magazine aldhakwat albedh

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of prior and acquired knowledge in enhancing academic achievement in Social Studies and in developing conceptual understanding among fifth-grade female students. To achieve the study objectives, a quasi-experimental design was adopted. Two tests were developed: one to assess achievement in Social Studies and the other to measure conceptual acquisition. The validity and reliability of the instruments were ensured prior to implementation. The sample consisted of 40 female students from Barda Primary School, affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Baghdad – Rusafa III. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, which was taught using a strategy based on prior and acquired knowledge. These differences were observed in both academic achievement in Social Studies and in conceptual acquisition, compared to the control group that received instruction through conventional methods. Keywords: Prior and Acquired

The idea for this research stems from the principle of the miraculous nature of Qur›anic expression, which assigns to each word its precise meaning that no other word can convey. Therefore, the vocabulary differs in its linguistic roots, forms, and how it fits into sentence structures. The notion that prepositions in the Qur›an can be used interchangeably contradicts its eloquence and miraculous nature. This research aims to refute that notion by applying it to one specific meaning associated with prepositions «elevation» (or «superiority»). It has been claimed that multiple prepositions are used interchangeably to express this meaning. However, the study argues for maintaining the unique meaning of each of these supposedly interchangeable prepositions, as each carries a rhetorical and stylistic nuance.

This research was prepared to explain Mu›tazilite thought, which is one of the intellectual currents that played a prominent role in Islamic history, as it represents an advanced stage in the development of Islamic doctrinal thought and philosophy. It contributed to enriching intellectual debates on issues of doctrine, thought, interpretation, and exegesis. It has shed light on the interactive relationship between reason and text in Islamic thought, as well as its use of rational methods in interpreting Qur›anic texts, which contributed to the establishment of several schools of thought and interpretive approaches that have left a prominent mark on Islamic heritage to this day.

This study aims to identify religious functions in Medina during the Mamluk era (648-923 AH / 1250-1517 AD), as these were the most widespread at that time. The Mamluks were keen to pay attention to scholars and place them in the appropriate positions. Whether they were natives of the city or immigrants, the Mamluks were also careful to ensure that only those with a significant degree of knowledge were appointed to religious positions. These positions included judgeships, preaching, imamate, and issuing fatwas, in addition to those related to public life and markets, such as the Hisbah. The four Sunni schools of thought (Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi›i, and Hanbali) were represented in these positions, but the Shafi›i school was predominant because it was the official school of thought of the Mamluk state.

This study examines adoption (tabanni) and guardianship (kafalah) within the framework of revealed texts and the principle of maslahah (public welfare), adopting a comparative jurisprudential approach among Islamic schools of law. It explores the tension between the Shar‘i prohibition of adoption in its pre-Islamic sense-which confuses lineages-and the social necessity of caring for children deprived of parental protection. The research argues that the legitimate Shar‘i alternative is the system of kafalah, to be organized under the supervision of the legitimate authority (al-hakim al-shar‘i) within legal parameters preserving both lineage and public welfare. Utilizing an analytical-comparative method, it draws upon Qur’anic and Prophetic evidence and the opinions of Imami (Shi‘i) and Sunni jurists, interpreted through the doctrines of maslahah and maqasid al-shari‘ah (higher objectives). The study concludes that complete adoption (tabanni tamm) is invalid due to definitive textual prohibition, while partial adoption limited to lawful guardianship and care-authorized by the Shar‘i ruler-is permissible and praiseworthy. It further establishes that social maslahah functions as a foundational basis for governmental rulings, enabling the integration of textual injunctions and rational welfare considerations in achieving social justice and preserving Islamic identity.

Foundations of Doctrinal Dialogue with Non-Muslims
This research addresses the methodological foundations and Islamic legal guidelines for engaging in doctrinal dialogue with non-Muslims. It is based on the religious texts found in the Qur’an and the Sunnah, as well as the biography of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The study emphasizes the importance of dialogue in the modern era as a means of civilizational communication and correcting misconceptions about Islam. It advocates for engaging in dialogue with wisdom, good preaching, and respect for others without insult or offense. The research also seeks to demonstrate how a Muslim can participate in constructive religious dialogue that preserves the fundamentals of faith while fostering understanding and closeness with others. The study concludes with a set of findings and underscoring the importance of dialogue governed by Islamic principles in enhancing the image of Islam in diverse societies.

