Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

The study aimed to investigate the impact of using digital stories on kindergarten children’s acquisition of health concepts. The sample consisted of four preparatory classes, comprising 128 children (boys and girls). Two classes were randomly selected via a lottery method to assign the experimental group (Section B and Section C) and the control group. The researcher taught both groups using lesson plans she had prepared.
Equivalence between the experimental and control groups was established in terms of intelligence and chronological age (measured in months). The researchers developed a research tool: a health concepts acquisition test comprising 30 items, divided into three categories: 10 items for concept definition, 10 for concept discrimination, and 10 for concept application. All items were multiple-choice, and the test’s validity, reliability, discriminative power, and effectiveness of alternatives were verified.
The researchers analyzed the data using the following statistical methods: independent samples t-test, item difficulty coefficient, discriminative power, effectiveness of alternatives, and reliability analysis.
The results revealed the following:
- A comparison between the experimental and control groups’ scores on the health concepts acquisition test (Appendix 13) showed that the experimental group had a mean score of 11.7500 (SD = 1.45912), while the control group had a mean score of 8.5625 (SD = 1.81281).
- To verify the hypothesis, an independent samples t-test was conducted. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups’ mean scores, with a calculated t-value of 7.748, exceeding the critical t-value of 2.000 at a significance level of 0.05.
Based on the findings, the researcher derived several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for future research and educational practice.

The aim of the current research is to build a strategy for high-level thinking. Because high-level thinking is the most modern and abundant topic in tourism materials, and it is indispensable in daily life, through which an exclusive and effective situation is put in place for daily circumstances to reach effective academic performance. Therefore, this matter calls us to many specializations to give a new and modern style in the regulatory bodies that care about developing high-level thinking for the sake of duty, a thinking and creative student in all aspects of life, not a student who relies on dictation, memorization and indoctrination. High-level thinking also requires psychological effort and patience with ambiguity, and it must sever its connection with previous laws and learn from the current reality and its ability and establish a relationship with it because high-level thinking is a combination of creative thinking and critical thinking.

The aim of the research was to identify a proposed training program for science teachers in light of their professional needs and its impact on improving their performance. The research sample consisted of (30) male and female teachers. The researchers relied on two types of educational research methods: the descriptive and analytical method to determine teachers\' professional needs. The experimental method was used by the researchers to implement the proposed program, which addressed a set of basic axes such as (content analysis skills, lesson planning, implementation, and evaluation skills, classroom question formulation skills, alternative assessment skills, modern teaching strategies, contemporary educational techniques, laboratories and scientific activities, and procedural research). The researchers chose a single-group experimental design with pre- and post-tests to implement the training program. The researchers prepared the necessary tools for their current research, which included a training needs identification questionnaire to prepare the proposed program, which consisted of (19) three-alternative items, and an educational performance scale (observation card), which consisted of (34) four-alternative items. Their validity and reliability were confirmed using the alpha coefficient. Krumbach. The researchers also used the weighted arithmetic mean to determine the importance of professional needs. The results showed that there are essential training needs for science teachers in the city of Mosul. The t-test for a correlated sample was used to test the research hypothesis. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-tests of the research sample, with the result in favor of the post-test. In light of this, the researchers developed a number of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to know the effect of Needham's constructive model on design thinking for third-year students in the Biology Department. To achieve the research objectives, the experimental approach was followed for the experimental and control groups with dimensional measurement of the design thinking variable. The research sample included (62) male and female students in the third year of the Biology Department, distributed into two equal groups in the variables (Self- assessment of learning methods - chronological age in years - intelligence level - previous information). To measure design thinking, a scale consisting of (45) graduated paragraphs was prepared in the form of a self-report, and its validity and stability were verified. Then, after applying the experiment, the results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in design thinking. The conclusion was reached that adopting Needham's constructive model has a positive effect on improving the design thinking skills of the students of the experimental group. In light of the extracted results, the researchers recommend the need to prepare development programs for teachers before and during their job service on how to implement Needham's constructive model in teaching subjects in general and teaching methods in particular.

