Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

The present research aims to analyze the role of the media and its impact on youth, focusing on the role of media methods in shaping public opinion among Iraqi youth and the extent to which they contribute to building societal awareness among this group. The research relied on a descriptive analytical approach. The research population consisted of Iraqi youth aged 18 to 35 years. A random sample was selected from the research population. The research concluded several findings, including that respondents primarily accessed the media to obtain information about celebrity news, followed by political and world news. Approximately half of the sample simply used the media to spend their free time, while the cultural sphere received little attention. A large percentage of respondents believed that the media did not provide successful models that should be emulated. They explained that the media presents content those conflicts with societal values, citing it as incompatible with religious values and encouraging youth to pursue a life of art and fame for quick gain and wealth. The decline in the role of the family, school, and religious institutions in fulfilling their assigned roles is also the most significant reason for the media's influence on the values and behavior of youth. In light of these findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations, including establishing mechanisms to promote moral values in society. Supporting family, school, religious, and media awareness of the social risks resulting from the deterioration of youth values and behaviors, while improving their image in various media outlets, is also essential. Furthermore, it is necessary to focus on scientific, cultural, and literary fields in an engaging manner, as this will motivate young people to adopt pioneers in these fields as role models.

The present study deals with the coverage of environmental problems in the programs (Environment and People) and (Our Environment, Our Life) “Analytical Study.” The importance of this research is highlighted by the fact that environmental television programs are among the most important communication mechanisms through which the source seeks to influence the public’s awareness. This is a descriptive study that uses the survey method and a content analysis form to reach the results and achieve the objectives, testing the validity of the form using the apparent validity method by presenting it to a number of expert professors in radio and television media.

The digital revolution has profoundly reshaped human life by automating knowledge and reducing reliance on cognitive effort, largely due to the rise of artificial intelligence. Virtual realms have introduced a new kind of reality—one that intersects with the material world—impacting both identity and social interactions. While digital platforms have democratized global access to knowledge, they have also brought forth critical challenges, including corporate control over data, the displacement of human memory by digital storage, and the erosion of privacy. Digitality is no longer merely a set of tools; it has become an essential dimension of human existence. It redefines the relationship between humans and reality, raising pressing questions about autonomy and the future of identity in an era where algorithms govern the core aspects of daily life.

Legal awareness within the Iraqi media environment is a critical element for professionals working in media institutions. It serves as one of the foundational pillars that support journalists in their professional practice and helps prevent them from committing legal errors and violations. Following the proliferation of satellite channels in Iraq after 2003, legal violations within these media outlets have increased, partly due to a lack of awareness among journalists regarding the legal provisions stipulated in the applicable laws. Therefore, it is essential for media professionals to be knowledgeable about media-related laws in order to perform their duties and avoid legal prosecution.
This research aims to explore the perspectives of media professionals working in Iraqi satellite channels—including editors-in-chief, editorial secretaries, reporters, news anchors, program hosts, and content producers—in order to identify areas in the Iraqi legal framework that either promote or restrict freedom of expression and to analyze their impact on the media work environment.
The study is classified as descriptive research in nature and uses a field survey method to collect information and data. The researcher utilized a questionnaire distributed to 310 media professionals to assess their level of knowledge about Iraqi legal provisions.
Among the key findings of the field study is that the legal framework governing journalists’ duties depends on the entity they work for. Furthermore, media activity in its various forms is regulated by legal mechanisms established by authorities or institutions granted this mandate by law. These mechanisms vary depending on the legislative environment in Iraq and comparative countries, with some aligning with principles of freedom of expression and media, while others impose restrictions on these freedoms

The current study aims to examine the impact of media coverage of security-related topics on the Iraqi public's awareness of cyber risks, considering the growing prevalence of such threats and the expanding role of media in addressing them. The research focuses on the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dimensions of this impact, using a survey method to collect data from a sample of 400 individuals residing in Baghdad (Karkh and Rusafa).
The results revealed that television is the most relied-upon medium for learning about cyber risks, chosen by 50% of respondents. Media outlets significantly influence public thinking and behavior regarding these risks, with high mean scores recorded for the effectiveness of visual content (4.29) and behavioral impact (4.45). Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of media assuming responsibility for protecting the public from cyber threats, with a mean score of 4.33.

