Journal of Alsalam University

Abstract
Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and his family and companions. This research, entitled “The Ruling on Intercourse with Non-Human Beings (Animals) in Islamic Jurisprudence / A Comparative Jurisprudential Study,” deals with the ruling on intercourse with non-human beings (animals) in Islamic jurisprudence, a comparative jurisprudential study, The jurists agreed that this act is forbidden and that there is no punishment for the perpetrator because the act of adultery that warrants punishment is not committed, but rather he is punished as the judge sees fit. They also differed in the ruling on the animal that has been sodomized, with multiple opinions on whether to kill it, slaughter it, or not, while prohibiting its use. This is due to their differences in reasoning, achieving benefit, and averting harm. This difference highlights the breadth of jurisprudential reasoning, while agreeing on the principle of prohibition and the obligation of punishment.

Abstract
This research explores the art of dialogue in the Prophetic traditions (Hadith), focusing on an applied study of dialogues with an educational dimension. It reveals the conceptual framework of dialogue in Islamic education, defining dialogue, its importance, and its psychological and educational functions. The research also presents a brief overview of modern dialogue skills in education and analyzes dialogues in Hadiths involving diverse groups, such as the Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) dialogues with youth, Bedouins, and the general public.
The analysis emphasizes the educational context and pedagogical implications of each model. Furthermore, it examines the Prophetic educational methods for managing dialogue, including gradual persuasion, questioning, active listening, gentle guidance, leveraging the educational situation, and emotional and moral motivation. The research also offers a comparative educational analysis between the Prophetic dialogue methods and modern communication skills, identifying points of integration and the potential for employing this Prophetic approach in teaching, da'wah (Islamic propagation), and educational practice. The results demonstrate that Prophetic dialogue represents a comprehensive educational school characterized by flexibility, depth, and sophisticated communication, based on fundamental principles. Examples include compassion, patience, understanding the psychological background of the listener, gradual persuasion, stimulating thought through questions, and utilizing real-life situations for guidance and intervention. The research also demonstrated that dialogue-based discourse employs highly effective communication mechanisms for building awareness and regulating behavior, and that these methods align with many principles of modern educational communication, making them applicable in contemporary environments. The study recommends developing an educational communication model derived from the Prophetic methodology, suitable for application in education, guidance, and outreach.

Abstract
In this research, I have studied the topic of semantic fields in Surah Al-An'am and I have conducted a semantic study of the semantic fields which are in it. Among the most significant semantic fields found in this Surah are: the field of terms referring to Allah (Glory be to Him) and His attributes, terms referring to the names of the prophets (Peace be upon them), body parts, kinship, animals, plants, celestial bodies, numbers, and time. These fields are interconnected by semantic relations, including synonymy, antonym, disharmony and inclusion.
Semantic field theory is an important theory in semantics that focuses on studying words by grouping them into semantic fields. A semantic field is a group of words whose meanings are related and are usually placed under a general term that encompasses them.
This theory believes that to understand the meaning of a word, you must understand the group of semantically related words. Therefore, it is essential to consider the context in which the word appears. The significance of this theory lies in its emphasis on the study of words, which have long suffered from neglect on the level of linguistic studies. This theory is based on classifying words under the title that unites them, then studying the semantic backgrounds which is behind the researcher's use of these groups.

Abstract
This study analyzes the temporal figuration in Inaam kachachi’s novel (al-nabiza), highlighting time as a core component of narrative formation. Time engages closely with other narrative components such as place, characters, and events, which structure the sequence and the development of the narrative. As well as, It also inestigates how the narrator purposefully interrupts chronological order by using aesthetic strategies that change he narrative’s backward or forward direction to create dynamic motion within the plot. In addition, Al- Nabiza is a modern novel, it’s manipulation of time is global and creates intersecting events and temporal inconsistencies, known as narrative anachronism. In sum, the study emphasizes these temporal breaks, analyzing their forms and functions from a structuralist perspective.
Through selected examples from the novel, the research displays how these methods improve the narrative’s artistic value, associating to an environment of uncertainty, complexity, and cognitive involvement.

