassures the Arab political system and reduces the anxiety of appearing before a regional court as an adversary of one of its citizens, by focusing its efforts on amicable resolution. This study uniquely highlights the shared interests between the individual and the state. The consequences of the reform process, which include protecting the rights of the Arab individual, protecting Arab security, and the stability of Arab political systems, contribute to motivating Arab states to reconsider the role of the Charter Committee and amend the Statute of the Arab Court.

This research presents a comparative critical study of the phrase by Imam Al-Bayhaqi: "Others are more reliable than him," through the inventory and counting of the narrators described by this phrase in his books. After precise enumeration, it was found that there are only nine narrators. These narrators were critically studied, including their introduction, mentioning their teachers and students who narrated from them, the contexts of Al-Bayhaqi's statements about them, the opinions of the leading critics of Jarh and Ta'dil about them, followed by weighing and balancing between Al-Bayhaqi's approach and the judgments of earlier critics. The study showed that Al-Bayhaqi uses this phrase to indicate the weakness of the narrator and his unreliability in cases of contradiction, with the intensity varying according to the context. The comparison revealed that Al-Bayhaqi’s judgment in most cases aligns with the majority of critics, noting that he tends to use milder expressions, consistent with his general style in criticism.

This study examined a term used by Ibn ʿAdī in his book al-Kāmil, specifically his statement about a narrator: “I do not know of him having many narrations” or “a large number of narrations.” I collected the narrators about whom Ibn ʿAdī made this remark and conducted a comparative study between Ibn ʿAdī’s assessment and the opinions of other critics, to reach a final judgment and a decisive conclusion regarding the accuracy of Ibn ʿAdī’s statement about them. Were their narrations truly few? Did anyone other than Ibn ʿAdī describe them in this way? And other such questions raised by the title of this research.

This study examines sincerity (ikhlās) as a fundamental doctrinal principle upon which the acceptance of faith and the validity of deeds are based. It relies on evidence from the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah, both of which emphasize its esteemed status in the life of a believer. The study clarifies the distinction between sincerity, intention, and truthfulness, demonstrating that sincerity is the essence of monotheism, the core of worship, and the foundation of righteous action. Through sincerity, the truth of one’s creed and the soundness of one’s deeds are realized, for it is the secret behind divine acceptance and the key to salvation in this world and the Hereafter. Its significance is highlighted in numerous Qur’anic verses and Prophetic traditions that affirm the acceptance of deeds depends upon it. The absence of sincerity leads to the corruption of intention and the loss of reward. Thus, sincerity is the path to the purification of the soul and the elevation of one’s rank before Allah, serving as the true measure of a servant’s devotion and faithfulness.

The Holy Qur'an, as a Qur'anic phenomenon with doctrinal, educational, and psychological dimensions, and through a systematic interpretive study of the texts in which visions are mentioned, the research demonstrates how the Qur'an considered visions as a means of revelation, good tidings, and warning, especially in the lives of the prophets, peace be upon them.
The research is divided into three main sections:
• The first section: focused on establishing the linguistic and technical concept of visions, explaining their characteristics as they appear in the Qur'an and Sunnah, distinguishing them from dreams, and clarifying that a good vision is from God, part of prophecy, and a good omen for believers.
• The second section: addressed practical examples of visions in Qur'anic stories, including the vision of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) during the conquest of Mecca, his vision of the polytheist army and the cursed tree, as well as the vision of Abraham (peace be upon him) sacrificing his son. Each vision was analyzed in light of the books of interpretation, highlighting its educational and missional meanings.
• The third section discusses the status of visions as a tool for revelation and inspiration among the prophets, clarifying the difference between prophetic visions and common human visions.
The study concludes that visions in the Qur'an are not merely a psychological phenomenon or a dormant imagination, but rather a divinely crafted tool with its own connotations and purposes of guidance, evangelism, and warning. Understanding them also helps us grasp an aspect of the miraculous nature of God's Book and contributes to strengthening our certainty about the unseen and God's promise to His servants.