Eating disorders are characterized by persistent disturbances in eating behaviors that result in changes in food intake and absorption and significant impairment of physical health and psychosocial functioning. Healthy eating contributes to a general sense of well-being and is a cornerstone of prevention of a number of diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, tooth decay, and asthma. Clinical studies show that among obese individuals, those with binge eating disorder have more psychiatric and medical illnesses, poor social and occupational functioning, and reduced quality of life. Therefore, it can be concluded that overeating leads to physical, psychological, and social problems in obese individuals.
In order to detect the level of overeating (binge eating) among individuals exposed to psychological stress, the researcher applied the overeating scale of the American scientist (Gormally, 1982). The scale consists of (16) items, and in order to apply the scale to the research sample consisting of (200) individuals, its instructions were extracted and its validity and reliability coefficients were verified by the scientist (Dezhkam, 2009). After analyzing the sample's answers to the scale items, the research results showed that the sample suffers from high gluttony in eating, and after obtaining the results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals appropriate to what her research reached.

The present research aims to examine the effect of a counseling program based on the integrative and transactional interaction approach in enhancing self-disclosure among fourth-year high school female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted a self-disclosure scale developed by Saleh (2022) based on the Social Penetration Theory by Guard (1971). The scale consists of 45 items distributed across three dimensions. The researcher then designed a counseling program consisting of ten sessions, conducted twice a week, utilizing Berne’s techniques. The results indicated that the integrative and transactional interaction approach significantly contributed to enhancing self-disclosure among the experimental group, as demonstrated by the post-test results.

The study examines the levels of interest of the Al-Sabah newspaper website in the topic of drugs for the period from January 1, 2024, to June 30, 2024. The study is based on a primary question: What is the level of interest of the Al-Sabah newspaper website in the topic of drugs? The goal is to identify the extent of the website's interest in the topic of drugs, a topic that receives significant attention from society, government, and security institutions. This topic is of great scientific importance, as it is characterized by its novelty and has never been studied before.
The study is classified as a descriptive study, as the researchers used a survey approach, both descriptive and analytical, and employed a content analysis method. The survey was conducted using a comprehensive inventory of the website's topic, limiting it to (237) items. The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the website addressed the topic of drugs with great interest, with variations and variances in the website's use of framing mechanisms based on the topic's use and objectives.

The following paper measures the effectiveness of public relations performance in the Municipality of Baghdad among its internal and external audiences. The researcher used a survey methodology and employed questionnaires and scales to collect data. The goal of the study is to identify the activities carried out by employees in the Public Relations Department of the Municipality of Baghdad to build a positive mental image, as well as to explore the communication activities provided by public relations practitioners within the municipality and their role in shaping the municipality’s mental image among the public. Additionally, the study aims to examine the key functions, methods, goals, and strategies followed by public relations in the Municipality of Baghdad to build its image.
The researcher employed a survey methodology and used questionnaires and scales for data collection. The questionnaire was distributed to employees in the Public Relations and Media Department of the Municipality of Baghdad and the municipalities of Al-Mansour and Al-Sadr 2, with a total of 25 employees. The researcher also used a convenience sample and distributed the scale questionnaire to the audience of Al-Mansour and Al-Sadr 2 municipalities, who benefit from the services of the Municipality of Baghdad, with a total sample size of 384 individuals.
The research concluded several significant findings, including that public relations in the Municipality of Baghdad relies on scientific methods to build its mental image. Among the most important means and methods used to communicate with the public were social media platforms and the municipality’s website. The indicators measuring the levels of the mental image among the respondents revealed that the relative importance of the positive image was high.

This research presents an in-depth study of the relationship between collective memory and the construction of social identity. It seeks to analyze the role of collective memory in shaping both individual and group identities, focusing on how this memory is transmitted across generations and how it influences the formation of social identity. Collective memory is not merely a record of past events; rather, it is a dynamic process that is continuously reshaped according to the social, political, and cultural conditions experienced by societies. This makes it an effective tool for strengthening group belonging and fostering social cohesion.

This study adopts a sociological approach that integrates the concept of social custom as an unwritten normative framework guiding behavior with the notion of social control as both formal and informal mechanisms that generate compliance and sustain social cohesion. The analysis is grounded in the Iraqi context, where modern institutions (such as law and schooling) coexist alongside traditional frameworks (tribe, religion, and family) within a legal–customary pluralism. The study argues that the strength of customs and the density of social capital networks enhance internal regulation, while weak trust in formal institutions increases reliance on customary forms of control. These dynamics vary according to urban–rural divides, levels of education, and exposure to digital media.