Abstract
The evidence of providence and invention is an important piece of evidence in Islamic theology, as it provides evidence for the existence of God Almighty. Its importance is therefore heightened today by the scientific discovery of the compatibility of all components, systems, and arrangements in the universe and the Earth with human life. Therefore, in this research, I will demonstrate, through induction, observation, and deduction, the foundations relied upon by Muslim theologians to determine this compatibility and suitability. I will then present their rational evidence for the invention of the universe and humanity and their care in the first section. I will also highlight the Qur'an's emphasis on this particular evidence, alluding to it in numerous verses scattered throughout it in the second section. The third section will clarify the difference between the Islamic approach to inferring providence and invention and the materialistic approach, and the reasons for this difference.

Research Summary
For the science of jurisprudence, the pillars are: general evidence and how to benefit from it, and the third pillar: the status of the beneficiary, and the beneficiary is: the jurist who establishes the general rules taken from general evidence, such as the Qur'an and Sunnah, consensus, and the principles of rational inference: (such as analogy and preference). With these general rules, he arrives at detailed legal rulings on new situations, whether they are permissible, impermissible, recommended, disliked, or permissible. Thus, it is known that these rules are of great importance, because they are the means by which mujtahids arrive at knowledge of the rulings on events, and the scholar who knows these rules is the one who applies the specific events to those rules in order to derive the legal ruling on that event. Allah, the Almighty, has commanded and made it obligatory upon those who have not attained the level of insight and ability to apply the evidence to the facts to follow the scholars and imitate them in order to absolve themselves of blame, to fulfill their worship, such as prayer, fasting, and Hajj, and to ensure the validity of their contracts and actions, such as buying and selling, marriage, and divorce. Hence, people need to ask the scholars and follow their rulings. Given the importance of the subject of following scholars and its rulings, I have written these pages to explain the meaning of following scholars and to introduce some of its rulings according to the scholars of Islamic jurisprudence.

Summary
This jurisprudential research examines the scholarly legal choices (Ikhtiyarat) of Imam Ibn Mahriz (d. 450 AH) within the chapters of Acts of Worship (Al-Ibadat). The study aims to compile, analyze, and compare his legal opinions with those of other Islamic schools of thought (Madhahib). Ibn Mahriz is considered one of the most prominent jurists of the Maliki school; his opinions are characterized by meticulous verification and precision, making their study vital for understanding the jurisprudential methodology within the school. This research focuses on the most significant controversial issues in 'Ibadat', selecting specific cases from the rules of ablution (Wudu) to illustrate his legal preferences and the evidence (Adilla) upon which he relied. Furthermore, the research discusses the extent of his influence by the authoritative legal sources within his school and the subsequent impact of his choices on Maliki jurisprudence.

Research Summary
The five overarching objectives of Islamic law are the cornerstone around which its rulings revolve. The first of these is the preservation of religion. This study examines the objective of preserving religion according to Imam al-Darimi in his Sunan. The research reveals the depth of Imam al-Darimi's understanding of this objective, demonstrating that he was not merely a transmitter of hadiths, but a brilliant jurist specializing in the objectives of Islamic law. This is evident through the systematic organization of the chapters in his book, "Sunan " This reflected a great interest in "methods of preserving religion" whether in the existential aspect (commanding worship and jihad) or the negative aspect (prohibiting innovations and heresies), as well as presenting practical examples from the Sunnahs he classified, which testify that his book was an early practical defender of the integrity and purity of religion. Therefore, the book "Sunan al-Darimi" is considered In this respect, it is a methodological document that confirms to us that the early Salaf scholars were mindful of the objectives, foremost among them the preservation of religion, before later establishing and theoretically grounding them.