Grammatical studies in the Arabic linguistic heritage have shown great interest in evaluating controversial issues based on the criteria of analogy Measurement, auditory evidence Hearing, and meaning. The term (the weak) emerged as a critical and evaluative concept reflecting the degree of conformity of grammatical opinions with established rules and linguistic contexts. This term played a significant role in shaping Arabic grammatical thought, serving as an analytical tool to determine varying degrees of strength, preference, and weakness in syntactic structures and disputed grammatical matters.
This study aims to identify and analyze the opinions deemed weak in Miftaḥ al-Afʾidah by al-Rasmuki, and to assess whether these judgments are indeed weak when compared with the views of other grammarians. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon three academic theses that classified the material according to al-Rasmuki’s own framework. Six grammatical issues labeled as weak were examined in light of both analogical reasoning and grammatical evidence.
The study concludes that al-Rasmuki’s use of the term weak is not an absolute judgment but rather a nuanced critical tool reflecting degrees of evidential strength, frequency, and contextual harmony. His approach demonstrates a balanced evaluative method that contributes to a deeper understanding of the foundations of traditional Arabic grammatical analysis.

The phenomenon of Repetition in the poetry of Arqalah Al kalbi: An Analysis of its Artistic Dimensions and semantic functions Goal and Hypothesis: This reaearch aims to analyze and study the phenomenon of repetition (AL Takrar) as one of the prominent stylistic components in the poetry of the Arqalah AL kalpi The study seeks to reveal its artistic dimensions and its semanticand rhythmic funtions The research was built ubon the hypothesis that repetition in this collection is not merely a linguistic coincidence or an inability to vary , but a deliberate stylistic choice serving sbecific aesthetic and exbressive burboses conclusion and findinqs: The study concluded that rebetition in AL kalpi\'s boetry goes beyond being mere verbal paddingor an indicator of linguistic weakness ,Rather,it is fundamentally a deliberate stylitic structure and an integrated artistic bhenomenon used with superb skill , The research results confirm that this technique plays a pivotal role in the construction of the poetic text ,serving two main functions: The Rhythmic and musical Aspect (The Rhythmic function): Repetition contributes to generating a distinct musical resonance that characterizes the style ,it enhances the rhythmic cohesion of the poem ,it grants the poem a continuous and distinctive inner tone, The semantic and Emotional Aspect (The Expressive function): Repetition is utilized as a powerful expressive tool to amplify and intensify emotion, it works to deepen idea and anchor it in the recipient\'s consciousness. This ensures that the intended meaning is conveyed with maximum force and impact.

This research examines all forms of quotation used by Mamluk poets, and the intellectual presence they evoked, incorporating modern critical terms such as intertextuality and the like. Poetic quotation among Mamluk poets constituted an important pattern for revealing the true literary connection between the Mamluk era and other literary eras, provided we accept that the style of Mamluk poets greatly resembles that of poets from other literary eras.

This study examines phonetic changes in Arabic dialects over the ages, focusing on the phonetic differences between ancient and modern dialects. The research aims to analyze the phonetic phenomena that have occurred in the pronunciation of letters and words, and to explore the factors that led to these changes, whether social, geographical, or historical.
The research begins by clarifying the theoretical framework of phonetic changes, defining their various types, such as substitution. It then moves on to study ancient Arabic dialects and analyze the phonetic changes they have witnessed, based on historical linguistic sources. The research then reviews modern Arabic dialects, highlighting the most prominent phonetic changes that have occurred as a result of social and technological developments.
The similarities and differences between ancient and modern dialects are then analyzed, with practical examples from various dialects in the Arab world being presented. The study highlights the role of modern factors, such as the media and social media, in accelerating the pace of phonetic change in contemporary dialects.
Finally, the research presents conclusions about the impact of these phonetic changes on the Arabic language and the future of dialects, with suggestions for future studies aimed at documenting and analyzing phonetic evolution in different Arabic dialects.

This research aims to study the metrical terminology used by the Moroccan prosodist Abu Bakr al-Quda'i al-Qallusi al-Maghribi (d. 707 AH) in his book (Al-Khatam). In this work, al-Quda'i adopted a unique approach in presenting metrical terminology. When ancient practitioners of the art presented a term, they limited themselves to defining it, whereas al-Quda'i presented the term and its naming, along with the poetic evidence supporting it in Arabic books and narratives. This is what distinguished al-Quda'i from others in his presentation of metrical terminology. In truth, al-Quda'i also followed this approach in all his other metrical works, leaving no stone unturned in his metrical terminology, so that his book (Al-Khatam al-Mafdhud) became a reference in the science of prosody among Moroccans and Levantines for understanding and studying metrical terminology.