Abstract
Trade relations between Britain and Persia emerged at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century as a relationship between a great power with resources beyond its borders and a fragmented, contested consumer state despite its vast resources. This raised a research question about the depth of trade relations between the two countries amidst significant political, economic, and security influences, and in light of the imbalance of military power between them, which created precise determinants for their trade relations and had catastrophic effects on the Persian economy and politics. Oil played a crucial role in the continuation of the policy of dependency after its discovery in Masjed Soleiman. The study addresses the trade horizon between the two countries in terms of trade relations in the 19th century and the agreements that favored Britain, then examines trade routes from within Persia to the Arabian Gulf, where British control was absolute. It then discusses the discovery of oil and the British role in its extraction and trade, moving on to the exchanged goods between the two countries, relying on historical and analytical methodologies, and a range of British documents and reports that illustrate the depth of the relationship between the two countries. The study concluded with several findings, the most prominent being that British penetration in Persia caused trade between the two countries to concentrate on Persian territory and its depths and that British monopolization of Persian resources produced a relationship of dependency in all fields. Thus, Persian-British trade became another gateway for indirect occupation and the imposition of dominance over Persia in all areas.

The study explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the future of journalism in Iraq, specifically focusing on the perspectives of journalists working in Baghdad, the capital and media hub of the country. The research seeks to analyze how AI is influencing journalistic practices in terms of employment, content quality, credibility, creativity, and the use of algorithms in editing and publishing. The study employed a quantitative approach, using a structured questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 100 journalists working at the Iraqi Media Network (IMN), which includes Iraqiya TV, Radio of the Republic of Iraq, and Al-Sabah newspaper. The questionnaire covered five main dimensions, each consisting of four statements, and responses were measured using a five-point Likert scale. Findings indicate a general concern among journalists regarding the potential replacement of human roles by AI technologies. However, participants also acknowledged the advantages of AI in enhancing content accuracy, reducing bias, and supporting editorial workflows. A significant majority emphasized the importance of human oversight and transparency in the use of AI, while also recognizing its potential to foster creativity when used as a complementary tool rather than a substitute. The study concludes that while AI poses challenges to traditional journalism roles, it also presents opportunities for innovation and efficiency, provided that ethical considerations and human judgment remain central to media practices.

Arkun attempts to transcend most of the old philosophical concepts and approaches that still dominate the issues and problems related to contemporary Arab-Islamic thought. He strives to establish a contemporary philosophical thought based on the study of the human phenomenon according to a modern, scientific, and realistic concept that facilitates human interest in everything related to the study of goodness and morality, and calls for dialogue and tolerance. This, in turn, constitutes an important message based on strengthening social relations, given that humans represent the most honorable, noble, and best of tangible beings. On the other hand, they are the only creature in which all other worlds (angelic and animal) are intertwined.

In 1926, U.S. policy in El Salvador and Latin America focused on supporting friendly regimes, protecting American investments, and intervening when necessary—through economic influence or military force—to ensure regional stability in line with U.S. interests. The Monroe Doctrine served as the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America. While it initially aimed to protect the independence of the region's nations, it evolved into a tool for political and economic dominance. What began as a defensive policy was later used to justify military interventions and the safeguarding of American interests, making it a subject of controversy and criticism. President Franklin Roosevelt sought to improve relations with Latin America through the Good Neighbor Policy, which moved away from direct military interventions. The diplomatic and political role of Jefferson Caffery in shaping and implementing U.S. foreign policy in Latin America between 1926 and 1937—with a focus on his missions in El Salvador, Colombia, and Cuba—highlights how Caffery represented the directions of Roosevelt’s administration, especially within the framework of the Good Neighbor Policy. His efforts contributed to reshaping U.S.-Latin American relations on more cooperative and stable foundations.

This study aimed to identify the challenges of scholarly publishing in academic books from the perspective of faculty members at the University of Mosul, as well as the factors influencing these challenges. A stratified sample of faculty members from eight humanities colleges was selected, and a 27-item questionnaire was distributed to 165 participants to collect and analyze data. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach.
The results revealed that the lack of time allocated for scientific research due to the heavy workload of university teaching responsibilities was one of the most significant barriers to academic book publishing, with 91.01% of respondents identifying it as a major obstacle. In contrast, the least significant barrier, according to the participants, was the scarcity of available books, references, and recent studies, cited by 68.99% of respondents.
Among the key recommendations of the study were reducing the pressures and burdens of university teaching duties on faculty members to enable them to dedicate more time and effort to academic writing and publishing. Additionally, the study emphasized the importance of activating financial and moral support systems, incentive programs, publishing discounts, and other measures provided by educational institutions to promote academic publishing projects in general, and book publishing in particular.