The study aimed to identify the role of the Iraqi electronic press in shaping the political awareness of the public regarding the parliamentary elections by conducting a field study on a sample of the public of the city of Baghdad, through which we sought to reveal the extent of the contribution of the electronic press in shaping the political awareness of the public regarding the parliamentary elections and the extent of the contribution of the Iraqi electronic press in that, Through how it addresses issues and topics that help shape the political awareness of the Baghdad public and their awareness and understanding of the political situations they live in.
This study falls within the descriptive studies in which we relied on the sample survey method as it is the most appropriate for such a study, as our study was conducted on a sample of 400 individuals from the public of the city of Baghdad, where we relied on the multi-stage random sample, as we relied on the questionnaire as a tool for collecting data related to the study, the study reached a group of results, the most important of which are:
Relying on electronic newspapers to develop political awareness is a phenomenon that is noticeably increasing in the digital age, as electronic newspapers provide immediate and direct information on political issues, which helps respondents follow current events and understand different political contexts,The importance of online newspapers in raising political awareness is evident through the ease of access to information, allowing people to access political news from anywhere and at any time.
Keywords: electronic newspapers, political awareness, elections.

The Effect of the Cognitive Simplification–Complexity Strategy on Achievement in Educational Psychology among Female Students of the Institute of Fine Arts

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the PECS strategy on the conceptual comprehension of fourth-grade students at the Institute of Fine Arts in the Principles of Educational Research course.
This research is conducted by verifying the following hypothesis:
- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group studying the Principles of Educational Research course using the PECS strategy and the average scores of students in the control group studying the same course. According to the traditional method of testing conceptual comprehension, the current research was limited to fourth-grade students at the Institute of Fine Arts, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate / Al-Karkh I / for the academic year (2024-2025). The researcher used a partially controlled experimental design for two research groups (experimental and control) with a post-test. The number of students in the research sample was (60) students, with (30) students per group. The experimental group studied according to the PECS strategy, while the control group studied according to the traditional method. The researcher taught both groups himself according to the teaching plans prepared in advance for this purpose. Before starting the experiment, the two groups were rewarded on the following variables:

cyberchondria (pathological health anxiety resulting from excessive online searches for medical information) in the decline of mental health among students at Jadara University. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and included a sample of 686 male and female students from various disciplines at Jadara University during the 2024/2025 academic year. Two research tools were developed: a Cyberchondria Scale and a Mental Health Decline Scale. The results revealed a moderate level of cyberchondria (3.63), while the level of mental health decline was 2.70. A statistically significant inverse relationship was found between higher levels of cyberchondria and lower mental health. Additionally, the results showed no statistically significant differences attributed to the variables of gender or college. In light of these findings, the study recommends adopting strategies to promote digital health awareness, implementing intervention programs to reduce excessive technology use, and integrating health education concepts into university curricula to foster healthy behaviors among students.