Abstract
This research aims to uncover Imam al-Walwaji’s methodology in juristic preference (tarjīḥ) within the chapters of zakāt, through an applied study on the issue of accepting the Sultan’s gift. This issue serves as a suitable model to highlight Imam al-Walwaji’s mechanism of preference, as it involves overlapping rulings between zakāt regulations and the Sharīʿah’s stance on the ruler’s wealth, which often lies between doubtful permissibility and lawful ownership.
The study begins with an introduction to Imam al-Walwaji and his scholarly status within the Ḥanafī school, outlining his efforts in systematizing the branches of zakāt. It emphasizes his methodology based on combining evidences and weighing opinions according to the strength of their proofs. The research then explores the concept of the Sultan’s gift and the juristic disagreement regarding its acceptance: whether it is considered wealth of unknown status that requires caution, or wealth acquired through means possibly tainted by injustice.
The researcher presents the evidences of those who permit accepting the Sultan’s gift and those who prohibit it, followed by a discussion of the jurists’ opinions. The study is divided into two sections: the first defines the key terms of the research, while the second addresses the acceptance of the Sultan’s gift by those for whom charity is impermissible, and by those for whom charity is permissible. The research concludes with findings derived from the analysis, showing that Imam al-Walwaji ultimately permitted accepting the Sultan’s gift provided that its unlawfulness is not certain, and no evidence of usurpation or specific injustice is established. However, he stipulated that the wealth must be spent in lawful avenues, while prioritizing caution in cases where suspicion predominates.

Abstract
In Iraqi and Iranian law (influenced by Islamic jurisprudence), coercion is considered a mitigating or barring excuse for criminal liability, depending on its severity and type (material or moral). It exempts from punishment or reduces it if the coercion is severe and affects the perpetrator's will (such as a death threat). Economic or less severe coercion (in Iraqi civil law) is considered grounds for invalidating a legal act. It is important to note that the ruling on coercion in criminal proceedings differs between the two legal systems according to its degree of influence on the will and the specific circumstances. Both systems agree that coercion not recognized under Islamic law (such as fear of public reproach) does not exempt from punishment, and the assessment of the degree of coercion is left to the judge.

Abstract
Testimony is a means of proof recognized by human law, andIslamic law places great importance on it, considering it the most important means of proving rights of all kinds. The establishment of a crime in Iraqi and Iranian law is similar in its reliance on both material and moral evidence The legitimacy of testimony is derived from the primary sources of Islamic legislation, namely the Holy Quran The conditions for giving testimony include reaching pubertybeing of sound mind, being Muslim, having sightand being free. In Iraqi law, testimony is based on the Code of Criminal Procedure in Iranian law and adheres to Islamic legal principles.

Summary
The research addressed a very important topic, namely Maqasidi ijtihad, which has recently become more emphasized and of greater interest due to the nature of current issues that are in dire need of being addressed in light of Maqasidi ijtihad. Given the novelty of this topic, the research aims to reveal its nature in terms of concept, controls, and the position it occupies in the Qur’an and Sunnah, while referring to the qualifications of the mujtahid in his use of the objectives, following the descriptive and analytical method. It concluded that ijtihad needs objectives when issuing rulings related to contemporary issues. The purposive reasoning has controls that govern and regulate it, such as not judging the text, custom, analogy, and consensus, which calls for studying it seriously and deeply because it reinforces one of the mechanisms of the noble Sharia.

Abstract
The importance of any topic lies in the significance of its content. Undoubtedly, Qur'anic studies take precedence, especially those that offer a fresh perspective on understanding Qur'anic texts, thus revealing an aspect of Qur'anic creativity. In this study, we will examine descriptive imagery in Surat Al-Kahf. This is an innovative approach to Qur'anic interpretation, to the best of my knowledge. And its purpose, beyond its interpretive perspective, is to establish a new branch of Qur'anic interpretation that relies on descriptive imagery to analyze texts and their interrelationships.
This research does not intend to cover all aspects and details of the topic, but rather to present a model for studying descriptive imagery in one of the chapters of the Holy Qur'an. Surat Al-Kahf was chosen because it is one of the chapters that people frequently recite.

