Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies

This study examines the figure of the Abbasid vizier Muawiyah ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Yasar al-Ashari, one of the prominent figures of the Abbasid state in the second century AH. He combined administrative and political responsibilities on the one hand, and the transmission of historical and hadith reports on the other.
His political and administrative status became evident during the reigns of Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur and Caliph Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Mahdi, as he was among those close to the Abbasid authority. This position enabled him to contribute to the fields of politics, administration, and historical narration. He thus emerged as an important and active figure in political decision-making during the early Abbasid period, in addition to his role in transmitting historical accounts related to the Abbasid caliphs.

This research analyzes the nature of Turkish-Iranian rivalry over Iraq during the period (2002–2014), considering it one of the most prominent manifestations of regional conflict in the Middle East following the geopolitical shifts post-2003. The study aims to examine the strategic objectives of both Turkey and Iran toward Iraq, uncovering the political, economic, and security instruments utilized by both parties to bolster their presence and influence within the Iraqi arena. Furthermore, it highlights the repercussions of this rivalry on Iraq's political and security stability, as well as its impact on internal and regional relations. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to understanding the dimensions of this complex regional struggle and its role in shaping modern Iraqi reality, particularly amidst the interplay of regional and international interests. The research focuses on the political, economic, and security dimensions that have defined the tripartite relationship between Iraq, Turkey, and Iran, while analyzing the dynamics of interaction and competition between them. Finally, the study offers a prospective outlook on the future of this relationship, identifying the key factors influencing its trajectory in light of regional and international variables, thereby providing a deeper analytical insight into the nature of regional balances in Iraq.

Sicily's location in the center of the Mediterranean Sea gave it significant political and economic importance, as it served as a link between the continents of Europe and Africa. Its extensive coasts connected it to North Africa and Andalusia through abundant transportation routes, which facilitated civilizational and commercial exchange between them. Consequently, there were economic relations at various agricultural and industrial levels, as well as thriving trade between them. Sicily was renowned for its abundant agricultural production, cultivating various crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and others. It was also famous for growing grapes, apples, cotton, saffron, palm trees, olives, lemons, and oranges. Additionally, various types of animals were raised in Sicily, and there was a diversity of plant, animal, and mineral industries, such as sugar production, cotton textiles, and linen manufacturing. Shipbuilding also flourished, with several shipyards established for this purpose. Due to the island's richness in minerals, mining and metal extraction industries spread. Sicily was also known for its pottery and ceramic industries. Thanks to Sicily's abundance of natural and agricultural wealth, there were numerous markets in its cities, each specialized according to the type of goods or products. As for its commercial relations with North Africa and Andalusia, Sicily was connected to these regions through a vast network of maritime routes that linked it to both North Africa and Andalusia. It exported various agricultural and industrial products to North Africa and Andalusia and imported the agricultural and industrial products it needed from them.

The phenomenon of the struggle for power was one of the most important challenges that the Alawite state faced since its establishment in 1640, which encouraged internal rebellions represented by local and tribal leaders and separatist movements that tried as a result to achieve their personal interests, taking advantage of the weaknesses that the country was going through. The most important feature of this matter is the struggle for power between brothers and sons within the Alawite family. These rebellions and conflicts continued even during the era of stability during the rule of Sultan Ismail 1672-1727, although their pace slowed down thanks to the strength of Sultan Ismail. These conflicts directly affected the economic and social life of the population, which weakened the strength of the state and its structure. One of the most important results of this matter was that the country went through a state of internal chaos after the death of Sultan Ismail in 1727, which lasted for thirty years, which exhausted the country politically, economically and socially. Therefore, the issue of the repercussions of the power struggle in Morocco on the internal situation1640-1757 is one of the topics that deserved to be studied in order to understand the nature of that struggle, its causes, and the extent of its impact on the economic and social reality of the country.

Economic interests constitute the foundation of American strategic orientations and represent one of the principal drivers of United States public policy. Military forces, whether armies or naval fleets, are not deployed unless substantial American interests are at stake in the targeted region. With the growing economic and strategic significance of the Middle East, alongside the gradual withdrawal of British influence, the United States emerged as a dominant and influential power seeking to consolidate its control over the region and its peoples. This approach aimed primarily at safeguarding vital economic interests, most notably the control of oil resources and strategic waterways that play a crucial role in global transportation and trade.
Accordingly, this research seeks to analyze the economic and political interests of the United States and assess their impact on American policy toward Iraq, as well as ongoing efforts to exert dominance over Iraqi resources and shape the country’s political orientation in line with U.S. strategic objectives. The study is structured into three main sections: the first examines the early American orientation toward Iraq; the second analyzes the key economic interests that shaped this orientation; and the third addresses Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait and the manner in which this event facilitated the American advance into Iraq, ultimately culminating in the 2003 overthrow of the Ba'ath regime and the subsequent direct military occupation of Iraq by U.S. forces.