This research aims to study the use of nature as a symbol in Abbasid poetry through an analytical, rhetorical, and contextual study, using selected examples from the poetry of Al-Buhturi, Al-Sanubari, and Kashajim. The research is based on the hypothesis that nature in Abbasid poetry is not merely a descriptive background that beautifies the text, but rather an active semantic structure that performs aesthetic, cultural, and intellectual roles that reflect the poets’ visions and perceptions of life, time, beauty, power, and humanity. The study adopts a comparative textual analytical approach that combines rhetorical and stylistic approaches with cultural and social analysis, to reveal the multiple levels of meaning in the poetic image of nature within the texts.
For Al-Buhturi, the results of the analysis also showed that nature was used as a means to embody concepts of eternity and cosmic balance through images of light, water, and flowers. Al-Sunubari, on the other hand, made nature a manifestation of elegance and luxury, an extension of the luxurious court life. Kashjam treated nature as a realistic, material symbol in which description intertwines with living culture, employing its elements to depict change, joy, and the celebration of life. This contrast in vision among the poets reflects the multiplicity of aesthetic styles in the Abbasid era and reveals that the image of nature was a field for the interaction of aesthetic thought with civilizational reality. Abbasid poetry, as the research concludes, established a unique relationship between nature and humanity based on symbolic interaction between the environment and the self, as well as a balance between moral significance and physical beauty. It also demonstrated that rhetorical techniques such as personification, metaphor, rhythmic parallelism, and sensory blending played a pivotal role in constructing this complex image that blends the natural landscape with the human experience. Culturally, nature emerged in Abbasid poetry as a mirror of a sophisticated cultural consciousness, reflecting the transition from the desert to the urban center, and from individual experience to a collective sense that embodies the luxury of the era and the richness of its environment.
This research emphasizes the necessity of rereading Abbasid poetry from a new cultural and environmental perspective, linking the historical and environmental landscape with the poetic texts within which it originated. It also opens the way for interdisciplinary studies that combine cultural history, the textual environment, and literary criticism.

The study of dialects is an important field for understanding grammatical differences, as it helps us establish grammatical issues. The importance of Hadith and its commentaries is also evident, as they are considered linguistic sources that cannot be ignored or dispensed with.
From this perspective, my research topic was titled "The Grammatical Level of Some Arabic Dialects Mentioned in the Book Fath al-Bari: A Commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari by Ibn Hajar." The study yielded a number of important results, the most prominent of which are the following:
First: the hadith commentaries contain a rich wealth of grammatical and linguistic material, making them one of the essential and indispensable sources for the study of language.
Second: Ibn Hajar, in his book Fath al-Bari, discusses dialects and their connection to their tribes. In some cases, he refers to their popularity or rarity, stating that a language is either well-known or rare. Sometimes, he simply refers to it without attributing it to the tribe that spoke it.
Third: The necessity of the six thousand nouns is a dialect heard from the Arabs, and there is no problem in interpreting the hadiths according to this dialect.
Fourth: The inflection of indeclinables is the dialect of Banu Asad, so there is no problem in interpreting the hadiths of the Prophet according to this dialect.
Fifth: It was mentioned in the hadith of the Prophet that the letter “noon” of the five verbs is fixed after the verbal noun “an” in one of the Arabic dialects.
Sixth: The jazm with "lan" is a dialect of the Arabic dialects heard, and they interpreted the hadiths of the Prophet according to this dialect.
Seventh: The final nun of the five verbs may be deleted if they are not in the accusative or jussive mood, and this is done in a dialect heard from the Arabs.

The research aims to uncover the truth behind what is called the "contradiction among Arabic scholars in the reasoning of a single ruling," through the study of Ibn 'Asfour's morphological reasons, and to clarify that this phenomenon is not considered a contradiction, but rather a clear development in the concept of reasons. A scholar may change his conviction and accept reasons he had previously rejected due to the presence of scientific and rational evidence that leads to a change in the reasoning, which results in the multiplicity and difference of reasons among scholars for the same ruling because reasons do not conflict with each other. The research relied on a composite methodology, using the descriptive method to observe the morphological reasons in Ibn 'Asfour's works, the analytical method to analyze the statements of Arabic scholars and their reasons, and the comparative method to balance what Ibn 'Asfour reasoned in his works with what other scholars reasoned. The research concluded that the variation of reasons for a single ruling among Arabic scholars in general, and Ibn 'Asfour in particular, does not indicate contradiction but rather embodies scientific development and a change in conviction based on strong scientific evidence and arguments.