Abstract
This research addresses the topic of parts of speech, which is considered one of the most important topics in the science of grammar, indeed the most important. Because it is the foundation for distinguishing between the parts of speech, each part has a specific grammatical position or function. It is the basis upon which the rest of the grammatical chapters are built. I mentioned the linguistic and technical definition of speech, then I mentioned what grammarians meant by the definition and what is excluded from it. I mentioned their disagreement on some details of the definition, then I clarified what is confused with it, such as the word, the phrase, the utterance, and the sentence, and I mentioned the generality and specificity between them. Then I mentioned the opinions of the early scholars regarding the parts of speech, and it became clear to us that they—I mean the early scholars—agreed that there are three parts of speech, and no fourth: the noun, the verb, and the particle, by text, consensus, analogy, and induction. No attention should be paid to those who disagreed with them on this and added a fourth part, nor to those who hesitated regarding some words and did not judge them as nominal or verbal. Then I mentioned what some later scholars did by adding a fourth part and giving it a new name. There are those who increased these parts to seven, adding new parts and including under them words that relate to nominal or verbal parts. I presented this in the form of questions, and I responded to each question, thus proving that the parts of speech It does not deviate from the threefold division, despite the existence of disagreement among some grammarians or some authentic grammatical schools regarding some words, are they nouns or verbs? It was shown that this disagreement did not deviate these words from the threefold division.

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of school desk design on students’ comfort and educational environment quality in Baghdad Al-Karkh Third Directorate schools. Using a descriptive-analytical method on a sample of 300 students, the results revealed a strong positive relationship between desk design and school comfort, and a moderate relationship with educational environment quality. The study highlights the importance of ergonomic desk design in improving learning environments.

Abstract
This research presents a historical and analytical study of the cultural and social life during the Mamluk Sultanate, one of the most important periods in medieval Islamic history, spanning from the mid-7th century AH to the early 10th century AH. The research stems from a central problem: that most historical studies have focused on the military and political aspects of the Mamluk state, while cultural and social life has not received sufficient attention in many modern Arabic studies.
The research adopted a descriptive and analytical historical methodology, relying on a range of authentic historical sources and modern studies. It is divided into three main sections. The first section presents the historical and introductory framework of the Mamluk era, in terms of the state's origins, its stages, and its most prominent political characteristics. The second section addresses aspects of cultural life, highlighting the flourishing of educational institutions, the literary movement, the diversity of religious and intellectual sciences, and the role of scholars and endowments in supporting scientific activity. The third section focuses on the features of social life, analyzing the class structure of Mamluk society, the conditions of different social groups, and manifestations of luxury and wealth, in addition to religious and national celebrations, and the economic and commercial role of Egypt during that period.
The research concludes that the Mamluk era was not a period of cultural or social decline, but rather was characterized by clear intellectual and social vitality that contributed to establishing Egypt's position as an important scientific and commercial center in the Islamic world and left profound impacts on the development of Islamic society in subsequent eras.

Abstract
Pessimism is a mental attitude and psychological state rooted in despair, a tendency to view matters from their worst perspective, and a bleak outlook on the world. Individuals often succumb to pessimism due to an inability to achieve their hopes and ambitions, and they may suffer from psychological or physical issues, as well as a sense of frailty when facing life’s challenges and the deteriorating social and political conditions within human societies.
Pessimism has been a prevalent theme among poets and writers throughout various eras. In Arabic literature, specifically during the Abbasid era, Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri was renowned for his profound pessimism, which deeply colored his poetry due to the circumstances surrounding his life. Similarly, we encounter mournful and plaintive tones in the works of the Mahjar poets (emigrant poets), resulting from their reactions to modern social conditions, the influence of the Romantic movement, and their reading of earlier pessimistic poets such as al-Ma'arri, Ibn al-Rumi, and al-Mutanabbi.
By adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, this research aims to explore various manifestations of pessimism in the poetry of Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri, select representative samples from the Mahjar poets, and highlight the general and personal influences that directed them toward a pessimistic outlook.

Abstract
This research demonstrates that political governance in Islam is based on achieving the objectives of Islamic law (Sharia), and that the ruler's role is to achieve justice and equality and to protect religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property.
The research aims to analyze the concept of political governance in Islam and study its foundations and mechanisms for achieving it in light of these objectives.
The research includes a study of the concept of political governance and its foundations in Islam, the ruler's role in achieving the objectives of Islamic law, and the mechanisms for achieving political governance.
The research indicates that political governance in Islam means governing the state according to the rulings of Islamic law and achieving its objectives.
The importance of this research lies in providing a better understanding of political governance in Islam, offering recommendations for its improvement, and studying the challenges facing political governance and ways to strengthen it. The research concludes that governance is one of the most successful means of ensuring justice in society. It is the scale that balances rights and duties and establishes the standards and systems that regulate and eliminate all threats to societies.