This research is a historical investigation that explores a vital topic: the role of the individuals as rulers and leaders in shaping and developing national identity. In the fields of historical science and the philosophy of history, rulers and leaders—often regarded as heroes and central figures—have played decisive roles in shaping historical events and influencing the dimensions of their nations. Their influence has had a profound social impact, to the extent that it has become a defining element of the nation\\'s identity.
Despite the fact that Sultan Saladin is regarded as the father of an important national identity, he was also able to shape history during the period of the Crusades. Furthermore, as a significant symbol of Kurdish identity, he contributed to strengthening the existence and position of the Kurds in the context of Islamic and world history. His impact was such that the name, history, fame, and discussion of the Kurds as a nation became much more frequent in historical writings after his emergence, compared to before the emergence of this prominent Kurdish figure.
The researcher uses a historical-analytical approach to explore the different dimensions of identity formation by Sultan Saladin for the Kurdish people as an important historical legacy, and examines how this legacy can be applied to support the present and future of the Kurdish nation.
The research is organized into a preface, an introduction, two main chapters, conclusions, and a bibliography. The introduction outlines the concept of identity and national identity and provides a concise biography of Sultan Saladin. The first chapter explores Sultan Saladin’s role in shaping and advancing Kurdish national identity by examining his qualities as both a humanitarian and a ruler/leader, presented in two subsections. The second chapter, divided into two subsections, analyses his contribution to Kurdish national identity as a shaper of historical events and as a historical figure who enhanced the Kurdish presence and significance within Islamic and global historical discourse.

This study sheds light on a comprehensive critical reading of the death concept and the afterlife in Ancient Greece, considering it one of the most significance themes in the Greece religious and philosophical thoughts. The Greece regarded death as a transitional phase separating the living world o from alternative realm governed through godly powers, where the souls’ destinies were determined according to decent and social standards. This study exposes the well-informed background that formed the Greek perception of the nature of the soul, the association between the earthly life and the afterlife, along with their conceptions of the criminal and the divine judgments it requires.
The importance of this study lies in exploring the death and the afterlife in Ancient Greece via the theoretical beliefs exploration. It likewise encompasses the careful funerary practices, which created the framework for dealing with the dead in Greek society. Additionally, it places of interest that these funerary practices were not simply religious rites, however a figurative system reflecting the cultural and social dimension of the phenomenon of death. These rituals include the preparation of the dead body, the Prosthesis (the body ritual display) as a social farewell moment, and the Ekphora (the funeral march) that characterizes the final transition to the deceased\'s resting place. The study also exposes the spiritual dimension represented through the death fear, in addition the causing counteractive methods, for instance the cemeteries designation of outside the city walls.
The research assumed a historical-analytical methodology grounded on the classical study of legendary texts and archaeological indication to deliver a unified understanding that combines theoretic conceptions with material appearances. Over and done with this, the research gives to a deeper understanding of the social and functional role of funerary rituals, as well as how these burials paid to firming up the cohesion of Greek society and shaping its religious and cultural identity.

The Kert region, encompassing several Ghurid dynasties, was founded by Muhammad al-Kurt, grandson of Sultan Ghiyath Muhammad ibn Sam al-Ghuri al-Din (1163-1203 CE) on his mother's side. Herat was the capital of his state. His reign coincided with the Mongol conquest of Khorasan, and he declared his submission and obedience to them. This resulted in his consolidation of power in the region. The fortress of Khusar represented some areas of the Ghur. He expanded the kingdom in several areas to secure Mongol support, and in return, he benefited from their assistance in indirectly controlling the region. Furthermore, with the help of Hulagu, he managed to reach the Ismaili line to cooperate with the new Khan, Abaqa Hulagu. After the death of King Shams al-Din in 1277 CE, his sons and grandsons assumed power. Their alliances remained precarious, fluctuating between Mongol influence and the conflicts between them. They cooperated with the Ilkhanid Khanates of Persia, but sometimes problems arose between them, even leading to death. The last Khan was Abu Sa'id, who left no heir. Taking advantage of the situation, King Mu'izz al-Din Husayn of Kert declared Mongol independence. Political, economic, and social conditions flourished during his reign, to the point that his state became the best in Asia at that time. After the death of his daughter, Ghiyath al-Din Pir Ali, his shrewdness and intelligence were evident, as his policies led to the discovery of shared visions between him and Timur, who succeeded in ending the 144-year rule of the Kurds in the region and annexing it to Mekelle in 1382 AD.