This research deals with the phenomenon of rhetorical justification in the work of one of the most important figures in Arabic rhetoric, Hazem Al-Qartajani, who tried to build a new rhetorical theory that directs rhetoric to focus on poetry and defines its characteristics. The research tried to clarify the concept of rhetorical justification, by examining the linguistic meanings. The terminology of the two terms, explanation and rhetoric, and explaining how it was present in the Carthaginian by presenting examples of his rhetorical explanations, relying on the descriptive analytical method. The research concluded with a set of results, the most prominent of which was explaining the striking presence The phenomenon of rhetorical justification in al-Qartajani's work is striking. His justifications focus on achieving poetic quality through imagination, which is the most prominent rhetorical factor in Hazimian rhetoric.

This research deals with one of the important morphological issues for morphologists and linguists, which is the difference in the weight of some words. Morphologists have adopted standard weights to measure the structures of words, which are (fa`il, fa`il, istaf`ala, and others). However, some words have deviated from this standard method and specific weights due to changing the word’s inflections after being exposed to treatments that include extra, deleted, and inverted letters, foreign words, or words of rare construction, and others. This has led to differences in determining their morphological patterns and a variety of perspectives and methodologies used in patterning, whether among the different grammatical schools or among morphological scholars. Such variation is considered a natural phenomenon in an analytical linguistic science and reflects the flexibility of the language in dealing with morphological structure changes. The study analyzes various examples of such words, highlighting the diversity of approaches—ranging from scholars’ adherence to analogical reasoning to their acceptance of auditory transmission and attempts to fit such words into established morphological patterns—based on authentic morphological sources and the opinions of reputable scholars in the field.

This study aims to analyze the mechanisms of time in Antichristos by Ahmed Khaled Mostafa in light of the Russian Formalist approach. It proceeds from the central hypothesis that time in this novel is not merely an external framework for events, but rather a dominant element that contributes to shaping the text’s meanings and its intellectual and artistic vision. The study relies on the distinction between story time and discourse time—one of the core concepts of the Formalists—to uncover the tension between the chronological sequence of events as they occurred and their representation in the narrative. The findings reveal that the novel employs multiple temporal mechanisms, reflecting the author’s tendency to captivate the reader and sustain attention through deliberate temporal paradoxes. The study also highlights the psychological dimension of time in the novel, by depicting both individual and collective consciousness of history and myth, thus making the text a space where different temporalities intersect. It concludes that Russian Formalism provides a suitable analytical framework for understanding the mechanisms of time in contemporary Arabic fiction, and that Antichristos serves as a practical model demonstrating the ability of time to generate meaning and narrative tension.

Arab feminist literature is one of the most prominent literary and intellectual movements that sought to reshape cultural and social discourse from a woman's perspective. It was not simply feminine writing, but rather a critical, alternative discourse that conveyed an awareness of both the self and the world. This literature provided a broad field for representing women's issues and dismantling the stereotypes perpetuated by male-dominated literature over centuries. Hence, language and symbolism emerged as central tools in constructing and directing this discourse. They are not merely means of expression, but also a space for resistance and the reproduction of meaning.
The symbol in Arab feminist literature was not an isolated aesthetic element. Rather, it was a means of encoding and communicating the female experience in light of the social and cultural restrictions that had long stifled women's voices. Symbols varied between natural symbols such as water, the moon, and the sea, and social and cultural symbols such as the home, the veil, and mirrors, expressing states of alienation, rebirth, rebellion, and the search for identity. Language, in this literature, was transformed from a tool of transmission to a tool of resistance. Female writers have reshaped the Arabic language to express their own sensitivities and to transcend the prevailing male linguistic order by generating new meanings based on allusion, intertextuality, and sometimes deliberate semantic dissonance.
Therefore, this study seeks to analyze how Arab feminist literature employs symbolism and language, as two intertwined rhetorical and cultural components, in order to reveal the semantic depth of feminist texts and the extent of their ability to produce a different literary discourse that transcends male dominance and embraces a more free and humane linguistic space.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Europe witnessed major intellectual and religious transformations that led to the emergence of the religious reform movement, which shook the authority of the Catholic Church and established new foundations for religious and political thought. At the heart of these transformations, university institutions emerged as centers for spreading ideas and exchanging knowledge where Cambridge University played a prominent role in this context, as the university represented a fertile environment for theological and intellectual debates, and contributed to the formation of a generation of scholars and reformers who took upon themselves the task of criticizing church practices and calling for a comprehensive religious reform. The intellectual circles affiliated with Cambridge University formed a link between the rising humanist movements and the new reformative thought, making it one of the most prominent institutions that paved the way for the emergence of new religious ideas in England and Europe.