Research summary
Praise be to God, in this research I have dealt with examples of the character of women whom God Almighty mentioned and whose biography was immortalized in the Holy Qur’an. Because she carries an integrated system of moral values and aesthetic qualities in her work, and links them to contemporary realistic images that we need today in the ideal woman. In order to carry out its mission and work in the most difficult circumstances that it faces today through its mingling at work, the street, social networks, etc., The goal of the Qur’an has always been to rebuild the woman’s personality in its best form in all ages and in a balanced manner.

Abstract
This study, entitled “The Concept of Personal Freedom in the Prophetic Ḥadīth and Its Position on Contemporary Cultural Developments,” addresses a central issue in modern Islamic thought: the relationship between individual freedom and the bounds of sharīʿah, based on Prophetic texts that establish principles of human dignity, freedom of conscience, and respect for personal choice—without severing ties to the higher values that preserve the balance between individual and society. The research aims to: Clarify the Prophetic concept of personal freedom and distinguish it from materialist modern notions. Analyze how this concept applies to contemporary cultural developments such as freedom of dress and adornment, freedom of opinion, and bodily autonomy.
Using a combined textual-analytic and maqāṣid-based methodology, the study traces relevant ḥadīth texts, infers their educational and social dimensions, and compares them with modern contexts of freedom. It concludes that the Sunnah did not negate freedom but recognized it as an intrinsic human right—provided it is exercised within the balance between self and others, rights and duties, privacy and responsibility. It further shows that many modern dilemmas concerning freedom stem from a decoupling of ethics and freedom—an interrelation carefully upheld by the Prophetic Sunnah.

Research Abstract
This research aims to analyze the reformist efforts introduced by Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in the field of Ilm al-Kalam (Islamic Scholastic Theology), comparing them with the theological and intellectual renewal project of the thinker Muhammad Iqbal.
The study proceeds from the hypothesis that both thinkers presented distinct models for reconstructing theological discourse. However, their premises, methodologies, and frameworks diverged, influenced by the unique intellectual and social contexts in which they lived.
The significance of this research lies in examining these two models as representatives of two different approaches to renewal: the first is an institutional demonstrative (Burhani) approach rooted in Islamic philosophy and legal logic (Usuli), while the second is an approach emanating from spiritual experience and a critical consciousness of modernity.
Consequently, this research seeks to provide a rigorous scholarly comparison that reveals the points of convergence and divergence in their perspectives regarding the nature and function of Ilm al-Kalam.

Abstract
George Hunt Bandelton is considered one of the important American political figures who had a wide resonance in the ruling political circles. It has erupted from a political family،but different partisan affiliations he entered the political field since 1854 through his election in the U.S Congress membership in the senate then the house of representatives in 1856،during which he completed many important legislation that attracted the attention and support of the ruling political circles as wall as the support of the voters .during the American civil war 1861-1865 he had a special position ،asit opposed the government intervention to cancel slavery،especially the an endment 13 of the constitution،which aims to cancel slavery as a violation of the constitution and not from a moral aspect .he began to support the southern confederation government which created apolitical opposition to him،despite his candidacy for the democrats of ohio governor،but he failed in the elections .After that،he went to work in the field of railway company to move to the last political role in the senate membership 1879 by approves the most important draft law to reform civil service،which has become employment on the basis of merit and efficiency and not on the basis of political favoritism.

Research Summary
The obligation emerged in the methodology of Imam Ibn Hazm as a dialectical tool, which he adopted in refuting the statements of opponents by obligating them to the necessary consequence of their principles that are inseparable from them, thus revealing what is afflicting those statements in terms of contradiction, arbitrariness, or inconsistency in the principles and rules.
Researchers have benefited from this approach – as in the study of Dr. Fouad Hashem – as an analytical tool in contradicting the opinions of other jurisprudential schools. This is clearly evident in his book Al-Muhalla. This research aims to apply the method of obligation according to Ibn Hazm in a jurisprudential manner, Evaluating the validity of this obligation through jurisprudential issues in the Salam contract.