International charters and treaties have played a crucial role in strengthening relations between states, especially those bound by shared ties such as geographical proximity and religious unity, and facing common threats from ambitious powers. Iraq, Turkey, and Iran serve as a model for this, as their relations witnessed a remarkable rapprochement in the 1930s. This rapprochement culminated in the signing of the Saadabad Pact on July 8, 1937, with the aim of cooperation in all fields, particularly in confronting external threats and ambitions.
Newspapers played a significant role in clarifying and highlighting the importance of this pact. The newspaper Al-Bilad, for example, reflected the pact's significance in promoting regional unity and common stances on international issues, such as the Palestinian question and World War II. However, the major powers disregarded their resolutions and sought to undermine the pact. Al-Bilad documented these transformations and challenges that the pact faced and their impact on regional relations.
This study examined the position of the Iraqi newspaper Al-Bilad regarding the Saadabad Charter. The newspaper's opinions and coverage of this charter were monitored and analyzed up to 1940, and the study stopped at that period to allow researchers to conduct further studies.

Erosion is considered one of the main causes of land degradation worldwide, particularly in the extensive arid and semi-arid regions, due to its significant environmental and geomorphological impacts. Accordingly, this study aimed to estimate gully erosion in the Wadi Al-Naft basin, Kirkuk Governorate, by applying the Bergsma coefficient and utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. The results showed that erosion intensity ranges from very low to moderate and high, with the area of slight erosion reaching 17.666 km², moderate erosion 103.584 km², and high erosion 135.383 km², while very high erosion recorded the smallest area of 1.425 km². The findings also revealed that moderate erosion is the dominant type in the basin, reflecting a relative balance between surface runoff energy and the resistance of surface formations, particularly in areas with moderate slopes. Accordingly, the study recommended directing soil conservation measures toward zones of moderate, high, and very high erosion by enhancing natural vegetation cover and reducing unregulated human activities, especially in the upper parts of the basin.
In the present study, an effective analytical tool developed within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment was utilized to assess gully erosion levels based on the Bergsma method, as proposed by Ismaeel et al. (2021). This Python- and ArcGIS-based program was designed to divide the drainage network into cells, calculate erosion levels, and perform spatial analysis, thereby enhancing the accuracy of estimation and identifying the seven categories of erosion severity within the study basin. The results of applying this tool in similar basins have confirmed its effectiveness in linking the characteristics of the drainage network and slope to the spatial and functional development of gulliesKeywords: Environmental geomorphology, Human impact, Spatio-temporal analysis, Sentinel-2, Land cover change

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Informal settlements are among the most prominent urban challenges facing Baghdad, particularly within the Al-Ghadir municipality. Demographic and economic shifts after 2003 have contributed to the expansion of these informal settlements due to weak planning oversight and increased internal migration. This research aims to analyze the causes and factors that led to the emergence of informal settlements within the municipality, as well as to study the spatial distribution of these informal settlements and interpret their concentration patterns at the neighborhood level.
The results of the analysis reveal a clear spatial variation in the size and spread of these informal settlements. The 9th of April neighborhood recorded (1,289) units, while the Akd neighborhood represented the highest concentration with (31,179) units, while the Al-Muthanna and Sumer neighborhoods were free of any informal housing due to their advanced urban nature and stable infrastructure. This confirms that informal housing is a multi-dimensional phenomenon linked to social, economic and geographical conditions, which calls for the adoption of balanced urban strategies that combine regulating growth, improving services and addressing the root causes of the phenomenon to reduce its impact on the urban landscape.

The impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the distribution of small and medium industries in remote areas of Iraq is reflected in improving production efficiency and facilitating market access through modern technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and 3D printing. This transformation contributes to enhancing the capabilities of small and medium enterprises, and reducing the gap between urban and remote areas by providing job opportunities and supporting economic growth in those regions. It also aids in improving digital infrastructure and creating a favorable environment for investment and innovation, thereby promoting sustainable development and achieving developmental balance among regions.
The research aims to identify the concepts and technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, as well as to examine the geographical distribution of small and medium industries in Iraq’s remote regions. It sheds light on the potential possessed by these remote Iraqi areas, in addition to the major challenges facing small and medium industries during their digital transformation using Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies. The study adopts statistical, descriptive, and analytical methodologies. Among the key findings is that the SWOT analysis highlights the significance of the Fourth Industrial Revolution as an opportunity to improve and redistribute small and medium industries in marginalized and remote regions such as Basra and Anbar by leveraging strengths, enhancing available opportunities, minimizing weaknesses, and addressing potential threats to ensure sustainable development of these industries in developing areas.