Abstract
The study explores the role of public relations methods adopted by the Iraqi Ministry of Finance in promoting the automation system and examines their impact on the Iraqi public. The research employed the survey method using a questionnaire and measurement scale, targeting a sample of 400 respondents from the public in Baghdad. The findings indicate a relative awareness among the public regarding the importance of automation. However, the level of trust and conviction in its implementation remains moderate, suggesting the Ministry’s need to enhance its communication and digital promotion strategies. Furthermore, the majority of respondents follow the Ministry’s Facebook page intermittently, with some expressing that the communicative messages do not fully meet their informational needs concerning the automation system.

The present study aims to analyze the media frameworks adopted by the Al Arabiya Al Hadath channel in its coverage of the events of the Gaza War by analyzing the content of the news bulletins, especially the 7 pm bulletin, during the period extending from October 17, 2023, to January 17, 2024. The research methodology was represented by the descriptive analytical approach using the content analysis method for a sample consisting of (30) news bulletins that were selected using the systematic random sample method out of (92) bulletins during the study period. The researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which are: 1. Al Arabiya Al Hadath channel focused on the time of news related to the Gaza War; the study sample was deducted from the total bulletin time (1121), while the total time of the news bulletin on Al Arabiya Al Hadath channel was in minutes (1229). 2. Al Arabiya Al Hadath channel’s criteria in dealing with the Gaza War show a clear focus on the frameworks of military and political conflict with a clear use of the frameworks of human suffering to attract sympathy.

The current paper aims to identify victim sensitivity among male and female teachers, and to identify differences in victim sensitivity according to gender (males - females) and years of service (10 and below - 11 and above). To achieve the research objectives, procedures were necessary, including constructing a victim sensitivity scale based on the definition and theoretical model of Gollwitzer & Rothmund (2009), which in its initial form consisted of 25 items. A sample of 300 male and female teachers was selected in Baghdad Governorate. The results indicated that male and female teachers exhibited victim sensitivity. There were also statistically significant differences according to gender, in favor of females, and no statistically significant differences according to years of service.

The aim of this study was to identify the impact of public relations on improving internal communication in government institutions in Iraq. We used a descriptive and analytical approach, and a questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of employees and administrators working in Iraqi government. The study concluded that the level of public relations in Iraqi government institutions was high from the point of view of the study sample members, as the arithmetic mean value reached 4.178 with a standard deviation of 0.745 and a high level of dimensions (internal relations, improving the mental image, external relations). ), there is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (0.05) of internal relations on improving internal communication in government institutions in Iraq. Therefore, the study recommends the need to focus on maintaining the distinguished level of public relations application within Iraqi government institutions.

The present paper explores the extent to which the Iraqi public relies on online newspaper websites to enhance their political knowledge. The core problem addressed by the study is encapsulated in the central research question: What are the levels of the Iraqi public’s dependence on electronic newspaper websites for the development of their political awareness?
The objectives of the study can be summarized as follows:
1. What are the key political issues highlighted by Iraqi electronic newspapers?
2. Which electronic newspaper websites are most relied upon by the Iraqi public for information on political matters?
3. What is the frequency with which the Iraqi public follows Iraqi electronic newspaper websites?
The research adopts a survey methodology, aiming to describe the levels of public reliance on Iraqi electronic newspaper platforms. This method is particularly suitable for a descriptive study that focuses on the tools, procedures, and approaches used in exploring the enhancement of political awareness. The researcher utilized a snowball sampling technique to investigate the relationship between electronic newspaper websites and the development of the audience’s political knowledge. Electronic newspaper platforms are considered crucial sources of news and information dissemination in the modern era, offering rapid access to political events and updates. Their flexibility and online accessibility make it easier for respondents to stay informed. The findings indicate that a significant portion of respondents rely on the Al-Sabah newspaper website for political news and information, as it is an official outlet that reflects diverse perspectives. The study also reveals that the content published on electronic newspaper websites contributes to shaping specific public attitudes toward current political issues.

