The White Dome Journal

This research is a field study for the role of woman ,The woman is considered the tool for human development and one of its aims, it is mostly said that the society cannot achieve progress without women being described as half of the society, women are a vital part and essential component in any human community, The thesis depend on few programs , the most important of them that the comparative program , history , while the basic tool to collect the information was the library in it\'s contains of publishing . the thesis concluded six chapters are talking about the basic subjects and the scientific terms , rising the conception of sustainable development of woman , the International compacts and the woman, To achieve that this study depended the social survey method using comprehensive account for all the specialists in sociology and economy in Iraqi universities. The statistical method (quantitative) method is used to analyze the data of questionnaire form and transform it to numbers and explain them.

The Sustainable Development Goals are a set of (17) goals set by the United Nations. These goals were mentioned in the United Nations General Assembly resolution on September 25, 2015. On January 1, 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals were included in the 2030 Sustainable Development Plan. These goals are interconnected, although each has its own specific small goals. They represent a total of 169 targets Goal . The Sustainable Development Goals cover a wide range of social and economic development issues (poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, gender equality, water, sanitation, energy, environment, and social justice). As for Goal (8) – Decent Work and Economic Growth, it means “promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all” and promoting safe and secure work environments for women in particular.

This research aims to study the phenomenon of hate speech directed against women in the digital space, while analyzing effective resistance strategies to confront it. This type of violence poses a growing challenge considering the accelerating digital transformation. The study seeks to achieve a deep understanding of the various dimensions of this phenomenon, beginning with an analysis of its various forms, such as digital sexual harassment, threats, and gender-based bullying. It then examines its psychological and social impact on victims, critically assesses current coping strategies, and proposes innovative solutions.
The research relied on an integrative methodology that combines theoretical and applied analysis. The descriptive-analytical approach was used to examine previous literature and available statistics, and a critical approach was used to evaluate current policies and programs. The research procedures also included a content analysis of samples of hate speech on social media platforms, in-depth interviews with female activists and experts in the field of digital security, and case studies of successful initiatives in the Arab region and the world. The research results revealed several important facts, most notably that 73% of Arab women internet users have experienced some form of digital violence, according to a study conducted by the Arab Center for Internet Research (2023). The results also showed that the psychological effects of hate speech are often profound and lasting, leading to what is known as «digital trauma» and a «silencing effect,» which limits women›s participation in the public sphere. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that current coping strategies vary in effectiveness. Some promising Arab models, such as the UAE›s «Himaya» initiative and the Saudi «Karama» initiative, have emerged, but they remain insufficient to address the scale of the phenomenon.
The study recommends adopting an integrated approach that combines strengthening legal protection through specialized legislation, investing in local technology to detect offensive content, and implementing comprehensive awareness programs targeting all segments of society. It also proposes establishing an Arab observatory to monitor digital violence against women and enhancing regional and international cooperation in this field. In the future, the study calls for further research on the impact of artificial intelligence on hate speech and evaluating the effectiveness of digital empowerment programs for women in various Arab contexts.

Social studies on women indicate their merit, competence, and at times, their superiority over men. However, there remains a significant gap between women›s capabilities and potential, and their aspirations on the one hand, and the actual institutional and administrative reality on the other. The unequal representation of women in leadership positions continues to prevail.
There are various challenges faced by women occupying leadership roles, and thus, the research problem sheds light on these challenges and difficulties, aiming to find solutions to alleviate or mitigate them through the chapters included in the study.
The researchers employed the descriptive method in this study, which comprises four chapters. The first chapter addresses the research problem, its significance, objectives, and definitions of key terms used in the study.
The second chapter reviews the theoretical background of the research, while the third chapter examines the obstacles women face in decision-making and the factors influencing this. The fourth chapter focuses on ways to empower women in decision-making, along with the conclusion and references.