After the British occupation of Iraq, Britain tried to preserve its interests and position, so it appointed High Commissioners who played a major role in determining the fate of Iraq and directing its policy to serve British interests. The High Commissioner was the actual ruler of the country, and during the period extending from 1925-1932, three Commissioners held this important position, namely Henry Dobbs, Gilbert Clayton, and Francis Humphreys, Each of them had different orientations and policies, even their views on Iraqi independence differed. These delegates wrote reports on the situation in Iraq and analysed Iraqi politics in colonial terms. These reports were sent to the British Colonial Office, which used them to assess the situation and guide British policy to justify political and military intervention in Iraq. Despite the differences in policies and orientations between the three delegates, their visions agreed on maintaining British influence in Iraq, with varying degrees of encouragement or restriction of Iraq's steps towards independence, which contributed to shaping the course of Iraqi politics during this critical period.

Despite the Abbasid era's immense intellectual and cultural flourishing, this did not preclude the emergence of forms of intellectual censorship over the content of writings at the time. Censorship in that era was not always organized in the modern sense; rather, it manifested itself in various forms, often driven by religious, political, or social motives.
The forms and motives of censorship were also diverse. These included religious and sectarian censorship, which focused on monitoring heresy, atheism, and sectarian disputes among the various Islamic groups and schools of thought. Intellectual censorship targeted political writings such as satire, slander, and mockery of caliphs, government officials, and ministers, as well as works expressing opposition, advocating revolution, or undermining the legitimacy of Abbasid rule, or works containing ideas supporting the Abbasids' adversaries. Social and moral censorship also existed, monitoring public morals and regulating certain types of literature deemed offensive to the prevailing social norms and customs of the time.
Ironically, the Abbasid era was simultaneously an age of translation and unprecedented intellectual openness, as the House of Wisdom flourished and the sciences of other nations (Greek, Persian, and Indian) were transmitted. This openness gave rise to diverse intellectual currents, which, in turn, prompted the emergence of intellectual censorship to protect the state's identity and beliefs from what could be termed "intellectual invasion" or "heresy."

The research aims to analyze the urban system in Al-Anbar Governorate through the study of the spatial distribution of urban centres, identifying the degree of balance in the urban hierarchy, and measuring the level of spatial interaction among these centres. To achieve this, certain quantitative indicators were employed, namely the standard distance and the spatial interaction model (gravity model). The results revealed a clear population concentration in the districts of Fallujah and Ramadi, alongside weakness in the other centres, which reflects an imbalance in the distribution of the urban system within the governorate.

The research aims to analyze the traffic flow in Al-Adhamiyah Municipality by employing modern geographic technologies. Spatial data and network analysis were used to monitor bottlenecks and determine the efficiency of the transport network. The results showed the effectiveness of geographic technologies in providing quantitative and spatial indicators that contribute to supporting planning decisions and improving transport performance, thereby enhancing the efficiency of land use and movement within the urban area. Based on the morphological classification of the transport network, the number of arterial roads reached (3) roads, major roads (10), secondary roads (19), and local roads (25). Field analyses indicated that the two selected streets experienced traffic volumes exceeding their design capacity by (9–20) times during the morning and afternoon peak periods, as a result of rapid population growth, the increasing number of vehicles, mixed land uses, and weak infrastructure. The outputs of the Synchro Pro program in analyzing traffic flow showed a significant decline in the level of service, as it was classified within category (F) due to exceeding the arm capacity and the high traffic density resulting from the inadequacy of the geometric characteristics of the intersection and the absence of intelligent management systems. This led to an increase in delay times at an average exceeding (400 seconds/vehicle).