This study examines and analyzes the theological reform project of Sheikh Muhammad Abduh, focusing on his seminal work Risalat al-Tawhid (The Message of Monotheism) as a foundational intellectual document that reflects his vision for renewing Islamic theology (Ilm al-Kalam). The research outlines the historical, political, and intellectual background that led Abduh to present a rational reinterpretation of Islamic doctrine in response to the challenges faced by the Muslim world in the late 19th century, such as colonialism, theological stagnation, and sectarian fragmentation. The study analyzes Abduh’s views on key theological topics including monotheism, divine attributes, human freedom, determinism and free will, the relationship between reason and revelation, and the prophetic mission. It highlights how Abduh merged Mu›tazilite rationalism with Ash›arite spiritual moderation to offer a reasoned approach aligned with the requirements of modern Islamic revival.The research also investigates Abduh’s ethical philosophy, which is grounded in utilitarianism and rational differentiation between good and evil, beauty and ugliness, while emphasizing the role of human will and intellect in constructing both the individual and the society. It demonstrates that Abduh was not only a theological reformer but also a comprehensive intellectual figure who engaged with philosophy, education, and politics. He sought to revive a balanced rational Islam that upholds freedom, justice, and intellectual autonomy. The study sheds light on his stance regarding the relationship between religion and political authority, advocating for the separation of religion from political despotism, while affirming the civil nature of governance and the necessity of adhering to the Shari‘a as a moral and organizational framework. His rejection of blind traditionalism and sectarian isolationism is also addressed.The study relies on an integrative analysis of Risalat al-Tawhid and draws upon both classical and contemporary sources to demonstrate how Muhammad Abduh reshaped Islamic doctrine using an open, reason-based discourse that is responsive to the spirit of the age. It concludes that Abduh’s reformist project offers an authentic model for linking theology with modern revival, faith with freedom, and religion with reason—proving to be a relevant and effective approach in addressing the ongoing intellectual and political crises of the contemporary Muslim world.

This study examines the life and contributions of the esteemed Companion Abān ibn Saīd ibn al-Āṣ ibn ʿAbd Shams al-Qurashi, one of the Prophet’s May God bless him and grant him peace governors and scribes, The research highlights his biography prior to embracing Islam, his involvement in commerce, his opposition to the Prophet’s Mohamm mission in Mecca, and the transformation he underwent following his conversion.
Initially, the paper discusses Abān’s position among Quraysh before Islam, where he actively resisted the Prophet’s call. He fought against Islam in multiple ways: participating in the Battle of Badr as one of Quraysh’s prominent youths, and employing his eloquence to dissuade others from accepting the new faith. This resistance was influenced by his lineage, being the son of Saʿīd ibn al-Āṣ, a leading Qurashi chief known for his hostility toward Islam.
Despite his early opposition, divine providence destined for Abān a different path. He eventually embraced Islam, migrated to Medina, and sought to atone for his delayed conversion by dedicating himself to service in the nascent Muslim community. He became one of the Prophet’s scribes of revelation, commanded several expeditions, and was later appointed as the Prophet’s governor in Bahrain, a position he retained until the Prophet’s death. Under Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddeeq, he continued to serve the Muslim state before joining the Muslim armies in Syria, where he fought valiantly until he was martyred.
This trajectory illustrates the profound transformative power of Islam: Abān ibn Saeed evolved from a staunch adversary of the faith to one of its loyal defenders and advocates, dedicating his life to the spread of Islam until his martyrdom.

The improvement and ugliness are among the most important topics that are linked to the actions of the servants and to the concepts of the divine will and the names and attributes of God, and from them branched out special meanings that the theological sects and schools dealt with in a way that branched out from them many scientific details that were linked to the concept of religious discourse and the methodology of understanding. What was good and what was ugly is only from the methodology of understanding in the effects of the will of the truth of what it commanded or prohibited. There is no authority for the abstract mind in perceiving good and ugly, and God in general is the Creator of everything in a style and understanding that revolves around the absolute transcendence of God Almighty. The difference between the Islamic theological schools and the large number of people of difference is only due to the focus on understanding in transcendence as well as the relationship between the actions of the servants and the will of God and the method of understanding the theory of acquisition in this regard.