This research aims to determine the degree of continentality in Baghdad\\'s climate, its climatic classification, and the natural, static, and dynamic factors that influence the prevalence of continentality.This research employs a descriptive approach, which focuses on describing the phenomenon, as well as a statistical approach to identify monthly and annual temperature ranges and determine the degree of continentality in Baghdad. The research relied on temperature climatic data for the period 2000–2020. The results showed that Baghdad\\'s climate varies between extremely continental and very continental. This is attributed to the region\\'s geographical location, as well as both fixed and dynamic natural factors.

The body is one of the fundamental elements that shape human identity, for it is through the body that a person expresses the self and existence in this world. Although it is material in essence, the body carries both spirit and meaning. At the same time, it can become a constraint upon the soul—suppressing it and limiting its release. Thus, the experience of the body may either serve as a means for self-realization and connection with truth or as a path to alienation and loss. The more intense the bodily awareness, the stronger the sense of fragmentation and separation of the self, which makes the experience of bodily dissolution a path toward spiritual liberation and union with the supreme meaning. The body is not merely a vessel for the soul but rather a constant field of struggle between the tendencies of elevation and decline. Through this struggle, human destiny is determined—either by rising toward the horizons of meaning or by sinking into the captivity of materiality. In this way, the value of the body is revealed as a passage toward uncovering the true essence of human existence.

Neither the yearning to live in the arid desert, nor the bitter struggle for survival in a land scarce in resources, stripped the Arab of his humanity; on the contrary, this existential struggle transformed into an epic of twofold pride. From this convergence of belonging to the group and individual self-respect was born the \"Hero of the Desert\" that unique archetype that unites these two opposing forces in a symphony of pride and dignity.
This composite image, which recurs in pre-Islamic poetry, was not merely a description, but rather a confirmation of the identity of the noble Arab who sees in the combination of these qualities a perfection that warrants pride. This research draws on the collected poetry of the Banu Tamim tribe by Dr. Abdul Hamid Mahmoud Al-Mu\'aini, in addition to a wide range of linguistic and historical sources that are critically examined throughout the text. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical methodology, beginning with an introductory section that outlines the tribe’s identity and highlights its historical and literary significance in antiquity. This research was divided into two main sections, The first examines manifestations of individual pride in the poetry of Banu Tamim, analyzing the ways in which poets articulate self-glorification through refined linguistic expression and rich rhetorical imagery, reflecting a clear continuity with pre-Islamic poetic traditions.
The second section focuses on collective pride, demonstrating how the poet functions as the authoritative and resonant voice of the tribe, articulating its values, achievements, and collective identity.

This study examines the aesthetics of \\"Tawqi\\'at\\" (signed epigrams) during the Abbasid era, a unique genre of short prose written by caliphs, ministers, and governors in response to petitions, letters, and complaints. These signatures demonstrated the highest levels of conciseness and eloquence, transforming brief words into authoritative decrees that reflected both the prestige of power and the magic of rhetoric. The study aims to analyze the aesthetic aspects and complex rhetorical styles that made these epigrams a source of refined literature, focusing on the strength of style, depth of meaning, and impactful linguistic condensation that reduced lengthy passages into swift intellectual flashes. Furthermore, the study explores how the broad cultural backgrounds of the writers intersected with the sophisticated political and administrative atmosphere of the Abbasid state, turning official procedures into political tools that showcased the ruler\\'s intelligence and persuasive prowess.
The analysis also highlights the high artistic skill in employing intertextuality with religious and literary heritage, by evoking Quranic verses and Arabic proverbs and skillfully integrating them into the context of the situation. Additionally, rhetorical devices such as apostrophe (Al-Iltifat), antithesis (Al-Muqabalah), and rhymed prose (Saj’) are utilized to create a psychological rhythm and an emotional impact on the reader. The study concludes that these signatures were not merely ordinary or routine administrative procedures; rather, they were timeless literary texts and an integrated linguistic philosophy based on the principles of brevity and cognitive focus. This directly contributed to the maturation of later prose arts that relied on quick wit and the ability to express major issues with a minimum number of words, ensuring that these \\"Tawqi\\'at\\" remain testament to a golden age where politics blended with literature and authority with eloquence.