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of regional hegemony in the maritime straits (Hormuz and Bab al-Mandab) and its relationship to the transport and security of energy supplies, as maritime security is one of the most important factors in the transport and security of energy supplies in our contemporary world, especially since more than half of the world's oil production is transported by tankers that reach the final consumer through the so-called "choke points" through the Middle East region via the Straits of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandab. These are narrow sea lanes that can be subject to interruptions for many reasons, including non-governmental threats and regional and international competition. The importance of the maritime straits in the region lies in their being supreme strategic objectives for regional and international powers. The research followed the descriptive and analytical approach in studying the geographical importance of the Straits of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandab, the variables affecting the transport and security of energy supplies, and the mechanisms for achieving the research topic. Results: The research concluded that the plans of countries to extend influence and control in expansion projects within the Middle East region will not be completed unless they control the joints of the maritime straits and have a presence offshore. Its shores, to secure energy sources and control maritime transport and trade routes, and the Arab role in controlling and dominating the straits, especially (Hormuz-Bab al-Mandab) is very limited, and they can be considered a secondary player despite the large coastal extension on these straits, and the main players are the United States of America and Iran, and as a result maritime navigation has become neither safe nor easy due to the strategies of these countries and their importance in controlling trade routes, straits and waterways, which is the situation the world is experiencing today also in terms of energy and global trade routes.

The study presents a geographical analysis of divorce cases in the Baqubah district, in response to the increasing number of divorce incidents observed in the area. This rise indicates the emergence of a phenomenon that requires monitoring and spatial distribution analysis, followed by an investigation of the most influential social and economic variables contributing to its occurrence. The significance of this research lies in the fact that it is one of the few studies that addresses divorce from a geographical perspective. The study arrived at several key findings, among which is that divorce cases occur more frequently in the center of Baqubah district compared to its subordinate administrative units. Moreover, divorces result from various factors, most notably economic, health-related, and demographic causes. Among the most influential variables are demographic factors such as the age of both spouses and the number of years they have been married. These are followed by economic variables, including the type of housing, the husband’s employment and work status, the wife’s employment and work status, and monthly income. Educational variables, such as the academic attainment of both spouses, come next, followed by social and health-related factors, along with other contributing variables.

The research included revealing the most important obstacles that stand in the way of achieving rural development in Al-Khalis district and identifying the most important obstacles to natural development, which are represented by obstacles related to topographic features, climatic extremes, the problem of salinity and desertification. The human obstacles it suffers from are represented by the high rate of population growth, the educational and health situation, social customs and traditions, transportation methods and electricity services, and how to address these obstacles in order to achieve rural development and improve the rural situation.

This research examines the contributions of Ibn Khaldun to military thought, particularly his analysis of war as a human and social phenomenon that extends beyond mere battlefield clashes. Ibn Khaldun distinguished between the apparent causes of military victory, such as equipment, numbers, organization, and morale, and the hidden causes, which are linked to strategic, psychological, and tactical factors, including psychological warfare (takhdheel), ambushes, the use of terrain, and deception. He also discussed the systems of battle deployment by reviewing various combat formations, such as the hit-and-run system, advancing formations, blocks, and lines. Furthermore, Ibn Khaldun classified wars, distinguishing between just and unjust wars, while linking them to the nature of society and its political and religious conditions.