As is well known in every science, human thought has struggled to attain knowledge that is gradually expanding and renewing. This is what we find in this explanatory study on the nature of civilizations, their basic components, and the true foundations upon which they are based. It is also an objective descriptive study that reviews and demonstrates the civilizational, historical, and philosophical character that characterized Marcuse's writings. This interest by Marcuse is considered an important starting point for explaining the reasons that led to the oppression of modern man and his loss of freedom in his society, after Marxism failed to provide an explanation that transcends the status quo in contemporary industrial society. This led Marcuse to criticize the concept of civilization in advanced industrial societies.

The various forms of societal violence directed against women by patriarchal authority—supported by male-dominated customs and traditions—necessitate highlighting certain practices committed against women in society, which leave psychological, cultural, and economic consequences. The research problem lies in the ongoing renewal of patriarchal power patterns under legitimized traditions and dominance, which negatively impact the structural societal role of women. In this context, the paper presents an introduction framing the concept of societal violence and its manifestations and patterns in society, such as harassment, child marriage, exploitation of women's financial resources, or linking their social existence to that of men. These practices indicate marginalization, restriction of freedom and rights, and denial of the right to file complaints against the aggressor—especially with significant psychological effects. The study concludes with several recommendations, including establishing basic protections and legislation to safeguard and empower women economically, socially, and educationally, as well as reconsidering religious and media discourses that reinforce false concepts and broadcast them to the public, thus perpetuating patriarchal authority and sometimes legitimizing these violations.

The current study addresses a topic that is increasingly practiced and broadcast through digital radio platforms: the reliance of armed forces personnel on military programmes as an important source of information. The study aims to explore the impact of these programmes on shaping the perceptions of military individuals, particularly in relation to military knowledge and the resolution of specific issues faced by combatants. It also seeks to identify the nature, diversity, and credibility of the information presented in these programmes.
The study was conducted using the Media Dependency Theory and through a survey targeting members of the armed forces in Baghdad and several Iraqi provinces. The initial sample included 500 respondents, of which 80 questionnaires were excluded due to incomplete responses, resulting in a final sample of 420 valid questionnaires for analysis.

Some researchers may believe that Muʿtazilite thought ceased to exist and that its intellectual flow came to a halt with Qaḍi ʿAbd al-Jabbar al-Muʿtazili, after which its adherents shifted from Muʿtazilism to Zaydi Shiʿism. However, an examination of the history of Ilm al-Kalam, together with an investigation of the biographical literature—particularly the Ṭabaqat al-Muʿtazila—as well as works on sects and doctrines, and a survey of primary sources, reveals the presence of later theologians who revived Muʿtazilite Ilm al-Kalam. These scholars managed to propel the development of Muʿtazilite Ilm al-Kalam with new perspectives that diverged in certain respects from the doctrines of Qaḍi Abd al-Jabbar’s school. Among these was Abu al-Ḥusayn al-Baṣri and his indirect disciple, Rukn al-Din Ibn al-Malaḥimi al-Khwarazmi—a theologian who disrupted the intellectual stagnation of his milieu. Ibn al-Malaḥimi succeeded in consolidating the influence of Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Baṣri’s thought through an Ilm al-Kalam-based tripartite framework in which he encapsulated his core ideas, addressing the fundamental principles of Muʿtazilite doctrine in a striking manner. He brought renewed scholarly attention to his era’s theological issues, particularly in his defense of Islamic creed, as seen in his rebuttals to philosophers and adherents of other religions. Notably, he refuted the Brahmins, the Samanis, and other Indian religious traditions, as well as the Dahriyya—a sect that sought to deny the existence of Allah, prophetic missions, resurrection, and final judgment. This latter topic, which constitutes one of the most significant themes in Islamic Ilm al-Kalam and occupies a substantial portion of his theological writings, centers on demonstrating Allah’s existence through the argument from the origination (ḥudouth) of the world and its dependence on a Creator. The proof of Allah’s existence thus stands as both the title of the study and the focal point of its three main discussions.