The research aims to identify the impact of an instruction technique based on transformative learning theory on the educational performance of fourth-grade female students studying science in mathematics. To validate the research objectives, the null hypothesis was set: (There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the experimental group students\' mean scores who studied 1 the prescribed material from the math book according to the recommended teaching strategy and the scores of the control group students who studied the same material using the conventional technique). A purposive sample was selected from fourth-grade scientific female students of Al-Amiriya Preparatory School for Girls, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education Baghdad / Al-Karkh First for the academic year (2024-2025). Two sections (A and B) were taken randomly with (42) students in the experimental group who studied under the recommended teaching methodology on the basis of transformative learning theory and (40) students in the control group who studied under the conventional method. Students of both the groups were matched on the basis of (prior mathematics achievement test, prior knowledge test of mathematics, intelligence test). The requirements of the research that were needed were also prepared, such as the identification of the scientific content, preparation of the behavioral objectives of the provided content, and preparation of the instructional plans for teaching both the experimental and control groups according to the proposed instructional strategy based on transformative learning theory and the conventional approach. Based on this, a math achievement test for the first four chapters taught during the experiment period was constructed, administered in the first semester, and included (36) questions distributed between objective and short-answer essay questions. Its validity and reliability were determined, and appropriate statistical analyses such as difficulty and discrimination coefficients and the effectiveness of distractors were conducted. The experiment was conducted from 10/9/2024 to 12/31/2024. The achievement test was administered to both research sample groups (experimental and control) at the conclusion of the experiment, and the SPSS statistical program was used in the analysis of the research results. The results showed a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the experimental and control 2 groups\' mean scores on the achievement test in favor of the experimental group students. According to these results, several recommendations were given, including following the proposed approach of transformative learning theory in the teaching of mathematics due to its effectiveness in enhancing their academic level, and giving several future suggestions for complementary studies, for instance, conducting a similar study with this approach in other variables, such as altering misconceptions.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using the cognitive apprenticeship strategy in developing academic achievement and future thinking among Arabic language students. The study relied on a purposive sample of 58 male and female students from the fourth stage in the Department of Arabic Language at the College of Basic Education / Evening Studies at the University of Wasit, who were divided into two equal groups: experimental (29 students) who studied the subject "Educational Administration and Educational Supervision" using the cognitive apprenticeship strategy, and control (29 students) who studied in the traditional way. The researchers relied on two main tools: an achievement test to measure the level of cognitive apprenticeship, and a test designed to assess future thinking. A set of statistical methods were also used, such as calculating arithmetic means, standard deviations, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient to ensure the validity and reliability of the results. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences (at the level of 0.05) between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-tests, in favor of the experimental group. The results also showed that the cognitive apprenticeship strategy contributed to alleviating the challenges facing the educational process by enhancing student interaction, reducing the effort exerted by teachers, as well as its effective role in developing creative ideas and improving educational outcomes. These results confirm the importance of adopting modern strategies such as cognitive apprenticeship to enhance educational effectiveness and build prospective thinking skills among learners

The present study aims to examine the effect of the Think–Pair–Share strategy on enhancing academic ambition among seventh-grade female students in the subject Science for All. The researchers adopted an experimental approach with a quasi-experimental design involving two groups (experimental and control), using pre- and post-tests to measure academic ambition. The study was conducted on seventh-grade students at Marwari Basic School for Girls in Erbil Governorate during the academic year (2024–2025). The school was purposefully selected, and the sample consisted of (64) students who were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (32) taught using the Think–Pair–Share strategy, and a control group (32) taught through the conventional method. Equivalence between the groups was established across several variables, including chronological age (in months), intelligence quotient, parents’ educational level, sixth-grade science scores, and pre-test scores on the academic ambition scale. An instrument was developed to measure academic ambition, comprising (20) items distributed across four dimensions: future aspirations, perseverance and diligence, academic confidence, and acceptance of challenges, with its validity and reliability confirmed. Separate instructional plans were prepared for each group, and the lessons were delivered by the same teacher to control extraneous variables. Upon completion of the experiment, the post-test was administered, and the data were analyzed using t-tests for independent and paired samples, in addition to calculating the effect size (η²). The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, whose mean scores were higher than those of the control group, with a very large effect size (η² = 0.53). These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the Think–Pair–Share strategy in developing academic ambition. Accordingly, the researchers concluded that employing the Think–Pair–Share strategy in teaching Science for All is more effective than the conventional method in fostering academic ambition, by creating a collaborative learning environment that enhances self-confidence and motivation for achievement.