Ethical values have been constant and rooted in the human conscience since creation. Man cannot live without a system of values that governs his behavior. Nevertheless, ethical values have undergone changes, especially after the emergence of philosophical schools and doctrines. These had a clear impact on ethical values. Among them were the Sophists, who held the theory of relativity in knowledge, and who believed that absolute truth does not exist. Good is what benefits the most powerful in society. Thus, injustice becomes a virtue if it serves the interests of the most powerful. The doctrine of utility and pleasure measures ethical values based on personal pleasure and benefit. Virtue becomes what benefits, and vice becomes what harms. Machiavelli liberated politics from morality and religion, placing them in the service of politics. He considered power and interest to be the supreme values, and there is nothing wrong with deception and force to preserve the state. Nietzsche distinguished between the morality of masters (power) and the morality of slaves (weakness). What unites these movements, despite their differences, is the deconstruction of the absolute moral reference and its transformation into a tool serving power or interest. Individual or political, which inevitably produces a society characterized by moral disorder and the absence of true justice. This is what we witness today in numerous manifestations of utilitarianism, tyranny, and a lack of common moral sense, especially among generations who have found no moral role model or example to emulate in a reality filled with disorder and duality between words and deeds. Despite this, Islam has played a major role in emphasizing moral values in peace and war, and in imposing moral restrictions in times of war, such as the treatment of prisoners. In light of the global conflict of values, Islamic ethics remain a guiding light that distinguishes between right and wrong, mercy and brutality. Western moral values in war are neither fixed nor universal, but are shaped according to the interests of the dominant power and marketed through the media and international organizations. This requires oppressed peoples to deconstruct and critically analyze Western moral discourse, and not to be deceived by slogans that may conceal neo-colonial projects, even if they are cloaked in the language of "peace," "freedom," and "human rights."

The research aims to analyze the nature of the news coverage provided by Al-Iraqiya News Channel for the activities of the Baghdad Summit 2025, to monitor the main topics addressed by the main newsletter, and to determine the patterns and methods of treatment used by the channel in covering the event. The research relied on the survey method using the content analysis form as the main tool for the study, and the research community was represented in Al-Iraqiya News Channel, while the study sample included a comprehensive inventory of all the main news bulletins (8 p.m.) that were broadcast within the period from 12/4/2025 to 12/6/2025, and the results concluded that Al-Iraqiya News Channel followed a strategic media model in covering the summit, as political and economic topics topped the bulletin agenda by more than two-thirds The channel also adopted the ideology of presence in its coverage, as the live image captured a highlight quota equal to almost half, confirming its preference for simultaneous visual facts over analysis and archival context.

This research aims to study the reality of structural transformation in the Iraqi economy for the period (2000-2023), and to identify future reform paths within the framework of contemporary economic thought; Because the Iraqi economy suffers from deep structural imbalances, most notably the dominance of the oil sector and the weakness of economic diversification, this requires studying the structural transformation of the Iraqi economy, focusing on the structure of total output, the structure of total labor, the structure of foreign trade, and the population structure, and then adopting an integrated reform vision. The research relied on the inductive method, by studying the indicators of structural transformation in the Iraqi economy, and the deductive method by identifying general rules for reform in light of developmental economic thought. Among the most prominent results of the research, it became clear that the percentage of final consumption's contribution to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was at good levels, while the indicators of value added for the agriculture and services sectors, the percentage of labor productivity in the agriculture and services sectors, the percentage of total investment's contribution to the formation of the GDP, and the percentage of the contribution of agricultural, industrial, and service exports to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were at low levels. This is attributed to the dominance of the oil sector over the economy, and the economic growth patterns that Iraq witnessed in previous years. This came about because of the growth of the oil sector at the expense of growth rates in the productive sectors. Therefore, there is an urgent need to prepare the appropriate ground for structural reform in Iraq, and to identify a package of proposed reforms such as: diversifying the production base, innovation and transfer of technology into the country, and diversifying exports.

The research aimed to identify the extent of the impact of good governance on investment spending. The research assumed that good governance has a significant positive impact on investment spending. The research concluded, through applying the joint integration test using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, that there is a significant positive impact of good governance on investment spending. The research recommended the necessity of directing the largest part of public spending towards investment spending, by addressing administrative slackness, combating financial, administrative and political corruption that constitutes a heavy burden on the economy, activating the role of the General Investment Authority and its branches in the governorates and granting it more independence, providing the necessary protection for local and foreign investors, supporting the private sector and activating its role due to its great importance in increasing the investment rate, and the necessity of taking realistic and serious steps to reform financial policy in Iraq due to its impact on directing public spending towards investment spending. It is also necessary for spending aspects to be subject to monitoring, accountability and review in order to reduce waste and control corruption, which contributes to providing the necessary funds for investment.