This study addresses the issue of prayer in mixed-gender spaces from a comparative jurisprudential perspective. It aims to analyze the rulings regarding performing prayer in environments where men and women congregate outside traditional mosque settings, such as universities, airplanes, and hospitals. These settings pose practical challenges to fulfilling the conditions of prayer, including cleanliness of the place, facing the Qibla, covering the ‘awrah, and maintaining focus and devotion, raising questions about the validity of individual and congregational prayer under such circumstances.
The study employs a comparative analytical method, reviewing the four major Islamic schools of thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, Hanbali) concerning the conditions for valid prayer in mixed spaces. It also examines contemporary fatwas issued by international and national jurisprudential councils. The research includes applied jurisprudence, exploring practical cases in universities, modern transportation, and hospitals, highlighting juristic solutions that balance religious obligations with contemporary realities.
The results indicate that the default ruling permits prayer in any pure place, provided that the ‘awrah is covered and distractions are minimized. In cases of necessity or public need, performing prayer in mixed spaces is allowed according to specific conditions that vary between schools. The study emphasizes the importance of jurisprudential flexibility in light of the objectives of Sharia (Maqasid al-Sharia) to ensure that acts of worship are performed correctly and practically.

This research aims to study the effectiveness of interactive marketing in overcoming the barriers facing electronic marketing in the malls› markets in Diyala city. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, where a questionnaire was designed to collect data from a sample distributed among shopping centers, totaling (100). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, arithmetic means, and standard deviations). The results showed that malls in Diyala face major challenges in electronic marketing, such as high competition, changing consumer behavior, privacy concerns, and the difficulty of measuring return on investment (ROI). The results also revealed that the practices of interactive marketing in the malls are still limited. However, the participants believe that interactive marketing has great effectiveness in addressing these challenges, especially in linking the digital experience with reality and enhancing customer trust and loyalty. The research recommends that malls need to adopt more innovative and comprehensive interactive marketing strategies to enhance their competitive position.

This research addresses the rights of the mother in Christianity, through two main dimensions. The first focuses on her rights over her children, which include honor, respectful obedience, and financial support, as moral and spiritual duties rooted in biblical teachings. The second dimension explores her rights as a wife, represented in mutual love, sacrifice, good companionship, marital fidelity, and the obligation of chastity, in addition to cooperation between spouses as a foundation for family stability. The study also discusses financial rights such as maintenance and dowry, considering them manifestations of respect and a dignified recognition of the woman within the Christian marital system.

The research aims to identify the relationship and connection to the laws pertaining to the Speaker of the Iraqi Parliament and his two deputies. Connection and linking are highly significant grammatical and semantic phenomena in the structure of legislative texts. The research seeks to uncover these methods that contribute to the coherence of legal discourse and the harmony of its structures. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, based on a grammatical and semantic analysis of the internal regulations of the Iraqi Parliament, to reveal the relationships that connect legal sentences and give them a coherent intellectual and semantic unity. The research is divided into an introduction, a preface, two main sections, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references. The first section addresses the relationship of predication, while the second section addresses the relationship of transitivity. The research concluded that conjunctions and linking devices serve a dual function: grammatically, they ensure the structures conform to sound linguistic patterns, and semantically, they guarantee the clarity and logical coherence of legislative intent. The study also demonstrated that Iraqi legal texts are characterized by a precise grammatical structure that prioritizes harmony and cohesion between sentences. The study recommended the importance of paying close attention to linguistic formulation in legislation by providing training in the proper use of conjunctions according to the rules of Arabic grammar, given its impact on strengthening legal texts and clarifying their purpose.

This study seeks to accomplish the goal of identifying the obstacles to using the 5E›s learning cycle strategy in teaching computer science to fourth-grade students from the teachers› perspective. A descriptive-analytical methodology was employed to attain this objectiv. The research tool was applied to all computer science teachers after excluding the sample of (137) teachers, representing 82% of the original community of (161) teachers. After conducting appropriate statistical analyses, a collection of findings was acquired, the most significant of which are:
1. Lack of resources and equipment: Implementing the 5E›s strategy requires specific teaching materials and equipment such as computers and educational software, which may not be available in all schools.
2. Teachers› technical proficiency: Some teachers may lack the necessary technical skills to use the required devices and software to effectively implement this strategy.
3. Time and effort: The 5E›s strategy requires thorough planning and intense preparation by the teacher, which may not be available due to work pressures and multiple responsibilities.
4. Resistance to change: Some teachers may be unwilling to adopt new teaching methods and prefer to stick to traditional methods they are accustomed to.
Based on the analysis results, the researcher recommends the following actions:
1. To address these obstacles, teachers can work on improving their technical skills.
2. Communicate with the administration to obtain the necessary support.
3. Make an effort to implement a variety of techniques to more effectively accommodate the requirements of every learner.