One of the factors that contribute to the prosperity of any civilization is its degree of contact with other cultures, civilizations, and countries. This is to meet the demands of life and to enrich and exchange cultures and relationships between them in various ways and forms, including the movement of influence, impact, translation, and imitation. Comparative literature studies occupy a large space and are an essential part of academic studies and research. This study, in exploring the concept of the significance color in the poetry of both poets (Sargon Boulos and Delawhar, Qahra Daghi), aims to conduct a descriptive, analytical, and comparative study that monitors the aesthetics of texts in two different languages. Through this study, we explore the sources of beauty and creativity in the formation of fine paintings and poetic images. This is because color radiates its connotations through images and connotations, and the poet uses it to transport us to the worlds of his creative texts, infusing them with his feelings and his exploration of the chromatic capabilities to express and shape his feelings and hidden thoughts, and the direct and indirect influences they reflect, conveying them to the recipient through language. This is because color is not merely a visual element; rather, it is a means and a silent language that conveys emotions and influences aesthetic and psychological perception. Because it occupies a significant space in several fields, the research attempts to monitor the artistic, symbolic, and semantic values of colors through textual analysis. We also shed light on the abilities of both poets and how they employ colors in direct and indirect ways. This research is divided into two sections: the first, defining color in language and terminology, and the second, the connotations of colors (red, green, white, black).

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This research aims to examine the sounds of birds because they represent the sounds of nature that influence the human psyche. The relationship between nature and humans is ancient, intertwined, and intimate. As living beings, humans are part of nature and are therefore influenced by it, just as they influence nature. This is because humans are naturally influenced by their environmental, psychological, and social environments. This relationship is innate and strong, and the sounds of birds, in particular, have multiple connotations and influence human feelings and emotions in an involuntary and direct manner. These sounds are divided into two categories: The first: Song sounds: a melodic sound produced by singing birds, such as the clucking of pigeons and the sounds of nightingales. These sounds indicate calm, joy, comfort, and peace of mind when heard. Second: Calling sounds: Also known as screaming or shouting, these are loud, harsh sounds, such as the crow\'s cawing and the sounds of falcons. These sounds carry negative connotations, evoking boredom, noise, fear, and anxiety.

Objectives: This study aims to clarify the role of the writer in transforming Facts of life into mythical symbols, transcending natural realism, with his narrative imagination that gave his text a mythical character, despite its lack of direct mythical character Methods: The study relied on the mythological approach based on deconstructing the text, interpreting it, and extrapolating its hidden meanings. Results: Therefore, I decided to trace the events of the novel, which emerge from realistic facts that worked to construct the narrative imagination, with a vision that transcended the familiar to the world of imagination, which works to transform facts into mythical symbols employed by the author, giving his narrative text an aesthetic and artistic dimension.
Conclusion: study that embodies the writer’s ability to draw inspiration from facts and reconstruct another imaginary world that transcends reality in the process of creating and innovating a mythical text based on human history. He desires to mythologize reality and reshape it in an artistic image that gives it mythical dimensions with a vision that transcends the boundaries of reality and leans towards imagination, which makes the narrative text richer and closer to imagination than to reality, The narrative style chosen by Jassim Asi to present the events of his book is distinguished by its ability to keep pace with both reality and imagination, which reflects his vision and describes his approach to dealing with realistic issues and ways of revealing them to the reader.

The prelude is one of the most important parts to the Arabic poem, and the first destination for receiving meanings, themes, and imagery. It is a phenomenon that has accompanied Arabic poetry since its inception, and its forms have diversified, expanded, and extended. The research aims to reveal the objective vision presented by the poet, Shihab al-Din al-Azzazi in the prelude. He made it an active, organic part of the opening of his poetic discourse to achieve communication with the recipient and ensure the continuity of the poetic impact. The importance of the research is evident in linking the artistic form in the poetic discourse with its function on the one hand, and the themes and objective vision on the other, moving from formal description of development and sustainability to the objective, systematic analysis governing the experience. The research adopted the descriptive integrative approach by tracing the preludes of the poems, describing their characteristics and themes, by examining the structure, the results of their meaning, their internal relationships, and their contextual connections. The research came in four demands preceded by a procedural introduction to the first concept (the objective vision of the love poem prelude), the second (the objective vision of the ruins poem prelude), the third (the objective vision of the complaint poem prelude), the fourth (the objective vision of the wine poem prelude).