The university study stage is one of the most important and difficult stages that university students go through, as students are exposed to several psychological and social problems. This research aims to identify the most prominent social and psychological problems that university students suffer from, which affect their academic achievement, mental health, and social relationships with each other, due to their significant impact on the students’ future and their academic and personal lives, such as social isolation, anxiety, depression, academic pressures, and difficulties adapting to the university environment. The study recommends strengthening social and psychological support among university students, in addition to encouraging them to build positive social networks that contribute to improving the social and psychological aspect.

The present research aims to knowing the in development of the producing thinking for pupils of the fifth primary class in the Islamic education subject subject. For realizing the researches' aim, the researcher put two null hypotheses, also he uses the experimental design which has two groups (control and experimental), size of sample is (58), (30) for the control group, and (30) for the experimental group, the researcher equal between the two groups in some variations (study procuring for mathematics subject for the fifth primary class for the first term of (2022-2021), the general average for the all subjects, cleverness, the study procuring for parents, the pre- test for the producing thinking), the experimental group had studied by using the (stepanez) form, but the control group had studied by using the traditional method. The researcher prepared the producing thinking test and he shows it on a committee consists of many experts in field of the teaching methods, and he took the test truth and its fixity by using method of half- fractionating, where amount (0.743), the experiment lasted a full school term, the pupils in both groups had test them prior for the producing thinking, after teaching the pupils of the two groups according the plans which were prepared already, after that re test the pupils, the researcher analyzing the results statistically, the results showing that there are differences have statistical sense between the pre and posttests in the producing thinking for the post test, and there are differences have statistical sense between the two groups in the producing thinking for the experimental group. According to results of the research, the researcher recommended some recommendations assuring that using the two methods) sample in the primary schools.

This research aims to identify the effect of the Shared Inquiry Strategy compared to the traditional method on the achievement of sociology among fourth-year literary stream students. A quasi-experimental design with partial control was used for two groups: an experimental group and a control group, both subjected to a post-test. The researcher randomly selected section (C) to represent the experimental group, which was taught according to the Shared Inquiry Strategy, and section (B) to represent the control group, which was taught using the traditional method. The total number of students was 60, with 30 students in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. The two groups were matched in terms of variables such as chronological age and intelligence. The researcher developed an achievement test for sociology, ensuring its validity and reliability while verifying its psychometric properties. The t-test for independent samples was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in sociology achievement, with a statistically significant difference favoring the post-test results of the experimental group.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Biomimetic Learning Approach (inspired by nature solutions) in teaching Life Sciences on scientific creativity and problem-solving skills among 3rd-grade intermediate students in Baghdad. The experimental design included two groups: experimental (32 students) and control (32 students). Results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group’s scientific creativity and problem-solving skills compared to the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the biomimetic approach in developing students’ creative thinking and practical skills. The study recommended applying the biomimetic approach in science teaching and training teachers to design classroom activities inspired by nature-based solutions

The quality of friendship is one of the important concepts that broaden and enhance emotional experiences, as it represents a mirror in which a person sees themselves and sees others, through the traits of altruism, care, and concern for the interests of others.
The current research aimed to:
1. Identify the quality of friendship among university students.
2. Understand the quality of friendship among university students according to:
o Gender (Male – Female).
o Major (Scientific – Humanity).
3. Recognize the psychological well-being of university students.
4. Understand psychological well-being according to:
o Gender (Male – Female).
o Major (Scientific – Humanity).
5. Examine the relationship between the quality of friendship and psychological well-being among university students.
6. Analyze the differences in the relationship between the quality of friendship and psychological well-being among university students according to gender and major.

Procrastination is an obstacle to development and progress in life, and it becomes more influential and harmful when it relates to important decisions which must be made at the specified time, delaying them leads to harm to society as a whole, especially when these decisions are related to an important institution that has a great impact on establishing a foundation, from which everything beneficial for humankind is launched, creating a generation that is aware and capable of facing challenges. Decision-making is one of the basic functions of management, and procrastination may lead to negative results in the performance of the institution.
To achieve the aims of the current research, the researcher built a procrastination scale in decision-making based on the four-factor model of procrastination by (Diaz et al., 2006) after extracting their validity, reliability and the discriminating power of their items, and then applying them to a sample consisting of (250) male and female principals selected by the random stratified sample method from the primary schools of Al-Muthanna Education.
The current study has achieved the following results:
1. School principals have no statistically significant procrastination in decision-making.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in procrastination in decision-making according to gender variable (males- females) among primary school principals.