The concept of national identity is embodied in a covenantal relationship that connects the individual to his land. This relationship is characterized by the existential identity of a person, as it is considered evidence of his belonging and the basic essence upon which he relies in constructing references of ideas and beliefs. It is the primary belonging, represented by an internal emotional bond toward the geographical area in which the individual resides. This emotional instinct is essentially an innate instinct that does not settle. Not only with human beings, but also with most living beings, according to the natural requirements of living things and according to the idea of ​​their connection to a specific place and time, it works as a magnetic force that draws them towards the places they inhabit or the environment in which they live, to represent a strong bond that they arm themselves with against strangers or intruders, and thus to form a support force based on their constant readiness to defend and protect it. In light of this, the title of the research was chosen: “The National Identity of Iraqi Women, Its Concept, Challenges of Activating It, and Ways to Strengthen It in Society.” It was divided into several axes. The first was concerned with giving a clear picture of the concept of citizenship by defining it, identifying its elements, and the most important problems it faces. The second axis clarified the national identity of Iraqi women, and the third shed light on... The second axis clarified the national identity of Iraqi women, and the third shed light on the challenges faced by citizenship in Iraqi society. We discussed the most important ways to make the values ​​of citizenship strong and firmly rooted in society through the family, education, media, and cooperation between decision-makers, intellectuals, and academics to succeed in creating a clear formulation of the national identity.

The aim of the current research is to identify the most important challenges faced by women working in the health sector in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, among (35) nurses in health institutions during the Corona pandemic. To the use of frequencies and the use of the weighted mean and weight percent of the questionnaire items that were applied to the research sample, and the items that obtained a weighted mean value (2) or more were considered to be the most important challenges faced by women working in hospitals in the face of the pandemic. The researcher prepared a scale for the health challenges that Women working in the health sector face the Corona crisis, based on a questionnaire (José Luís Santos, 2021) from Brazil and a questionnaire (Matea Dolić, 2021) from Croatia. The scale in its final form included (35) items representing four main challenges that workers in institutions faced Health and hospitals in the face of Covid-19 are (challenges of poor capabilities, psychological challenges, challenges of fear of injury, stigma and misunderstanding) and the results after using the weighted mean and weight percentile showed that The five challenges in the ranking were as follows: The challenge of (long working hours), then the challenge of (the rapid rise in the number of injuries), or the challenge of (stress, anxiety and severe psychological pressure) came in the third place and came in the fourth place (giving priority to patient care) , based on the risk factors) As for the challenge (concern about transmission of infection and infection with the virus), these challenges came in the first five places, while the rest of the challenges are no less important than the rest of the challenges, and all of them

This research focuses on articulating the vital role of Iraqi women in the environmental sector across various life domains, particularly regarding climate change and the instability faced by Iraqi families due to the increasing displacement from rural areas to cities. It highlights their contributions to environmental protection in accordance with the Environmental Protection and Improvement Law No. 72 of 2009. The study illustrates the role of women as a crucial factor in achieving environmental sustainability, reviewing the current state of women’s participation, the challenges they encounter, and the impact of their empowerment on achieving environmental and developmental goals. Therefore, it emphasizes women’s contributions in this area and discusses ways to enhance their role for a sustainable future. The research also provides practical recommendations for governments, organizations, and individuals to strengthen this role and achieve an effective balance in sustainable development.