The present study aims to explore the nature of family relationships influenced by the use of social media from the perspective of students’ parents in the city of Baghdad during the second semester of the 2023–2024 academic years. A total of 489 families were selected randomly, representing 5% of the total study population of 9,799 parents. The researcher employed a structured questionnaire comprising 27 items distributed across three key domains. The validity and reliability of the instrument were confirmed, with the overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient recorded at 0.88, indicating a high level of internal consistency.
To examine the study findings, several statistical techniques were applied, including the independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and frequency distribution analysis to assess the current state of family relationships. The results highlighted the presence of statistically significant differences associated with the income variable, favoring families with higher income levels. Conversely, no statistically significant differences were observed in relation to gender, educational level, age, or family size. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended fostering open communication and reducing barriers between parents and their children, enabling children to draw upon their parents’ life experiences and guidance, thereby helping them navigate psychological challenges encountered in everyday life.

The current paper addresses health crisis management on Iraqi satellite channels, "a study of the communicator." The importance of this research lies in the fact that health crisis management is linked to the communicator's skills. This research is descriptive and uses a survey method and a questionnaire for the communicator on Iraqi satellite channels to arrive at its results. The objectives were achieved by testing the validity of the questionnaire using the apparent validity method by presenting it to a number of expert professors in radio and television media. The research seeks to know how to manage health crises in Iraqi satellite channels. By following survey procedures, the research relied on the "gatekeeper" theory to identify issues and topics related to health crisis management on Iraqi satellite channels. Among the most important conclusions reached by the researcher are the following: The respondents' responses regarding the strategies followed by the channels in managing health crises are consistent with spreading awareness through health awareness programs.
The respondents' answers regarding the methods used by the channel's management in dealing with health crises are consistent with a flexible approach. The respondents' answers regarding the principles upon which the channel relies in making decisions during health crises are consistent with an alternative approach (studied according to a scientific plan).

The study explores professional and psychological alienation among Iraqi journalists. It discusses the impact of media institutions’ ideological orientations on professional performance and editorial freedom and the extent to which journalists feel marginalized or lack a sense of belonging within ideologically charged work environments. The descriptive method was employed using a questionnaire administered to a sample of 464 journalists working in 44 media institutions in Baghdad. The findings revealed a clear presence of ideology in editorial policies and institutional training, with varying levels of awareness among journalists regarding this influence. A sense of conflict between personal values and professional requirements was also observed, reinforcing feelings of professional alienation. The study recommends a critical review of the institutional structure of Iraqi media to enhance journalistic independence and develop regulatory policies that reduce politicization and restore core professional values essential to a democratic society.

The Islamic world is facing unprecedented challenges due to the rising phenomenon of extremism and terrorism, which has necessitated a reassessment of the structure of religious thought and the methods of interpreting sacred texts. This study aims to analyze the intellectual project of the Iraqi thinker Abdul Jabbar Al-Rifai, who has become a prominent figure in critiquing religious ideology and advocating for the establishment of a new Ilm al-Kalam that restores religion to its humanistic essence, away from political or sectarian exploitation. The research also examines Al-Rifai’s approach to the phenomenon of takfir (excommunication) and the means of addressing it through the renewal of religious discourse. The study concludes that Al-Rifai’s thought represents a rational and humanistic reformist vision capable of contributing to the building of a more tolerant and peaceful society.

The modern Germanic kingdoms established after the fall of the New Roman Empire in 476 AD represent the new form of modern Western Europe, and progress allows us to identify the most important of them later after the end of the European states. Among these kingdoms were the Ostrogoths, especially during the reign of Theodoric, who played a prominent role in the emergence of the nucleus of the Italian state. It is important for us to distinguish between his final biography, which was a captive of the Byzantines, and what he learned from them, and how this was reflected in his assumption of power and his brilliant domestic policy. The most important feature of his rule was his strict attempt to create a new society that integrated modern culture and Germanic customs, in addition to his internal workings during this important period of the Middle Ages.

The current paper aims to examine how environmental and climate topics are addressed in television news reports through an analytical comparison between Al Jazeera and DW Arabic. The study relied on a comparative analytical approach to analyze the content of news reports related to environmental issues over a specific period of time, focusing on dimensions of media coverage, such as presentation style, approach, and the extent of emphasis on causes and solutions. The researcher adopted a content analysis approach for a purposive sample of (60) news reports, (30) for each channel, during the period 2021–2024. The research used a content analysis form designed according to systematic media indicators, which was presented to several referees to ensure validity and reliability.
The results revealed that Al Jazeera tends to highlight environmental issues within a broader political and social framework, with a marked interest in linking climate phenomena to current events and humanitarian crises. In contrast, DW Arabic demonstrated greater interest in the scientific and technical aspects of climate change, offering solutions and reviewing global environmental initiatives in greater detail. The study also revealed differences in the two channels' reliance on sources. Al Jazeera relied more heavily on sources from international organizations and press reports, while DW Arabic focused on the opinions of experts and scientists. The research confirmed that the difference in media discourse between the two channels reflects their editorial orientations and priorities in addressing environmental issues.
The study recommends strengthening television environmental coverage in Arab media by adhering to precise scientific standards and providing balanced coverage that highlights the seriousness of environmental issues and the importance of collective action to address them.