1. Identifying the attitudes of students in Arabic language departments toward traditional teaching methods
2. Identifying the attitudes of students in Arabic language departments toward modern teaching methods
3. Revealing statistically significant differences in students’ attitudes toward content teaching methods based on academic level
4. Determining the relationship between students’ attitudes toward content teaching methods and their academic achievement in Arabic language subjects
The scope of this research is defined as follows to ensure focus and precision:
• Temporal boundaries: Data will be collected and analyzed during the 2024–2025 academic year
• Spatial boundaries: The research will be limited to Arabic language departments within the College of Education at Al-Mustansiriyah University
• Human boundaries: The research sample is restricted to students in the Arabic language department across all academic levels (first, second, third, and fourth years) at the College of Education, Al-Mustansiriyah University
Research Methodology and Tools:
• A descriptive analytical method was adopted
• The research population includes all students in Arabic language departments across Colleges of Education in public universities within the Republic of Iraq
• A purposive sample was selected from the Arabic language department at the College of Education, Al-Mustansiriyah University
• To collect the required data for achieving the research objectives, a scale measuring attitudes toward content teaching methods was used
• This scale follows a five-point Likert format (Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree)
• The psychometric properties of the scale were verified using face validity, content validity, and construct validity
• Instrument reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha, which reached (0.87)
• Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the research results showed that students\' attitudes varied (low, moderate, high), and a positive relationship was found between their attitudes and academic achievement
Key Findings and Recommendations:
• Students in the Arabic language department exhibit diverse inclinations toward content teaching methods
• The majority prefer instructional approaches that enhance participation and engagement, such as cooperative learning, classroom activities, and active learning
• This reflects their desire to be active constructors of knowledge rather than passive recipients
• Based on the findings, the researcher recommends diversifying teaching strategies: Faculty members should not rely solely on traditional methods but incorporate modern strategies like cooperative learning, active learning, and problem-based learning that suit the linguistic and literary content
• Further, the researcher proposes conducting experimental studies to explore the effectiveness of specific teaching methods (e.g., project-based learning, flipped learning) in developing particular Arabic language skills (e.g., creative writing, literary criticism) among students in Arabic language departments

This study examines the relationship between two key variables in cognitive psychology. The first is generative mental fatigue, which refers to biologically based cognitive exhaustion that affects thinking processes. The second is cognitive flexibility, defined as the ability to modify cognitive representations in order to adapt to changes in environmental stimuli.
The researcher constructed two measurement scales to assess these variables. A scale consisting of ten items was developed for generative mental depletion based on the adopted theoretical framework, while a twenty-item scale was constructed for cognitive flexibility. The psychometric properties of both instruments were established to ensure their validity and reliability.
The two scales were administered to a sample of 200 female students. The findings revealed that:
1. Female students experience generative mental depletion, although at a low level.
2. There are no significant differences between scientific and humanities specializations on either variable.
3. The students exhibit low levels of cognitive flexibility.
4. There is an inverse relationship between generative mental depletion and cognitive flexibility; however, this relationship is not statistically significant.

The current study aimed to identify the effectiveness of rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) in reducing cognitive conflict among middle school female students. This study was validated through a number of null hypotheses developed by the researcher. To achieve the study\'s objective, the researcher adopted the Cognitive Conflict Scale (CCS) developed by Al-Jamali (2014). The scale\'s psychometric properties were verified by applying it to a research sample of (200) female students. The construct validity indicators were calculated, as well as the reliability coefficient was calculated using the test-retest method, which reached (0.85). Regarding the guidance program, an experimental design was adopted with two groups, the experimental and the control, with a pre-test and a post-test. The researcher built a guidance program according to the rational emotive behavioral therapy method, and relied on the theory of (Albert Els) with (10) guidance sessions that included different titles. After applying the post-test to the members of the experimental and control groups, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) in favor of the experimental group, which indicates the effectiveness of the rational emotive behavioral therapy method in reducing cognitive conflict among middle school students. The research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aimed to explore bullying and its relationship to linguistic perception among middle school students. The primary sample consisted of 300 male and female students. The researcher used a bullying scale consisting of 27 items, developed by Al-Qahtani in 2010, as well as the Al-Samarrai scale (2006) and the Al-Faqawi scale (2009). To determine the psychometric properties of the research instrument, its face and construct validity were verified by presenting it to a group of experts. The discriminatory power of the scale was also measured, and its reliability was calculated using the test-retest method. The data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The current research concluded that:
1. Bullying exists among middle school students.
2. The results also showed differences in school bullying between males and females, favoring males.
3. The students possess a high level of linguistic understanding.
4. The mean score for the sample was higher than the hypothetical mean. No statistically significant differences were found between males and females in the sample level of linguistic understanding.
5. A statistically significant positive relationship exists between the variables of bullying and the level of linguistic understanding.