This study aimed to identify psychological engineering and obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as the relationship between them, among preparatory school students. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach, and the study sample consisted of (200) male and female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the (Abdul Hussein, 2019) Psychological Engineering Scale and the (Modzley) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale after verifying its psychometric properties. The results showed: preparatory school students possess psychological engineering; preparatory school students do not possess psychological engineering; and there is an inverse correlation between psychological engineering and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The study concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This study aimed to identify psychological engineering and obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as the relationship between them, among preparatory school students. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach, and the study sample consisted of (200) male and female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the (Abdul Hussein, 2019) Psychological Engineering Scale and the (Modzley) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale after verifying its psychometric properties. The results showed: preparatory school students possess psychological engineering; preparatory school students do not possess psychological engineering; and there is an inverse correlation between psychological engineering and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The study concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The Efficiency of Educational Services in Rawa District, Al-Anbar Governorate
This study aims to analyze and evaluate the efficiency of educational services in Rawa District, Al-Anbar Governorate, through a field investigation focusing on the human, material, and administrative aspects of schools. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method as the most appropriate for studying social and educational phenomena .The study population included teachers, administrators, students, and parents, with a total sample of about 200 participants. Data were collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using the SPSS program.
The findings revealed that the overall efficiency level of educational services in Rawa District was moderate. Weak infrastructure and limited educational facilities were found to be the main challenges affecting efficiency, while the teaching staff showed satisfactory performance that requires further training and motivation. Significant differences were found in favor of schools located in the district center, and a strong correlation appeared between teacher efficiency and educational quality .
The study recommends rehabilitating school buildings, increasing financial support, enhancing teacher training programs, and strengthening community participation to improve the quality and efficiency of education in Rawa District.

-Tawfir alma› fi alma›i. Almuahadii lays Alwadih min Albayt alhakim bal wasalat shuhratuha kaealimat bieilm alkalam wasul alfiqh waldiyn walfalsafat natijatan liwujudiha wast albiyat almuahidin aladhin kanuu hadafahum washaghafahum hu taelim watathqif almar›a
-Hith an Madinat Ashbilyat kanat Almaqara Aladhi yaskun fih qayidat alsultati,wlis hadha faqat mimaa amad alamyrt Zaynab Bialmaerifa
- Kama Hasal lana Dawr walid Alkhalifat yusif Hayth Kan laha lima kan yaeqiduh min halaqat aleilm waldars Wal›adab Wamaylih Alaa Alfalsafat Adat alaa ‹Akhraj Alma› min Alma›i.
-kama la nahalt aleilm min talaquh alhadarat wala siama min alaimtidad alwasie lakina almuahadiat alati tuerid jamie alqitarat walaimisar waeulum almuarikhin ‹akhraj alma› min alma›i. waishamat hadhih almarat lilmarat althaaniati, al›amirat zaynab ahid baraz alnisa› aleasr almuahadia min eulama› easriha .

The history of Iraq in recent centuries still requires extensive studies and research that shed light on its political, economic, and social issues. This is especially true after the emergence of numerous authentic sources, such as recently authenticated manuscripts, specifically the book by Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Suwaidi, «History of the Events of Baghdad and Basra from 1772-1778,» which provides vivid images of the events that Iraq experienced at that time, given that the author was a contemporary of that era. This research examines one of the figures who played a pivotal role in the modern history of Iraq during the Mamluk era, leaving an impact on the general political situation at that time. The general conditions in Iraq during that era paved the way for the emergence of Ajam Muhammad on the scene, and consequently his personal ambition to reach the position of governor. This figure was destined to play one of the most dangerous roles in the modern history of Iraq during the Mamluk era. This left negative repercussions for the country as a whole, opening the door to a struggle for power for rivals in Baghdad, a task we will clarify in the course of this research.

To suppress the increasing volume of electronic waste globally, which has become a problem of the modern era, and the high rates of its illegal export from developed to developing countries, there has become an urgent need to develop international legal mechanisms to ensure a safe and sustainable environment. On this basis, this research sheds light on the study of the international legal challenges associated with the management of electronic waste and the reduction of its environmental and health damage, in light of the provisions of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal.The first section of the research addressed the conceptual framework of e-waste, in terms of concept and definition. The relevant provisions of the Basel Convention were analyzed, with reference to its protocols and developments, especially the recent amendments that expanded the scope of the convention to include some forms of e-waste. The second section addressed the most important international and national legal challenges facing the implementation of international legislation to reduce the harm caused by e-waste. The research concludes that the legal challenges in the field of e-waste are not addressed solely through laws, but rather require international political will and cross-border cooperation, in addition to legislative and environmental consensus that balances environmental protection and achieving climate justice.

legislator to ensure the proper conduct of civil proceedings and the fairness of litigation procedures, namely “interruption of proceedings”. The legislator has obligated the court to suspend the proceedings whenever one of the three cases, exhaustively enumerated in Article (84) of the Iraqi Civil Procedure Code No. 83 of 1969 (as amended), occurs. The study concluded with several findings, the most important of which is that the causes of interruption of proceedings are strictly limited by law to three grounds specified by the Iraqi legislator in Article (84) of the Civil Procedure Code. Accordingly, the court is bound to interrupt the proceedings once any of these causes is established and brought to its knowledge, and it has no discretionary power to reject the interruption.