This research presents a comprehensive analytical study of the role of Iraqi women in strengthening national identity. It aims to uncover the historical and contemporary roles women have played in building and maintaining Iraqi identity, while analyzing the challenges they face and the opportunities available to enhance their participation. The research relied on an integrated methodology that combines historical analysis to monitor the evolution of women›s role across different stages, and a descriptive-analytical approach to study contemporary reality through the analysis of available data and information. It utilized various research tools, including the analysis of historical documents and field interviews with Iraqi female activists and academics, in addition to the analysis of official reports and previous studies.
The research results revealed that Iraqi women have played pivotal roles in strengthening national identity throughout history, beginning with their participation in the resistance against various occupations and extending to their active roles in building the modern state after 2003. The results also demonstrated that women have been guardians of national values and transmitters of cultural heritage across generations, particularly through their educational and teaching roles. However, Iraqi women face significant challenges that hinder their full participation, including legal, social, economic, and security barriers. The study revealed that Iraq ranks low on gender equality indicators, and that women›s participation in leadership positions remains below desired levels.
In light of these findings, the study recommends adopting an integrated package of policies and measures to enhance the role of women. These include legislative reforms to ensure full equality, developing a more effective women›s quota system, economic empowerment programs for women, and reforming the educational system to promote values of equality. The study also proposes developing a national media strategy to highlight bright female role models, establishing research centers specialized in gender studies, and enhancing cooperation between the government and civil society organizations to implement empowerment programs.
This study presents a future vision for enhancing the role of women in building national identity, emphasizing that this role is not separate from the comprehensive development process, but rather an essential part of it. The study also proposes conducting further research to monitor the impact of social and political changes on women›s roles and to study successful experiences in countries like Iraq, with a focus on developing accurate indicators to measure the progress of women›s participation in strengthening national identity.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the United Nations, aims to achieve fair and comprehensive development for all people and ensures women›s empowerment and social justice between men and women. The research also highlights the essence of the importance and role of women in achieving and implementing sustainable development goals in several aspects (political, social, economic, education, health care, energy, poverty eradication and environment) and highlights the role of women in developing their goals and finding appropriate solutions for the advancement of women in society.

"Women's participation in politics is a key indicator of societal progress and its pursuit of justice and gender equality. Over the decades, the world has witnessed a remarkable increase in women's involvement in political life, whether as voters, candidates, or holders of leadership positions. Women's participation is considered essential for promoting diversity and achieving balance in decision-making. The presence of women in the political arena contributes to the adoption of inclusive policies that consider the needs of all segments of society, including children, youth, and the elderly. They also play a vital role in advancing issues of education, health, and human rights."

Iraqi women are a fundamental pillar in building society and strengthening its national identity. They shoulder multiple roles that extend beyond the family to include cultural and social contributions in various fields.
In light of the political and social events that Iraq has witnessed, women have emerged as true partners in strengthening national unity and spreading values.

Studying the role of women in preventive diplomacy is of great importance, as women contribute effectively to mediation and peacekeeping processes. Studies indicate that women›s participation in diplomatic negotiations enhances the chances of achieving sustainable solutions to conflicts, as women possess unique skills in building trust and promoting dialogue.Empowering women in diplomacy also promotes gender equality and ensures more inclusive representation in decision-making processes. Many countries and international organizations are working to enhance the role of women in preventive diplomacy through training programs and supportive policies, but they still face political, social, and cultural challenges that limit this role.

Citizenship is one of the most prominent and important topics raised at the present time, as it has been embodied as a concept within the constitutions of all countries of the world in terms of the construction of citizenship rights and duties of the citizen and in terms of social upbringing institutions that seek to consecrate and root the values of citizenship. However, with the world entering the unipolar system and the emergence of political and economic blocs that changed ideological points of view as a result of the cultures spread by liberal technology, the concept of citizenship has witnessed a clear change in meaning at times and content at other times in terms of its uses, connotations and individual awareness of its principles as a result of cultural openness and cultural invasion that has clearly affected rational thinking in societies. Accordingly, this research paper came to shed light on the most important concepts, foundations and dimensions that citizenship values carry.