This study aims to evaluate the level to which fourth year students in the Department of Life Sciences employ their scientific knowledge in light of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as to examine the level of their applied scientific competencies and the degree of their environmental and social awareness. The study adopted the descriptive survey approach, and data were collected from a study sample consisting of 110 male and female students using a questionnaire comprising three main dimensions: applied scientific competencies, utilization of scientific knowledge in supporting the Sustainable Development Goals, and environmental and social awareness.
The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the mean scores of the items related to applied scientific competencies fell within a good level, reflecting students’ ability to analyze scientific information, interpret results, and formulate conclusions based on data. The dimension of utilizing scientific knowledge in sustainable development showed a moderate to good level, indicating a positive tendency toward applying scientific knowledge in projects and community initiatives, while also highlighting the need for more structured practical opportunities. The findings related to environmental and social awareness revealed a relatively high level, demonstrating students’ awareness of the importance of environmental protection and active participation in scientific and social issues.
The study concludes that students of the Department of Life Sciences possess a solid scientific knowledge base along with good environmental and social awareness; however, the practical application of this knowledge requires greater support through educational programs and student activities in order to contribute effectively to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The study also emphasizes the importance of strengthening applied education and providing opportunities for research and community engagement.

The current research aimed to identify self-concealment and interaction anxiety among middle school students, as well as the correlation between self-concealment and interaction anxiety among middle school students. To achieve this, the researcher adopted the scale (Abdul Hamid, 2023) to measure the concept of self-concealment, which consists of (10) items, and the researcher also adopted the scale (Naji, 2014), which consists of (32) items. To ensure the validity of the two scales, they were presented to a group of experts and referees. The reliability of the two scales was also verified using two methods: the test and test-retest method, as well as Cronbach\'s alpha. Then, the two scales were administered to the main research sample of (200) students. Then, the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The research reached a number of results, including: that middle school students have self-concealment and also have interaction anxiety, and that there is a positive correlation between self-concealment and interaction anxiety among middle school students. The researcher put forward a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This study examines the issue of “aggressors” within the framework of Islamic law and custom, using a comparative jurisprudential approach with contemporary applications. Its aim is to reveal the relationship between Islamic legal rulings concerning deterring aggression and the social and legal customs that govern the defense of oneself, one\'s property, and one\'s honor in modern society. The study employs an inductive-analytical methodology, examining Islamic legal texts from the Quran and Sunnah, as well as the opinions of scholars from the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence, and then comparing them with established customs in Muslim societies and the provisions of non-divine laws. The research demonstrates that Islamic law has established an accurate system for regulating the response to aggression based on the principles of necessity and proportionality, and that custom is considered a valid source of Islamic law as long as it does not contradict a text or established legal principle. The findings also show that some modern customs and regulations align with the spirit of Islamic law in protecting life and property, while others deviate from its objectives by broadening the concept of aggression or restricting the right to legitimate self-defense.
The research concludes with the importance of re-evaluating contemporary customs and legislations in light of Islamic legal principles to ensure a balance between protecting rights and preventing chaos, and to achieve social security based on justice and the objectives of Islamic law.

The principles of cooperation in speaking are very important for clear and effective communication between the sender and the receiver. They exist in all languages as a universal system. In literature, especially in storytelling, writers often intentionally break or alter these cooperative principles. This does not indicate a mistake in the language ; rather, it is a natural and creative way of using language. Depending on the situation, these changes can go beyond normal grammar rules to make the story more expressive and meaningful.
The principles of cooperation are important in pragmatics because what people say in a conversation can have multiple meanings. There may also be a hidden meaning or purpose behind the words, which is a feature of pragmatics in language.
This study follows a Statistical, descriptive and analytical approach based on Grice’s theory of cooperative principles. Its significance comes from the fact that the story collection The Old Woman’s Shroud is one of the notable literary works. In this work, breaking the rules of cooperation plays an important role in the language, giving deeper meaning and impact to how ideas are expressed.
The aim of this research is to study how the four cooperative principles are broken in the short story collection, examining their types, patterns, and frequency. The main questions are: Which cooperative principle is broken the most, and which one has the greatest effect on the story’s language and meaning?