Abstract
Land evaluation for agricultural and urban utilization is considered an integrated and effective system that encompasses lands, their usage, and their economics, in order to provide the necessary recommendations for determining the types of crops to be cultivated, as well as preparing administrative alternatives for this system.
It is a process of enhancing land efficiency when utilized for a specific purpose, and land evaluation refers to all methodologies that elucidate or predict the future utilization of the land.
The fundamental principle of land evaluation systems is to elucidate the distinctions between land use requirements and the characteristics of natural resources provided by the land.
Land evaluation is defined as the set of processes by which the potential for using land for specific purposes is assessed. This is done by estimating the land evaluation according to the concepts of land capability or suitability, and the extent of the return realized from any utilization.

Abstract
This study examines the issue of the differences in the genealogy of Jesus Christ as presented in the Gospels، with particular focus on the Gospels of Matthew and Luke as the primary sources that provide detailed genealogical records. The study aims to identify the major points of divergence between the two accounts, analyze the theological and historical contexts behind these differences، and discuss the reconciliation efforts proposed by Christian historians and theologians. It also offers a critical academic evaluation of these attempts The study is organized into the following sections: Chapter One: Differences in the Genealogy of Christ This section outlines the major discrepancies in the genealogical lists in terms of the number of generations and the sequence of names، and highlights the scholarly challenges raised by these variations in biblical studies. Chapter Two: The Genealogy of Christ in the Gospel of Matthew This chapter analyzes Matthew’s presentation of the genealogy and its theological purposes، particularly his emphasis on Jesus’ Davidic and Abrahamic descent and his structuring of the genealogy into three sets of generations, serving the concept of the awaited Messiah.
Chapter Three: The Genealogy of Christ in the Gospel of Luke This chapter examines Luke’s genealogy and its fundamental differences from Matthew’s in both direction and sequence of names, while emphasizing Luke’s focus on the universal and human dimension of Christ.
Chapter Four: Views of Christian Historians and Theologians on Reconciling the Different Accounts This chapter reviews the most prominent reconciliation theories, such as distinguishing between legal and biological lineage, or attributing one of the genealogies to Mary, along with other major interpretive approaches.Chapter Five: Analytical Study of the Responses and Arguments This chapter provides a critical evaluation of the proposed responses in terms of their scholarly strength and their reliance on explicit textual evidence versus interpretive assumptions, and discusses the implications of this for assessing the Gospel narratives from an academic perspective.
The abstract concludes that the differences in the genealogies of Christ represent a significant issue in textual criticism and theological studies, reflecting the diversity of purposes and methodologies among the Gospel writers, and underscoring the need for careful and balanced academic analysis to understand the dimensions of this phenomenon.

Abstract
This research examines the intersection between the attention economy and contemporary media management models, exploring how digital platforms and algorithmic mediation influence institutional autonomy. By analyzing theoretical frameworks of attention management and organizational governance in media institutions, the study highlights structural transformations affecting editorial independence and strategic decision-making. Utilizing a qualitative methodology with comparative case studies, the research identifies key factors contributing to the erosion of institutional independence and proposes pathways for sustainable governance in media organizations.

Abstract
This research addresses the phenomenon of alienation and estrangement as one of the central problems in contemporary human experience, starting from an analysis of the concept of alienation and its various manifestations. Alienation has been divided into three main patterns: social alienation, which is manifested in the decline of human relations, the weakening of the sense of belonging, and the disintegration of bonds within society, Psychological alienation, which reflects a state of internal division, a feeling of isolation, and a loss of meaning and harmony with oneself, and political alienation, which is represented by exclusion and marginalization, and a decline in the feeling of participation and effectiveness in the public sphere. The research shows that these patterns are not separate, but rather overlap with each other to produce a comprehensive state of alienation.