)In the name of God, the most gracious, the most merciful
The research entitled (The Historical and Intellectual Dimension of Women between Human Laws and Customs) summarizes the importance of the pioneering role of women in the historical perspective and how they interact with human laws and customs, whether what was indicated by the texts in Islamic history and social customs that view women from a narrow angle that may deviate from the human rights granted to them by Sharia and law. We shed light on the laws that provided legal protection for them in exercising their rights that were deprived for long periods of time, which the Holy Qur’an mentioned and described as the first ignorance, in addition to the legal sanctity that human laws and customs preserved, due to the biological aspects and the basic need of society for them, as they possess distinguished skills in many social aspects, including skill in education and upbringing, patience and endurance in human situations sometimes, and scientific positions that distinguish them from many men, and the historical dimension represented by the historical facts that highlighted the role of women in his human thought and the events that took place on important historical figures who stood in the face of injustice and tyranny and lived conflicts with major political positions, and that the usual this role should be highlighted by the man with his courageous position, as the role of the lady showed. Zainab (peace be upon her) in the council of Yazid bin Muawiyah in the famous Karbala incident and showed the important role of the woman who is jealous of the Sunnah of the Messenger Muhammad (peace be upon him) and stood in the face of injustice and tyranny. Among the situations that highlighted the skills of women is the situation of Zarqa Al-Yamama, that Arab personality in the pre-Islamic era from the people of Yamama who was a byword for sharp vision and good eyesight, as it was said that she could see things from a distance of three days and with this ability she warned her people that the delegations of Hassan bin Tubba Al-Himyari and his troops were coming to them hidden by trees wanting to invade them, but they accused her of dementia and did not believe her, so the latter invaded them and destroyed them. In addition to that, most of the sciences among the Arabs came thanks to those Arab and Islamic figures, at the top of which was Fatima Al-Zahra (peace be upon her), who was the child of the revelation and the heavenly message, and the Great Messenger (peace be upon him) said about her (she is a part of me and she is my heart and my soul that is between my sides) (Al-Kaabi 2019 AD, 5) and made the harm that befalls her, as if She (PBUH) followed him and she set the pinnacle of piety, wisdom, good manners and high morals for us. From her morals, believing Muslim women followed her approach and spread good qualities in the Islamic society. These morals are the criterion between right and wrong and between the high morals that are the approach of the Islamic message, and the Islamic thought that adopted the customs of faith and considered legal rules applied in Islamic law, and a realistic constitution that determines the path of the Islamic nation.
1) Ali Musa Al-Kaabi. The Lady of Women, Fatima Al-Zahra, peace be upon her. Qom: Foundation on the Path of Truth, 2019

The research highlights the role of the Iraqi woman and her greatness in shaping the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia (Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian), and reveals the high status she enjoyed in those societies, from legal and social rights that enabled her to influence the political and cultural fields.
It also addresses her contemporary reality, as the recent decades have witnessed radical changes in acquiring her rights and her active involvement in all aspects of life, from politics and economy to education and arts. This overlap between the past and the present reflects how the achievements of women throughout history have contributed to strengthening their status and rights in the modern era.Through an analysis of women›s roles throughout the ages, the research highlighted the importance of moving forward in promoting the rights of these pioneers and supporting their representation, for they have left their deep mark on the walls of our civilization.

The issue of volunteer humanitarian work represents one of the most important issues that has become prominent in the social sciences and contemporary social thought, especially as a result of the transformations and changes that the world is going through today, which have made the volunteer sector receive the attention of all societies and governments due to the development and service it provides to society, in various sectors, and to all segments of society Volunteering as a charitable act is a means of psychological comfort, pride, and self-confidence for those who volunteer. It is an activity that strengthens individuals› desire for life and confidence in the future. Volunteering can even be used to treat individuals suffering from depression, psychological distress, and boredom. Volunteering in charitable work for the community helps these patients overcome their personal ordeal and transcend their surroundings. Women play a major role in humanitarian work, which is a healthy behavior, as they donate blood and time to save lives and build society. Here, the following research question arises: What are the most prominent activities women engage in in volunteer work? The aim of the research is to identify women›s behavior in humanitarian work. The research methodology: Descrip
tive approach. Work, humanitarian, behavior, assistanc