Financial corruption is one of the most dangerous phenomena threatening the state’s existence and its political, economic, and social stability, due to the squandering of public funds and the decline in trust between citizens and state institutions. Furthermore, it is a major obstacle to sustainable development efforts. The public employee occupies a pivotal position in this problem, as they are the executive instrument. The fundamental means by which public authority is exercised and financial and administrative resources are managed. Therefore, a public employee’s deviation from his job duties and his commission of acts that constitute financial corruption is not merely a violation of job obligations, but rather a direct attack on the public interest and fundamentally undermines the principle of the rule of law.

The current research aimed to identify the effectiveness of the Gordon Model in the achievement of students in the Department of Art Education in the subject of Arabic calligraphy and in developing their science process skills. The researcher formulated the null hypothesis stating that there is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group students who were taught according to the Gordon Model and the mean scores of the control group students who were taught using the traditional method in both the achievement test and the science process skills test (pre-post).The researcher employed the experimental method and used a quasi-experimental design that included two groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of second-year students in the Art Education Departments at the Colleges of Basic Education for the academic year (2024–2025), from two universities (University of Misan and Al-Mustansiriya University). The research sample consisted of (60) students, with (30) in the experimental group and (30) in the control group.The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (40) items and a science process skills test consisting of (30) items distributed across the curriculum content. After verifying the validity and reliability of the tests, they were applied to the research sample. Upon conducting statistical analysis, the researcher concluded that the students in the experimental group outperformed those in the control group in both tests. The researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

This research aims to study the legal regulation of artificial intelligence risks in public administration through a comparative study of international, regional, and national experiences. The research addresses the efforts of the United Nations and international organizations in establishing general principles for artificial intelligence and defining the European Regulation on Artificial Intelligence as an advanced model for regional regulation. It also analyzes the legislative experience in the United States and France, and examines the legal and regulatory reality of artificial intelligence in the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, and the Kingdom of Morocco.
The study shows that artificial intelligence represents an opportunity to enhance administrative efficiency, but it is fraught with legal risks, such as legal accountability, preventing algorithmic discrimination, protecting privacy, and ensuring transparency in administrative decisions. The research reached several conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity of enacting a comprehensive national law on artificial intelligence and establishing independent bodies to review regulations. This research provides a scholarly contribution to enriching the legal library of Arab studies on artificial intelligence and the legal regulation of public administration.

This research addresses the topic of the levels and functions of silence in contemporary Iraqi poetry, considering it as an aesthetic and semantic structure parallel to speech. The study starts from the hypothesis that silence is not absence but another form of presence that opens texts to multiple interpretive possibilities. It is divided into two sections: the first examines the levels of silence (visual, acoustic, semantic, and symbolic–psychological), while the second explores its functions (expressive, aesthetic, tension-building, and protective).
The findings show that Iraqi poets employed silence as an effective poetic mechanism that reveals both individual suffering and collective experience, while at the same time granting the texts additional aesthetic energy and offering the reader a wide horizon of interpretation and participation. Thus, silence in contemporary Iraqi poetry is not merely a linguistic pause but rather a second language that expresses the Iraqi tragedy and reflects its human and aesthetic dimensions.

This research examines the importance of the United States› use of military aid during the government of President Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961), with the aim of preserving its interests in Brazil in particular, and Latin America in general. It also used this aid as a pressure card on the Brazilian government to establish its military facilities in Brazil. It also believed in the role of the Brazilian army in confronting many challenges represented by the communist expansion and defending the free world as a strong ally contributing with the United States to the defense of the Western Hemisphere.

The current study seeks to identify the envious personality and its relationship to existential regret among students at the College of Basic Education, University of Diyala. To achieve the objectives of the current study, a descriptive correlational approach was adopted, using a sample of (200) students. The current study tools were adopted and their validity and reliability were verified. After applying the study tools, the study reached the following results:
1. Students at the College of Basic Education, University of Diyala, suffer from envious personality.
2. Students at the College of Basic Education, University of Diyala, suffer from existential regret.
3.There is a statistically significant positive correlation between envious personality and existential regret.