Assess adult’s knowledge about risk factors and techniques of treatment of text neck syndrome
Design: A descriptive study design is followed to achieve study objectives from the period of 29th July, 2024 through 18/ 2 / 2025.
Method and subject: A nonprobability purposive sampling was used for selecting the study sample depending on neck disability index (NDI) from peoples attending Kirkuk Center of Rehabilitation in Kirkuk city. A constructed structured questionnaire developed for the purpose of the study consisted of four parts covered sample demographic characteristics include age , sex, educational level, residency and occupation, 2nd part was relevant to medical history that covers drug use, spasm condition and neck disability index, 3rd part concerned history of electronic devices use that encompassed types of device use, smartphone use hours, self-education and it’s sources, knowledge of participants of both risk factors and management techniques. The instrument used multiple choice and (True or False )questions style, and scored as (1 for correct answer and 0 for incorrect). A self-administered questionnaire obtained during data collection. A descriptive statistics (frequency percentage and mean of scores and tandard deviation) were used during data analysis of the study

Objective: to discover the effects of Buzzy device in Reducing Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation-Related Pain Among School Age Children.
Methods: A comparative and prospective randomized controlled trial was employed. The study was carried out on 150 school-age children who had peripheral intravenous cannulation. Patients were divided into two groups randomly: the Buzzy device group (n = 73) and the control group (n = 77). Immediately after the PIVC procedure, the patients were asked to rate their level of pain by using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale.
Results: There are statistically significant differences in pain intensity between the Buzzy device, and the control group (P-value=.000). The Buzzy device group experienced a reduced pain intensity compared to the control group (mean difference 2.22). Additionally, there were middle pain scores observed in the control group (mean difference 3.73) compared to the Buzzy device group.
Conclusions: When compared to control groups, the Buzzy device was found to be successful in lowering pain levels associated with peripheral intravenous cannulation.
Recommendation: To properly employ non-pharmacological methods, such as the Buzzy device, to lessen pain in patients undergoing PIVC procedures, healthcare professionals especially nurses should be trained. Teaching nurses these techniques is a key component of nursing practice.

Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of bullying victims and suicidal ideation among secondary school students.
Method: An observational cross sectional descriptive study was done on students at secondary level in Dhi Qar Governorate secondary schools in Iraq Region, students were asked to fill a questionnaire about assessing the victims of bullying and Suicidal Ideation using Scale of victims of bullying and Suicidal Ideation Scale.
Results: Out of a total of 380 participants in this study, over half are male students, and the average age of the students is around sixteen years, with a margin of error of plus or minus two years. The data reveal that although the general incidence of bullying is relatively low, a significant percentage of pupils nevertheless reported encountering some sort of bullying. The findings revealed that over fifty percent of the participants experienced a little degree of bullying. The results suggested that the overwhelming majority of individuals did not experience suicidal ideation and had a low degree of such thoughts. The findings indicated a statistically significant correlation between the extent of bullying and the prevalence of suicidal thoughts within the examined population. The Pearson correlation indicated a moderate positive relationship between bullying and suicide thoughts. The findings indicated that characteristics such as family type, number of family members, parental education, employment, marital status, living situation, and domicile did not exhibit a significant correlation with suicidal thoughts.
Conclusions: The secondary students enrolled in Dhi Qar Governorate secondary schools in Iraq experience a relatively low prevalence of bullying. The findings indicate a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of bullying and the prevalence of suicidal ideation within the studied sample.
Recommendations: This study recommend Some psychological support programs must be carried out by teacher to students as they Integrate relaxation strategies into your teaching practice, such as promoting students to participate in a short period of deep, serene breathing and to encourage hesitant students to autonomously articulate their thoughts whenever feasible, rather than speaking on their behalf.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an instruction program for end-stage renal failure patients' perceptions of their adherence to hemodialysis treatment.
Methods: A quasi-experimental randomized controlled trial was conducted on Non-probability purposive 106 patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing hemodialysis, divided randomly into study and control groups by block random sampling at Al-Sader Teaching Hospital Dialysis Center in 2024. Data were collected using an end-stage renal disease adherence questionnaire, ESRD-AQ. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis.
Results showed statistically significant differences between (the study group and control group) regarding adherence to hemodialysis treatment among patients with end-stage renal failure after receiving an instruction program.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the instruction program has effectively improved adherence to hemodialysis
Recommendation: Due to the poor perception among end-stage renal failure patients about adherence to different treatment aspects, this study recommended providing an instruction program for end-stage renal disease applying during pre-hemodialysis time to enhance their knowledge and perception of adherence to hemodialysis.
trial registration number: the trial was registered by the Iranian Register of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with IRCT ID (IRCT20231124060162N1) registration date 2024-01-01