Abstract
The most prominent of the research is its attempt to identify the distribution and Spatial spread of the phenomenon of child labor in Baghdad Governorate. This is understanding the reality of this phenomenon and the reasons that led to its spread, with the aim of arriving at appropriate solutions to address it, thus we have shed light on one of the most important problems facing Iraqi society.
The phenomenon of young children working in profession and jobs that are almost beyond their physical, psychological and intellectual level is an uncivilized phenomenon with negative effects on the social and economic status of the family، society، and the country in general. The process of collecting data and information related to the phenomenon under study relied on the field aspect, which was represented in three axes: field visits, individual interviews، and questionnaire, in addition to the office and information aspect.

Abstract
Redressing the harm suffered by the families of martyrs is one of the most prominent ways to honor the sacrifice made by the martyr. It also represents one of the pillars of a state founded on the values of justice and solidarity in rights and duties.
Naturally, this redress is only complete with the establishment of a sound and robust legal framework that guarantees compensation for all material and moral damages incurred by the families of martyrs. From this perspective, Article (104) of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq stipulated the establishment of an entity called the Martyrs Foundation, affiliated with the Council of Ministers, with its work and responsibilities to be regulated by law.
The enactment of the law establishing this foundation raised a fundamental legal issue concerning the legal classification of the rights and privileges granted to the families of martyrs. The question arose as to how these rights should be classified: do they fall under the umbrella of social welfare and assistance, or are they a right that rises to the level of compensation in the precise legal sense, aimed at redressing the harm resulting from the loss of the martyr?
This modest research aims to address this issue by adopting a critical analytical approach to the relevant legal texts, in order to identify the legal basis for compensating the families of martyrs. It then presents an evaluation of the legislative frameworks governing the work of the Martyrs Foundation, identifying key legislative pillars and opportunities to enhance the Foundation’s performance, and diagnosing the most significant legislative challenges and their impact on its operations.

Summary
The protection of minority rights in conflict zones and areas under occupation represents a critical issue in contemporary international law, closely linked to sovereignty, national security, and regional-religious conflicts.
This study demonstrates that international law provides clear frameworks for minority protection through international humanitarian law, human rights law, and international criminal law, including the Geneva Conventions, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Rome Statute. However, practical implementation often faces significant obstacles such as weak international will, the multiplicity of armed actors, and gaps in accountability mechanisms.
The plight of the Alawite minority in the Syrian coast and the Yazidis in Iraq vividly illustrates the severe violations faced by minorities, ranging from mass killings and abductions to forced displacement and destruction of cultural and religious heritage, threatening their long-term survival.
Enhancing international legal frameworks, activating accountability mechanisms, supporting humanitarian programs, and fostering international and regional cooperation are crucial to safeguard minority rights and ensure their dignity. Protecting minorities is not only a legal obligation but also a moral imperative, requiring strong political will and multi-stakeholder collaboration among states, international organizations, and civil society.

Abstract
The poet Al-Tihami is considered one of the most famous Abbasid poets. He lost a young son and mourned him in a poem that is considered one of the most famous elegies in Arabic poetry. The poem incorporates the rhetorical device of antithesis, with the antithesis structure appearing in three forms, The first of them included interviews related to grief and inner burnout, the second of them were based on interviews about the world and death, and the third of them were based on interviews describing the moral value of wealth and poverty, Through those interviews, the poet drew many poetic images that carried within them a tragic picture representing the poet’s condition and his philosophical view towards many human aspects such as life, death, poverty and wealth.