Although physiognomy is one of the oldest sciences and is used in various fields, today it has its role and influence on society in general and individuals in particular, because humans have five senses and a visual sense, while the sixth sense is unknown, and since the cultural context has an influence and effectiveness. The influence and effectiveness in this text stems from the fact that humans are by nature social beings and communication is part of natural life and the meaning goes beyond linguistic communication. This research deals with the meaning from a literary perspective in general and the poetic text Goran (Darwish Abdullah) in particular, in order to read the face and internal actions of Darwish through the character of Darwish drawn by Goran. The first part deals with the concept of physiognomy, its definition and characteristics. The first part deals with the history of physiognomy, its role, importance, benefits and characteristics, while the second part deals with physiognomy and its types mentioned in the text and gives the necessary examples..

The number of foreign words used in modern Turkish is quite high. The processes of foreign words entering Turkish periodically vary. The borrowing of words from languages such as Arabic and Persian, which are from two different language families, actually started in the Seljuk period. This interaction continued to develop in Ottoman Turkish and we can clearly see that the number of foreign words in the literary works written in that period is very high. When it comes to modern Turkish, apart from Arabic and Persian, words from foreign languages such as English, French, Italian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew were transferred to Turkish and the use of words taken from western languages is quite common among the people. In this study, we have explained the situation of foreign words entering Turkish. It should also be stated that there are words entering other languages from Turkish. We can say that Modern Turkish is among the richest languages in terms of the use of foreign words. Because scientifically, foreign words have been taken from all areas and their use has been adapted. While some people prefer to use pure and deep-rooted Turkish words, others use foreign words.

This autobiographically inclined novel by Nâzım Hikmet seeks an answer to the question of why and how one should live. As the title of the novel suggests, it conveys a stance toward life itself. In particular, it emphasizes the value of passion for life and instills the idea that one should not give up hope despite all kinds of suffering that life may bring. The novel explores the excitement of young people who encounter communist ideology in the early 1920s. It portrays Nâzım Hikmet’s cause, genuine friendship, and love for humanity through two central figures. The two main characters dominate the work, especially from Ahmet’s perspective, and the novel is a modern narrative focused on the passion for life and revolutionary ideals. While telling the life stories of Ahmet and his unwavering companion İsmail, who experience oppression, torture, and exile, it merges individual suffering with the history of social struggle. Ahmet represents intellectual sensitivity, while İsmail symbolizes the resilience of society. Through his relationships with Ahmet and İsmail, Nâzım Hikmet clearly tells us: \"You are not alone; if you have a companion by your side and love in your heart, living is truly beautiful.\" In this novel, which Nâzım Hikmet masterfully structured, he leaves a literary legacy that instills hope in the reader by integrating the themes of friendship, love, and freedom with the philosophy of \"Living is a beautiful thing, my brother!\".

This research deals with an important aspect of the biography of the Abbasid Caliph Yusuf al-Mustanjid Billah, whose lineage goes back to the family of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. It also deals with some of his interests and cultural and intellectual activities. During his reign, the city of Baghdad became a destination for travelers and scholars who described the greatness of the Caliph al-Mustanjid Billah as one of the most important caliphs and kings who ruled the country. His access to power was considered the most difficult of all the Abbasid caliphs, as he was able to The success in reaching the throne after opposition and divisions within the palace and within the family itself, and those divisions almost destroyed the Abbasid state, but the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustanjid Billah, after taking over the reins of power, built his state with good relations at home and abroad, and calm and peaceful coexistence prevailed between Muslims and other religions, such as Jews and Christians, who had a role in the rise of the scientific movement, and among them were doctors, scientists and philosophers He brought them close and summoned them from different places, realizing the importance of the intellectual renaissance and its role in progress. In addition to that, he did not neglect the aspect of poetry because of its importance among the people. He brought poets close to his council and gave them generous gifts, so it was said that he was one of the most prominent Abbasid caliphs in writing poetry. The intellectual and scientific renaissance was not at the expense of the military aspect, but rather the caliph was able to He maintained the borders of his state abroad and made it stabl and secure internally. The kings and princes owed him obedience and loyalty. Thus, Caliph Al-Mustanjid Billah was able to make Baghdad a picture full of huge buildings and luxurious palaces that illustrate and reflect the prosperous economic situation in which the Caliphate was living, which would not have existed had there not been a state of political stability.