There is no denying that in the body of Iraqi legislation there are many legal texts that are in line with the provisions of the International Bill of Human Rights, and that some of them aim at equality between women and men and do not discriminate between them. Circumstances to reach these texts to their human goal of non-discrimination.
This limited optimism should not make us forget the many texts that are inconsistent with the human rights contained in international agreements, covenants and charters included in the legislation, including many cases of violence against women, which give these legislations a legal justification, as in Article 41/a of the Law Penalties No. (111) of 1969, which granted the right to discipline the wife and children, and the failure to legislate the Domestic Violence Law, despite the advocacy campaigns of civil society organizations in this regard.
Iraqi governments have failed in their commitment under the treaties they have signed to take appropriate measures to protect and promote women’s human rights to ensure effective solutions to violations and prevent impunity, while all Iraqis face daily insecurity, due to terrorism and civil wars, women and girls face additional harm Because of their gender, although many provisions in Iraqi law aim to protect women’s human rights, egregious gender-based violence remains prevalent, including domestic violence, “honour ” crimes, rape and sexual assault, underage marriage, and female genital mutilation.
Therefore, the state and society must follow a set of policies to reduce the phenomenon of violence, such as raising the level of knowledge among women and their awareness of their rights through visual, audio and print media, establishing centers for the protection of victims of violence, and punishing anyone who practices violence against women in accordance with laws, legislation, and others.

- National identity is what distinguishes members of a society from others, from a societal historical and cultural heritage with feelings that work to cohesion a group living on a specific piece of land to which they belong in light of the establishment of a state in which they agree to hold citizenship or oppose its rule in order to restore it. The study aims to identify the role of women in Strengthening national identity, enhancing values and building them in society, and then coming up with a set of Recommendations in developing this role. The most important of these recommendations is expanding the scope of Arab television broadcasting, especially local broadcasting, by increasing broadcast hours and the number of channels in line with our own ability to produce programs, and preparing a clear plan to improve the use of educational technology in teaching the Arabic language, with emphasis. On the importance of national identity and the necessity of adhering to it, - Teaching children the importance of not spreading extremist views.

This study explores the role of the Iraqi constitution in promoting women’s participation in leadership positions, focusing on constitutional provisions like Article 14 (equality and non-discrimination) and Article 49 (women’s quota). It highlights progress in women’s representation in parliament and ministerial roles, while addressing gaps in executive and judicial positions and decision-making roles in the private sector. The study examines cultural, social, and political barriers to implementing these provisions and compares Iraq’s experience with international best practices. The research concludes that constitutional texts provide a strong foundation but require complementary laws, active political will, and empowerment programs to achieve genuine equality and sustainable development.

Education is one of the most important pillars upon which the progress of societies is built, as it contributes to raising awareness levels and expanding the horizons of individuals, enabling them to achieve their potential and actively participate in development. For women, education is a powerful tool that enables them to play a key role in society by enhancing their national and social values, in addition to contributing to their economic, political, and cultural empowerment. An educated woman is more capable of making sound decisions and contributing to the creation of a stable social environment. This research aims to study the impact of education on women and how it contributes to developing their capabilities and enhancing their status in various fields.

This study explores the pivotal role that research centers play in addressing social issues, with a particular focus on the Women’s Studies Center at the University of Baghdad as a case study. The research emphasizes that such centers are not limited to theoretical knowledge production but actively contribute to solving societal challenges by offering analytical insights and practical recommendations to policymakers.The study highlights the Center’s contribution to enhancing women’s political participation in Iraq, particularly within the framework of the gender quota system that guarantees women at least 25% representation in parliament. It underscores the Center’s involvement in analyzing the Iraqi electoral system and its efforts to propose reforms aimed at improving women’s access to political office.Additionally, the research discusses a significant study conducted by the Center in collaboration with the Ministry of Planning, which examined the economic cost of violence against women. The findings reveal that gender-based violence imposes not only physical and psychological harm but also substantial economic burdens on both the state and society, thereby necessitating urgent policy and legislative interventions.Finally, the study outlines the major challenges facing the Women’s Studies Center, including limited funding, weak institutional collaboration, and restricted influence on decision-makers. Despite these obstacles, the Center continues to produce high-quality research that supports women’s issues and contributes to sustainable development in Iraq.