Background: the nutritional status of school aged children impacts their health causing Undernutrition can lead to stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies, which can impair mental and physical development in newborns and young children and raise the risk of morbidity and early death
Objectives: Determine the subjective global nutritional assessment of children in school aged children and find out the relation between the subjective global nutritional assessment of children with their demographic data.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted in all primary schools in Diwaniyah city. Convenience sample of (40) primary school children was selected. The questionnaire was designed and composed of two parts: The first part includes the children demographic data, and their second part Subjective Global Assessment Scale. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of (12) experts. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were described statistically and analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures
Results: The results indicate that 75% of children are in the 9-12 age group, with a high percentage of males. 52.5% of children have a normal BMI, while 20% are overweight. The data show that 55% of children are malnourished. There are significant associations between malnutrition and age and household income, with the youngest age group and middle-income families being the most affected. There are no significant associations between malnutrition and gender or parental education level.
Conclusion: There is a strong negative relationship between the general nutritional status of children and the physical examination results in school chldren. The P-values = 0.001 indicate that this relationship is statistically significant, which means that there are likely factors that negatively affect both the nutrition and physical health of children.
Recommendations: The study recommended in the need for nutritional intervention programs that aim to improve the nutritional status of children in school and communities in general, to ensure that they receive adequate nutrition.

Background: The intensive care unit is one of the most specialized hospital units that need nurses with a high level of skill and experience. The leave of experienced nurses from this unit reduces the quality of nursing care and imposes heavy costs on the health care system.
Purpose: To assess the Intention to leave among Intensive Care Units Nurses and found the relation between Intention to leave and demographics.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from 105 nurses from five hospitals in Karbala, Iraq to assess the Intention to leave among Intensive Care Units Nurses from 1 December to 30- 2024 were selected by used convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire comprising two sections (demographics, Anticipated Turnover Scale ATS). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 27.
Result: The study found 42% (n = 44) of the participants expressed an intention to leave their current jobs. No significant correlations were found between the intention to leave and demographic factors, including age, sex, years of experience, educational level, type of shift, and marital status.
Conclusion: The results underscore the need for healthcare organizations to address systemic and organizational factors that contribute to job dissatisfaction and turnover intentions among ICU nurses. Interventions such as improving work conditions, enhancing financial income, and offering career development opportunities may help mitigate the desire to leave. By focusing on these areas, healthcare institutions can enhance nurse retention, and ultimately ensure better patient outcomes.