The study aims to analyze the use of artificial intelligence in news websites from the perspective of Iraqi journalists, using a survey questionnaire that included a random sample of 60 individuals. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach and used a questionnaire to collect data, which was then analyzed using the SPSS statistical program. The results showed that journalists recognize the benefits of artificial intelligence in accelerating content production and improving its appeal. However, they question the accuracy of machine-generated news and believe there is a lack of legal and ethical understanding of its use. The results also revealed that more than half of the sample is unaware that some news is automatically generated by AI. The study partially supported its hypotheses, particularly regarding the need for oversight and legislation and the impact of AI on speed versus quality. The study recommends integrating artificial intelligence into academic curricula, enhancing digital media awareness, and establishing clear controls for its use in the media.

The present research offers a semiotic analysis of puns in the program "Al-Tareeq", presented by the late media personality Abbas Hamza, focusing on the methods of symbolic suggestion in television dialogue discourse. The research aims to uncover the mechanisms of employing puns as a rhetorical tool to convey implicit critical messages that transcend direct constraints, with an emphasis on the interpretive levels these methods enable. The research relies on the analysis of five selected episodes of the program using a descriptive-analytical approach. The research identified puns as a primary means of producing overlapping connotations that respond to cultural, social, and political realities. The results revealed that the program systematically uses puns to avoid direct confrontation with sensitive issues, using symbolic suggestion methods to enhance collective perception of the issues raised. The research highlights the role of language in interacting with constraints and recommends expanding semiotic analysis studies to understand the hidden dimensions of media dialogue discourse, with a focus on puns as a rich and effective expressive tool in the media field.

The present study examines "The First Incident of Ashkelon According to the Historian William of Tyre: A Comparative Study between Him and Islamic and Armenian Sources." The importance of this topic stems from its exploration of an important field of Islamic history studies, namely the history of the Crusades, which brings us to the study of Islamic history alongside Armenian historical sources. I decided to shed light on the city of Ashkelon, which was part of the Fatimid Caliphate and which enjoyed an important position as it represented a defensive fortress between Muslims and Crusaders after the fall of Jerusalem at the hands of the Crusaders during the First Crusade. For this reason, Ashkelon gained an important position in the events of the history of the Crusades and participated in the eight Crusades, making its study and in-depth investigation fall within a long historical period. Therefore, our study was limited to one sample, which is the first incident of Ashkelon. Some historians call it the first fall of Ashkelon. I began to browse this incident, study it, and learn about the points of view between Armenian historians, most of whom are considered contemporaries of the events, and Muslim historians, who were far from the events and relied on oral narratives. However, they were keen to record the aspect specific to their regions related to the position of their rulers, especially the Fatimid rulers, and their role in these events. In addition, one of the historians of the Middle Ages distinguished the study, namely William of Tyre, who had a wide reputation. This matter prompted me to search for him in Islamic and Armenian sources to confirm what was attributed to him. I traced his life's journey and learned about his scholarly standing, which he reflected on in his book. I also decided to examine his views, ideas, and style. I discussed the biography of the Latin historian William of Tyre, which I titled "William of Tyre, His Personality, and Methodology." The book includes his personal biography, including his origins and birth, his studies and writings, the positions held by William of Tyre, and the opinions of historians about William of Tyre. It then included a comparison between Islamic and Armenian sources.