The issue of women is a fundamental issue that belongs to the issues of democracy and the issues of national liberation. Democracy requires political participation by all members of society, and its implementation requires the broadest participation of women. Laws and legislation may not distinguish between the sexes in this area, but it remains merely an official theoretical discourse that may not completely match the distribution of power according to gender in reality, and the constitutions of many countries may not include clear, explicit discrimination in the area of political participation.
But at the same time, it does not include the mechanisms that guarantee the implementation of these texts. There are some constitutions that stipulate the right of women to political participation. Political participation means all the voluntary activities that the individual undertakes and through which he participates with other members of society, whether in choosing the ruling elite directly or indirectly, or participating in decision-making or directing the state’s general policies and monitoring their implementation.
Any participation in the political process as a contribution of large numbers of individuals and groups in political life, that activity carried out by ordinary citizens with the intention of influencing the government decision-making process, whether this activity is individual or collective, political participation is a social phenomenon that occurs as a result of the interaction of man with society with its individuals, groups, systems and political institutions, so it means the citizen’s right to play a role in the political decision-making process.

This field research reviewed the social challenges facing female entrepreneurs and freelancers in Baghdad, where it highlighted the obstacles that hinder their professional development and limit their capabilities in this field. This research aims to identify the obstacles and know their causes and impact on women›s ability to manage and expand their projects
The most important objectives of the research
1 - Identifying the most important social obstacles facing female entrepreneurs in Baghdad
2 - The extent of the impact of these obstacles on the growth and development of their private projects.
3 - Proposing practical solutions to help them overcome obstacles.
Research methodology
The research relied on field interviews, which included a group of women from diverse professional backgrounds, and took into account the levels of education, income and types of projects.
Conclusions for the most prominent social obstacles
1 - Family and societal challenges
2 - Lack of family support at the beginning of their projects
3 - Stereotypical perceptions within society
4 - Bias in the work environment
Suggestions
1 - Effective communication with the family
2 - Community awareness of the importance of entrepreneurship for women
3 - Strengthening training and professional support programs for female entrepreneurs and enhancing their confidence in themselves and their projects

This study examines the scientific foundations for enhancing women’s participation in leadership positions. It aims to shed light on the factors that influence women’s participation in political, economic, and social leadership, and to examine effective scientific strategies for enhancing this role. The importance of the study stems from the vital role women’s leadership plays in achieving social justice and development. Sustainable, as women’s representation in leadership positions contributes to more inclusive and effective decision-making in various fields.
Despite the progress achieved in some societies, women still face significant challenges in reaching leadership positions, due to numerous social, cultural, and economic factors. These challenges range from cultural stereotypes
It examines the challenges facing women as leaders and the structural factors within organizations that restrict their opportunities. The study seeks to explore these factors by analyzing the theoretical foundations that support women’s leadership, as well as reviewing government policies and laws that impact women’s participation in leadership.

This study aims to shed light on the challenges and opportunities facing Iraqi women in assuming leadership roles from a scientific perspective. It addresses key obstacles, such as cultural and social traditions that reinforce conventional roles, economic constraints that limit professional advancement, and political challenges hindering women’s access to decision-making positions.
On the other hand, the study highlights the opportunities available to enhance women’s leadership roles, such as national initiatives for women’s empowerment, support from civil society organizations, and international efforts to promote gender equality. It also emphasizes the importance of improving education and training for Iraqi women and encouraging public and private sectors to enhance gender diversity in leadership.
The research offers practical recommendations, Including strengthening policies and legislation that support equality, launching training programs targeting women, and raising awareness about the role of women’s leadership in sustainable development. The study concludes that empowering Iraqi women requires integrated efforts to achieve societal balance and fulfill the goals of sustainable development.