Background: Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in Critical Care Units (CCUs) refers to the specific conditions within these healthcare environments that affect both patient health and the performance of medical staff. In critical care units such as intensive care units (ICUs) the indoor environment is crucial due to the sensitive nature of the patients and the high level of care they require which includes air quality, lighting, noise levels, thermal comfort, visual comfort, sanitation and cleanliness and finally space layout and ergonomics.
Patient satisfaction concerning nursing care is characterized as the degree of value and disposition patients hold regarding the care administered by nursing personnel throughout their hospital stay. Patient satisfaction regarding nursing care is regarded as a crucial metric for assessing the quality of healthcare services rendered in hospitals and serves as one of the methodologies for appraising the efficacy of healthcare delivery.
Objectives: Find out the Indoor Environmental Quality in critical care units, find out the Patient satisfaction to the Quality of Nursing Care in Critical Care Units and find out the Association between Indoor Environmental Quality and Patient satisfaction to the Quality of Nursing Care in Critical Care Units.
Methodology: A descriptive correlational study design used in the study and using purposive sampling method. The study targeted 308 patients admitted to critical care units in three hospitals in Babylon governorate in Iraq. Data were collected for the period from November 26\2024 to January 16\2025. Using Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire-Arabic (PSNCQQ-Ar) and Indoor environmental quality questionnaire.
Results: The results shown that the majority of the participants in the
study with age group of “51-60” years as reported (28.9%). the majority of the participants in the study with (72.7%) stay in hospital for residency period ranged between (1-7days) in hospital. According to room type most of patient’s resident in multiple room type (76.9%). The family member accompanies the patient when they enter the hospital (92.2%). More than half of patients (58.1%) diagnosed with chronic medical conditions.
Conclusions: The study show the total average among participants reveals that patients’ have good level of satisfaction about quality of nursing care as well as the total average among participants reveals that good level as Indoor Environmental Quality. This means there is high significant relationship between Indoor Environmental Quality and patients’ satisfaction as well as this means that patients are more satisfied when the environment in which they receive care is comfortable and good.
Recommendations: Hospitals should focus on enhancing indoor environment in critical care units by improving lighting, ventilation, temperature, noise reduction and overall cleanliness which contribute to patient's satisfaction to the quality of nursing care.

Background: Virtual reality (VR) is a non-pharmacological technology that can enhance the care of burns for children, rather than conventional dispersion technology. VR aims to transfer users to other reality as a method of distraction that provides real-time interaction with computer-simulated entities through pseudo-natural immersion through multi-sensory simulations. Impression, engagement and navigation in the virtual world change the consciousness of pain and anxiety, producing an analgesic result.
Objective(s): (a) Determine the effect of virtual reality-based intervention on reducing anxiety for children with burn. (b) Find out association between sociodemographic variables of children and level of effect of virtual reality-based intervention techniques on anxiety.
Methodology: This study uses a quasi-experimental design, a type of research design that relies on establishing control groups that are similar to the intervention groups in terms of key pre-intervention characteristics. The total number of burn cases in the age group (6-17) included in the study for the year 2024 was approximately 305 cases. A total of 110 patients were included in the data analysis divided into two groups, namely the control group (55 patients) and the study group (55 patients) for each center, two patients were excluded from the sample due to non-compliance with the required criteria.
Results: The statistical results of anxiety rating scale for children with burn between the sample (experimental and control groups) is 83.6% of the sample at experimental group was rating 0 level (relaxed, smiling, willing and able to converse) according to anxiety rating scale, but 47.3% of the sample at control group was rating 5 level (child out of contact with reality of the threat. Generally loud crying, unable to listen to verbal communication, makes no effort to cope with threats. Activity involved in escape behavior. Physical restraint required) according to anxiety rating scale.
Conclusion: Measured by the anxiety scale, the experimental group showed significantly lower anxiety scores compared to the control group. The results highlight the positive influence of virtual reality on reducing anxiety during treatment, thus contributing to a more pleasant experience for the children.
Recommendations: It is recommended that hospitals and specialized centers introduce innovative technologies such as virtual reality in the treatment of burns.