The current study aims to identify) The impact of dramatizing the curriculum on developing some cognitive abilities among fifth-grade elementary school students in art education. The study was limited to art education students in the primary stage in Suq Al-Shuyukh District, Dhi Qar, for the academic year (2024-2025). The researcher used an experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) and two tests (pre- and post-test). The researcher intentionally selected Al-Karma Elementary School, affiliated with the Suq Al-Shuyukh Education Department, to represent the students in both research groups. The research sample consisted of (40) students, with (20) male and female students in the control group and (20) male and female students in the experimental group. The researcher matched the students in the two groups on the following variables. Gender, the students' chronological age, calculated in months, Parents' educational level, Mothers' educational level, Scores on pre-tests of some cognitive abilities), the researcher prepared a test to measure some cognitive abilities, namely (memory and verbal fluency, conceptual grouping, antonyms, counting, and classification). In its final form, the test consisted of four tests, with a total of (26) items. To ensure its validity, the researcher presented the test to a group of arbitrators and verified its validity. The researcher then administered it to a pilot sample to determine its suitability and clarity of meaning. The reliability coefficient reached 0.89, which is considered a good coefficient

This study examines the cultural oppression and the subaltern voice in Diane Glancy's Pushing the Bear (1996). A critical literary examination of the cultural transformation experienced by the Cherokee people during the Trail of Tears in 1838 is conducted. Although the novel never directly discusses resistance, it delves into the challenging, ambiguous, and often frustrating ways in which Cherokee social structures, spiritual practices, and cultural values evolved. The present study employs Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's 1999 postcolonial theory and its concept of subalternity to analyze the marginalization of Native voices, particularly Cherokee women's, due to colonial oppression and internalized patriarchal structures. The analysis focuses on the character of Maritole, whose personal journey embodies the oppression of gendered subalterns through cognitive and emotional dislocation. The study finds that the effects of settler colonialism on Maritole's culture are manifested in her fragmented voice and sense of self. The novel's complex and fragmented narrative structure reveals the erosion of Cherokee cultural identity, community cohesion, and traditional gender roles under the pressures of forced migration.

The resurgence of ephemeral content—such as short-lived messages, stories, and photo snaps on platforms like Snapchat, Instagram Stories, and TikTok—has reshaped the process of meaning-making in digital spaces. This ephemerality emphasizes the semiotics of the fleeting moment, disrupting the continuity of signs and the depth of interpretation. This study employs a mixed-methods approach to investigate the effects of ephemerality on semantic processes. It analyzes global usage statistics from 2023 to 2025 and 40 user-generated posts on the X platform (formerly known as Twitter). The methods include statistical aggregation of engagement metrics (such as time spent viewing stories) and thematic coding of user content, revealing patterns of loss, urgency, and fragmented recollection. The results indicate that 87% of users avoid revisiting stories, preferring immediate engagement over contextual richness. This reduces semiotics to surface-level signs, favoring spontaneity. Qualitative topics focus on instinctive, individual, and momentary expression rather than long-term storytelling. Based on Peircean semiotics, ephemeral content hinders interpretation, reinforcing a pattern of meaning centered on excessive presentences, raising concerns about memory and credibility. By 2025, with 5.42 billion social media users, relational communications tend toward brief emotional exchanges, diminishing narrative depth. Algorithmic pressures lead to reflexive and forgettable interactions, posing challenges to identity formation and social bonds. This study links platform data with user phenomenology, highlighting tensions between immediacy and continuity in digital semiotics. It calls for a reassessment of tagging systems to enhance continuity and encourages further research into the long-term impact of ephemerality on meaning-making.

Historical sources differed on the naming of the events witnessed by the Diwaniyah and Muntafiq districts during the period from 1934 to 1936. Some of them considered it a revolution or uprising, while the other section called it a movement, while others mentioned it as a rebellion. These sources also differed in determining the reasons that paved the way for its outbreak, whether they were political, economic, social, or for personal interest, and the degree of its importance, whether direct or otherwise. However, these sources agreed that it represented a clear interference of the tribes in politics, the effect of which was reflected not only on their regions but also on the capital, Baghdad, which led to ministerial changes that left a state of political instability in Iraq, in addition to the economic devastation that befell the regions in which these events erupted. This prompted the researcher to review the important articles that dealt with these events, analyze them, and reach the extent of their coverage of the subject from its various aspects and to indicate its strengths and weaknesses.