Study Summary
Scholars have been honored to study the science of the Prophetic Hadith. A group of scholars has researched and investigated the chains of transmission (isnad) and texts (matn) of the Prophetic Hadiths to determine the authenticity of the statements attributed to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). This involved scrutinizing the narrators in the chains of transmission.
Therefore, this study, titled "Hadiths Concerning Burying the Deceased at Night in the Nine Books: An Analytical Study, " is structured into three sections and concludes with a summary. The Hadiths themselves are the narrations of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) through a Companion, a Successor, or a Successor of the Successors، until they reached us.
The analytical study involves examining the chain of transmission and the text of the Hadith, including the biographies of the narrators، evaluating the Hadith, explaining unfamiliar terms, highlighting the subtleties of its chain of transmission، and providing explanations and lessons learned. The result is a study of five Hadiths found in the nine books of Hadith, narrated by Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, the other compilers of the Sunan ,and Imam Ahmad. In his Musnad, I placed the research under the title of the chapter and a translation of the men of the chain of transmission.
I extracted the hadiths from the nine books، starting with the most authentic of them, then I pointed to the explanation of the strange words in the hadith، and I relied on books of rare hadiths, books of language and its dictionaries, and books of hadith commentaries. I explained the subtleties of the chain of transmission in the hadith, then I explained the hadith in a comprehensive manner and I used books of hadith commentaries, and I mentioned what is learned from the hadith, that is, the most important thing that the hadith guides to, and I explained the jurisprudential differences and the most correct opinion in it as stated by the people of knowledge. Therefore, the study recommends paying attention to studying such hadiths analytically and addressing the jurisprudential issues in them because they combine the science of hadith and the science of jurisprudence.

Research summary
Our research entitled (The Methodology of the Holy Qur’an in Establishing the Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence / An Applied Study) deals with explaining the methodology of the Holy Qur’an in establishing the general rules of the science of Islamic jurisprudence, through an induction of Qur’anic verses that indicate rulings and legislation, methods of deduction, and the meanings of words The research demonstrates that the Holy Quran did not merely present legal rulings, but also established the fundamental methodological principles governing the understanding of its verses It further illustrates the practical application of these principles in deriving legal rulings, thus revealing the integration between Quranic texts and the foundational principles of Islamic jurisprudence The research concludes that the foundational principles and rules of Islamic jurisprudence are, in essence, derived from the guidance of the Holy Quran, both in its text and methodology.

Abstract
This research examines a prominent phenomenon in the poetry of Abu Hilal al-Askari, considered one of the most prominent writers of the Abbasid era in the fourth century AH. He combined criticism, rhetoric, and poetry. The research examines the impact of repetition in enriching poetic meaning، considering it an artistic technique and aesthetic phenomenon that contributes to generating meaning, enriching connotations, constructing rhetorical images, and reflecting mental structure through verbal and rhythmic harmony reflected by internal music The poet used repetition in various forms: (repetition of sentences, words, letters, and meanings). The study adopted the analytical stylistic approach, as it is the most effective in dealing with texts and uncovering repetitive phenomena within them.

Abstract
The prospects of AI implementation in language learning are vast since it provides learners with a personalized learning experience, real-time feedback, and easier access to learning resources. The present paper is a case study that investigates how the AI-based language learning influences the acquisition of English among the Arabic speakers. The paper discusses the tools employed in the study, the perceived advantages and disadvantages that were created, and the ethical issues that were brought about by this adoption. The results have shown that AI can deliver customized, adaptive, and interactive learning experiences that contribute to learning a language greatly. The key to success in integration, though, is to be very mindful of the issue of data privacy, the place of human instructors, and thorough teacher training. By carefully navigating these considerations, educators can harness the power of AI to enhance language instruction, particularly in the teaching of English as a second language to Arabic speakers. (Alshaaer, n.d.) mentions the importance of learning English for higher education for Arabic speakers. AI assists students in learning writing and speaking (Zhu & Wang, 2024).

Abstract
This study investigates the innovative applications of transportation problem within operations research and statistical modeling, addressing the computational and practical challenges posed by large-scale and complex datasets. By developing scalable algorithms, hybrid metrics, and dynamic transport models, the research enhances key data analysis tasks such as clustering, dimensionality reduction, and outlier detection. The integration of transportation problem into these domains bridges the gap between theoretical concepts and practical implementation, offering significant improvements in accuracy, efficiency, and interpretability. Empirical evaluations using real-world datasets from diverse sectors, including healthcare, finance, and environmental sciences, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Furthermore, the study introduces interactive tools and dynamic transport dashboards, facilitating user engagement and practical adoption of transportation-based methods. The findings highlight the transformative potential of transportation problem in modern data analysis, offering robust solutions for tackling complex data challenges across various industries.