The study focused on examining the relationship between television drama and the formation of youth attitudes toward issues of corruption. It was intended to examine the impact of television drama on raising youth awareness regarding corruption and the extent to which it contributes to shaping their attitudes toward integrity and transparency. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach through a field questionnaire distributed to a sample of young individuals in order to analyze their views on the influence of television drama in enhancing awareness about the risks of corruption and the means of confronting it.
The study was grounded in cultivation theory to understand the mechanisms through which television drama influences the mental imagery and attitudes of youth. The findings revealed that television drama plays a significant role in shaping youth attitudes. Dramas that address corruption in a critical and realistic manner contribute to reinforcing positive values such as transparency and integrity, while superficial portrayals may reduce awareness or normalize the phenomenon. The results also indicated statistically significant differences in youth attitudes based on variables such as gender, age, and educational level. Furthermore, the study showed that television drama notably contributes to increasing individuals’ awareness of the dangers of corruption and its negative consequences on society and supports the development of positive attitudes toward combating it. Ethical values such as honesty, integrity, and respect for the law were found to be reinforced among a large group of viewers as a result of the drama content.
The study also pointed to several challenges, such as the lack of realism in some dramas, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of awareness messages. It emphasized the importance of utilizing television drama as a cultural tool capable of effecting social change, provided it is employed with professionalism and realism. Based on the findings, the research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which are encouraging the production of realistic drama that deeply addresses corruption issues, promoting cooperation between media professionals and anti-corruption institutions, and designing training programs for writers and directors on how to effectively address topics related to integrity. The results affirm that television drama can be a driving force in building social awareness capable of confronting corruption if used consciously and responsibly, making it a strategic tool in supporting reform efforts and sustainable development in Arab societies

The current paper aims to show the level of exposure of Iraqi women to dubbed series and the impact of that on their awareness of what they watch. The phenomenon of producing and showing dubbed series has been met with public interest, especially among women. Therefore, it was necessary to address the nature of women’s relationship with these series, the pattern and intensity of viewing, and its intention and timing. The research was based on modern Iraqi, Arab, and foreign sources, articles on electronic websites, and conducting interviews in order to establish the theoretical basis for the research. The researcher relied on the survey method in addition to the questionnaire and interviews to collect data.
The researchers designed the questionnaire form, and it was used as a research tool that included viewing questions and a scale. The research was applied to the Iraqi women’s community with a deliberate sample of 598 women who watch dubbed series. The research concluded that the research sample tends to follow this type of series to know the lifestyle of others. The Iraqi woman’s continuous exposure to social topics in dubbed series increases her understanding of social variables and consolidates and supports some positive values in her, which enhances her harmony within society. The intensity with which Iraqi women watch the social topics that dubbed Turkish television series address contributes to shaping their awareness of them in the long term. There is a statistically significant correlation between the viewing pattern and the intensity of Iraqi women’s influence on romantic topics, clothing, decor, hairstyles, scenery, and nature.

The significance of the current paper lies in providing an in-depth analytical reading of how Iraqi newspapers address human rights issues through content analysis of media coverage and interpretation of its frames and implications. The researcher based on three Iraqi daily newspapers with diverse orientations—Tariq Al-Shaab, Al-Sabah, and Al-Zaman. These newspapers were subjected to analysis using descriptive research methods, aiming to produce practical and scientific results that meet the objectives and requirements of the study. The researcher developed a content analysis tool to examine the journalistic material published in the selected newspapers in order to understand how human rights issues were framed in Iraqi journalism, as well as to identify the journalistic forms through which these issues were presented. The study was guided by the central research question: What is the nature of media framing of human rights issues in Iraqi newspapers?

The present study aimed to achieve the following objectives:
1. To develop a Marital Conflict Techniques Scale suitable for the Iraqi context.
2. To identify the marital conflict techniques used by married male employees.
3. To identify the marital conflict techniques used by married female employees.
To accomplish these objectives, the researcher translated and adapted the revised and expanded version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) developed by Straus M. A. (2007, p. 195) to make it culturally appropriate for the Iraqi environment. After ensuring the accuracy of the translation and establishing face validity, the scale was administered to a representative sample of the research population, consisting of 437 participants selected through proportional stratified random sampling. The participants were married employees from colleges affiliated with Al-Mustansiriya University. The sample included 220 married male employees and 217 married female employees.
After establishing the psychometric properties of the scale and applying the appropriate statistical methods, the following results were obtained:
A culturally appropriate scale for measuring marital conflict techniques in the Iraqi context was developed, consisting of 27 items distributed across four techniques: negotiation (8 items), psychological aggression (6 items), physical assault (8 items), and physical injury (5 items).
Both married male and female employees predominantly used the negotiation technique to resolve marital conflicts at a significantly higher level than the other techniques.
In light of these findings, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions