iklil for Humanity Studies

Islam calls for multiple political values that regulate the life of the nation and unify its political orientations, in order to form an Islamic society with a clear and shared vision between its rulers and its citizens—one that individuals defend and for which they are willing to make great sacrifices. At times, these values even become a measure of patriotism and love of the homeland among individuals and communities.
There is a relationship between theory and practice. The political values in the Holy Qur’an do not provide minute details and particulars; rather, the Qur’an establishes general principles such as justice, consultation (shūrā), equality, and freedom as fixed texts, while leaving the executive details and mechanisms for achieving them to human reason and ijtihād according to time and place.
Research Problem:
Many ordinary people and some researchers believe that the Holy Qur’an is merely a book of devotional laws, legal rulings, and stories of previous prophets, and that it has no connection to the reality of political life that should prevail within the nation, nor to the system of governance suitable for believers in this religion. However, a deep reading of the Qur’an reveals that most political values are indeed present within it, expressed in the form of divine commands or recommendations intended to guide the Muslim nation along this path.
Research Objectives:
The study aims to clarify, explain, and establish the most important political values referred to in the Holy Qur’an, within the scope permitted by the research.
Research Findings:
1. The Holy Qur’an contains most of the recognized political values.
2. The suffering experienced by our afflicted peoples stems from the poor application of the political values brought by the Holy Qur’an, despite authorities’ claims to the contrary.
3. There is a significant gap between the political values presented in the Holy Qur’an and their practical implementation.
The research is divided into two sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion containing the findings and recommendations. The first section is introductory, while the second addresses political values in the Holy Qur’an, focusing on the most significant ones to avoid excessive length.

This study examines the repetition of the demonstrative pronoun “this” (hādhā) in Sūrat Ṣād from the perspective of semantic meanings, while noting certain rhetorical touches that enrich the text. Sūrat Ṣād presents a coherent structure that addresses central themes such as the Qur’an itself, the stories of the prophets, scenes of the Day of Judgment, and the contrasting destinies of the righteous and the transgressors. One of its notable stylistic devices is the use of the demonstrative pronoun, which brings distant or unseen meanings into immediate perception, making the listener feel as if the scenes are directly visible.
The study shows that the pronoun “this” occurs six times in the sūrah, each instance carrying a distinct semantic function. In {This is a reminder} [38:49], it refers either to the Qur’an or to the narratives of the prophets, highlighting the greatness of the reminder and marking a transition between sections. In {This is what you are promised for the Day of Reckoning} [38:53] and {Indeed, this is Our provision, never ending} [38:54], it emphasizes the promised reward as present and enduring. In {This, but indeed for the transgressors is an evil return} [38:55], {This—let them taste it: scalding water and pus} [38:57], and {This is a horde rushing in with you} [38:59], it portrays punishment as immediate and palpable.
The overall conclusion is that “this” in Sūrat Ṣād functions not merely as a linguistic marker but as a semantic device that transforms the unseen into the seen, linking reward and punishment, and thereby intensifying the reminder and the impact of the Qur’anic discourse on its audience.

Spending represents one of the fundamental economic pillars that have received considerable legislative attention, aiming to regulate its directions and achieve its developmental and social objectives. In this context, this study seeks to elucidate the Quranic methodology in organizing spending behavior by reviewing its types and legitimate channels (such as Zakat, charity, etc.), as well as analyzing its governing determinants at both mandatory and commendable levels. The study highlights a number of ethical and legislative controls, the most important of which include: the purity (legality) of the resource, avoiding prohibited matters, moderation, integrity by refraining from reminders of generosity, harm, and hypocrisy, in addition to prioritizing the interest of others in wealth to which the spender has a dire need. The research concluded that the Quranic determinants of spending form an integrated system with intensive textual presence, playing a pivotal role in enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of economic activity.

In this study, we present a contemporary reading of the Qur'anic view of women and girls, concluding that the Qur'anic texts affirm the fundamental equality of human value between males and females. The study reveals that the Qur'anic discourse presents a comprehensive and balanced view of women, combining the affirmation of their absolute human dignity and the recognition of their complete equality in origin and value with the prohibition of any form of discrimination against girls. The research also shows how the Qur'anic texts, through their stories and rulings, form a comprehensive educational framework aimed at building the character of women who are aware of their rights and duties, conscious of their dignity, and capable of contributing effectively to the building of the family and society. In this context, the educational implications derived from the text emphasise that Islam views women as active and independent human beings, not as subordinate beings. It is therefore necessary to re-read the Qur'anic texts relating to women, free from historical interpretations linked to social customs. Based on the overall objectives of Sharia law. Develop educational curricula based on Islamic values and reflecting the comprehensive vision of the Quran, highlighting positive female role models in the Quran. Raise awareness among society – both men and women – of the mutual rights and duties established by the Qur'an to achieve justice and family harmony. Encourage quality education for girls that takes into account their nature and abilities, and support research studies that derive educational aspects from Sharia texts and present them in a modern way. Encourage educational and media institutions to adopt a moderate discourse that preserves women's dignity and ensures their participation within the framework of Islamic values. This comprehensive approach aims to raise awareness of the rights guaranteed by Islam to girls and combat stereotypes and discriminatory practices in pursuit of true social integration.

This Topical Research addresses the concept of repentance in Islam, highlighting its rulings, conditions, and its role in reforming individual behavior. The first section dealt with the conceptual and legal framework of repentance, where the researchers began by defining the meanings of repentance in language and terminology as a return from sin and abstaining from it. They then reviewed the textual sources of repentance by exploring Qur’anic verses and Prophetic hadiths that established the legitimacy of repentance in Islam. They subsequently moved on to demonstrate the virtues resulting from it, such as securing God’s love for the servant and transforming his sins into good deeds. This section concluded by setting objective criteria for accepting repentance, which included sincerity, regret, immediate cessation, firm resolve not to return, and returning rights to their owners as a fundamental condition for the validity of repentance concerning the rights of others.As for the second section, it focused on the practical and applied aspects and the rulings associated with them, where it reviewed the concept of “sincere repentance”.
As the highest degree of sincere repentance, explaining the jurisprudential ruling on repentance as immediately obligatory, the chapter then presented practical examples and real-life instances of the repentance of the companions (may Allah be pleased with them) to serve as an educational model. The researchers also analyzed the obstacles and barriers that prevent a servant from repenting and hinder the path of self-reform, concluding this chapter by clarifying the rulings related to the Prayer of Repentance as a devotional act following a sin, leading to the conclusion that summarized the most important scientific findings reached by the study, emphasizing that repentance is a continuous educational and religious necessity for the Muslim individual.

Although the Ten Commandments are part of the Torah and were revealed to the Children of Israel in the Old Testament, the Holy Qur’an reflects many of the same moral and legal principles in Surah Al-An‘am and in other chapters. Moreover, the Qur’an presents these commandments in a clearer and more comprehensive manner, as Islam emphasizes monotheism, kindness to parents, and the absolute prohibition of murder, adultery, theft, and false testimony.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds; upon Him we rely. May blessings and peace be upon our master Muhammad and upon his family and all his companions. Jihād is one of the important concepts that has been widely discussed. It is not hidden from researchers in Islamic studies that a number of Islamic concepts have been subjected to distortion and misrepresentation. Over time, these concepts have shifted from being legal (sharʿī) concepts with specific meanings and connotations to inherited notions carrying intellectual and sometimes even political loads. Among the concepts that have suffered distortion and falsification is the concept of jihād. In this study, we have attempted to clarify the concept of jihād as presented by the Holy Qur’an and as advocated by Islam.
The concept of wilāyah is likewise one of the key concepts addressed by scholars in political theology. Accordingly, this research seeks to elucidate the concept of wilāyah as understood by the Islamic sects, relying on the views advanced by their scholars and the statements they have put forward regarding this concept. The study demonstrates that war in the tolerant Islamic tradition is fundamentally defensive aimed at self-defense and the protection of the message and was not a war of aggression or assault as practiced by other nations. Islam adopted, in its conduct of war, an approach previously unknown among other nations and unrecognized by any earlier religious law. Furthermore, wilāyah in political theology denotes the right to assume political authority and to take charge of managing the affairs of society. Those vested with authority (ulū al-amr) are the Imams from the family of Muhammad, whose obedience God has made obligatory in an absolute sense, just as He has made obedience to Himself and to His Messenger obligatory. God does not impose unconditional obedience to anyone except one whose infallibility has been established, whose inner state corresponds to his outward conduct, and from whom error and the enjoining of what is reprehensible are precluded. This condition does not apply to rulers or to scholars other than them

This study aims to clarify the foundations of intellectual security in the Qur’anic discourse through an analytical and interpretive examination of Surah Al-Anfal, which represents a Qur’anic model addressing intellectual instability during times of crisis and conflict. The research adopts an analytical and inferential methodology by examining Qur’anic verses, exploring their meanings, and linking them to their historical and contextual background in order to identify the faith-based, educational, and methodological principles employed by the Qur’an to achieve intellectual stability for individuals and societies. The study concludes that intellectual security in the Qur’an is built upon several key pillars, most notably self-purification, strengthening certainty in God, deepening reliance upon Him, controlling emotions during hardship, and reinforcing unity and conscious obedience to legitimate leadership. Furthermore, Surah Al-Anfal presents an integrated framework for intellectual security that combines doctrinal foundations, ethical guidance, and practical responses to crises, making it a significant Qur’anic reference for contemporary studies on intellectual security.

This research addresses the problematic of jurisprudential renewal (Tajdid) in light of contemporary changes. It seeks to analyze the existing tension between two primary trends: the first inclines toward cognitive isolation and confinement within the jurisprudential heritage, while the second calls for keeping pace with modern reality and remaining open to its developments.
The study aims to provide a theoretical grounding for the concept of jurisprudential renewal, define its governing principles, and explore its mechanisms, while presenting a balanced vision that reconciles established Sharia constants with evolving contextual variables. Employing an inductive-analytical methodology, the research concludes that jurisprudential renewal is an imperative necessity to ensure the continued applicability of Sharia. However, it requires a methodological framework to safeguard it against both interpretive laxity and rigid stagnation.

This research addresses a crime that has become increasingly prevalent in our time, especially with the proliferation of modern technology and social media: blackmail. It is considered a crime that threatens social and family security and leads to social disintegration. This research presents a number of crimes that fall under the term blackmail, the causes of blackmail, and recommendations for addressing this insidious phenomenon.

The Holy Quran came as a comprehensive way of life, encompassing belief, thought, ethics, conduct, worship, and all aspects of life. It establishes the fundamental principles that should guide the nation and the individual toward the purpose for which humankind was created. The Muslim community today has witnessed significant changes as a result of deviations that have contributed to societal transformation. These deviations have manifested in various forms, including doctrinal, intellectual, moral, and social deviations, which have impacted Muslims, their behavior, and society as a whole. The Holy Quran has played a crucial role in addressing these deviations, and its intervention has had a profound effect. Muslims today need to return to the Holy Quran to rectify their religious and worldly affairs.
This research examines the Quranic approach to addressing intellectual deviation through an objective study of verses related to discord. The research aims to clarify how the Holy Quran deals with intellectual deviation and how it addresses the doubts that lead to discord. The research employs an analytical and objective methodology, analyzing Quranic verses related to discord and intellectual deviation. The Quranic approach to addressing intellectual deviation is characterized by several features, including: a gradual approach to treatment, a focus on the root causes of deviation, and the use of wisdom in dealing with those who hold differing views. The Holy Quran also places great importance on fortifying individuals against doubts and temptations by strengthening self-confidence and adherence to the truth.
This research emphasizes the necessity of studying the Quranic approach to addressing intellectual deviation and applying it in practical life to confront contemporary intellectual challenges.

Surah Yusuf (peace be upon him) is one of the noble chapters of the Quran containing numerous educational and missionary aspects that preachers in our time can utilize to raise awareness among people. Because this chapter is replete with lessons and benefits, researchers have chosen it for study. Stories are considered an important educational tool for preachers, and they are present in the Holy Quran as fact, not fiction.
This research aims to explore the purposes of the story of the Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him), clarifying its impact on reinforcing educational goals. The problem addressed in this research lies in how to utilize the Quranic narrative style, characterized by brevity, realism, and diverse presentation, to achieve educational objectives that transcend direct preaching. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach to highlight these characteristics present in the Quranic text and confirm them using established interpretive criteria. The research concluded that the thematic unity of the story of Yusuf and the diversity of its artistic scenes played a direct role in presenting a comprehensive educational model of steadfastness, patience, and reliance on God.

The Chadian-Nigerian Alliance Against Boko Haram is a military alliance between Chad and Nigeria to combat the terrorist group Boko Haram, an armed group active in the Lake Chad region. It originated in Nigeria and has expanded its operations to include other countries, primarily Chad, exploiting ethnic and religious tensions between different groups in the region. It aims to establish an Islamic state in the region through violence. The alliance was formed by Chad and Nigeria to confront the growing threat posed by Boko Haram. The alliance aims to coordinate military and intelligence operations to eliminate the armed group Boko Haram, which is considered a security threat to both countries and the region as a whole. Boko Haram's attacks on Nigeria and Chad have had a significant political, economic, and social impact, prompting Chadian and Nigerian forces to launch numerous joint military operations against Boko Haram. These operations have liberated many areas previously controlled by Boko Haram, destroyed many of its camps and weapons depots, limited Boko Haram's capabilities, and eased the pressure on civilians in the affected areas. The Chadian-Nigerian alliance represents an important regional effort to combat Boko Haram, but it faces challenges. Major challenges require continuous cooperation and coordination between the countries concerned.

Statistics indicate that crime is less prevalent in rural areas than in urban settings, and that it is less widespread in small towns compared to large cities. The higher rate of crime in urban areas relative to rural ones can be attributed to differences in the nature of life in each context, as urban life, with its complexity and pace, tends to weaken social and personal ties among residents.
Accordingly, the majority of scholars argue that criminal phenomena are influenced by population density and the nature of place. Place—through both the natural and built environment—reflects directly on individuals’ criminal behavior. Moreover, high population density in cities is often accompanied by elevated crime rates; therefore, crime rates in urban areas exceed those in rural areas. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the relationship between the location of crime and criminal phenomena, and to clarify the differences in the scale and types of crime between rural and urban environments.

The study addressed the phenomenon of increasing reliance on expatriate labor in the city of Kirkuk, and seeks to explain the factors that contributed to replacing local labor with it, as well as to analyze the social, economic and cultural effects resulting from this phenomenon, and the repercussions that may be reflected on the individual, the family and society if it continues and expands To achieve the research objectives, the study relied on collecting and analyzing data using scientific methods, represented by the descriptive method and the historical method, in addition to the field survey method, which was conducted in the city of Kirkuk during the period from 7/12/2024 to 2/9/2025 Five hypotheses were tested to determine their validity, and the study was based on a (purposive) sample, which is a non-probability sample, with a size of (110) male and female workers, in order to ensure a realistic representation of the original population The study results showed that the lower wages of foreign workers, compared to local workers, along with the latter's weak skills and lack of commitment, were among the most prominent reasons that led to the preference for expatriate workers, The study also revealed that women's entry into the workforce or education has contributed to an increased demand for domestic workers, Furthermore, it indicated that this phenomenon has negative repercussions for the Arabic language and the national economy, In light of the study's findings, the importance of enacting legislation to regulate the entry of expatriate workers, investing in young human resources, and encouraging engagement in manual trades was emphasized. In addition to promoting the values of discipline and dedication to work among local workers, which may contribute to reducing this phenomenon before it worsens.

The existence rehabilitation centers for addicts is a step in the right direction towards eliminating this destructive scourge and its negative consequences resulting from its spread within human societies. These centers attract addicts who suffer from health or psychological damage as a result of drug addiction in order to provide appropriate treatment for their psychological and health conditions, helping them regain self-confidence and a sense of ability to continue living a healthy life, Free from these influences. From this perspective, the importance of this research lies in its focus on one of the most significant societal issues facing Iraqi society, threatening its security and stability, especially in recent years. The primary objective of this research is to determine the geographical distribution of rehabilitation centers throughout Iraq. The research found that there are approximately (5) rehabilitation centers in Iraq, distributed across three governorates: Baghdad (3), Basra and Diwaniyah one center each.

The research deals with the assessment and estimation of the future water needs of the residents of Wasit Governorate until 2035, as Wasit Governorate is facing increasing water challenges due to the increase in water demand as a result of population growth, agricultural and industrial expansion, and the corresponding decrease in the levels of the Tigris River, as Wasit Governorate is one of the Iraqi governorates that rely heavily on surface water resources, especially the Tigris River, to cover the needs of the population for water, whether for domestic use or for agricultural and industrial uses, as there are increasing environmental and demographic challenges such as population growth. Climate change and the shrinking of water resources, so this research represents a first step towards strategic water planning for Wasit Governorate in light of the aforementioned challenges and otherwise, the governorate will face a water gap unless strategic measures are taken to improve the efficiency of water use and water resources management in a way that ensures a balance between demand and supply, so the research will help decision makers to develop a comprehensive vision to secure the future water needs of the population.

This study aims to analyze the role of road and mobility projects in the development of small cities, taking Al-Muthanna Governorate as a case study. The research examines the impact of improving road networks and transportation systems on enhancing spatial connectivity, improving access to basic services, and stimulating economic and social activities within small cities and between them and larger urban centers. It also discusses the implications of transport projects for urban expansion, land use patterns, and local investment attraction. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach supported by statistical data, maps, and field observations to assess the current state of road and mobility projects in the governorate. The findings indicate that upgrading transport infrastructure plays a crucial role in promoting balanced urban development in small cities, despite ongoing challenges related to limited integrated planning and inadequate maintenance.

The study aimed to examine the effect of employing the Memory Wheel and Balance strategies on the development of social studies skills among fifth-grade female students. The researcher purposefully selected Burda Primary School for Girls as the study site. The sample comprised 103 students, who were assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The researcher ensured equivalence among the study groups by controlling for several variables, including chronological age, previous year’s grades, pre-test scores in social studies skills, and the parents’ educational attainment. The research instrument consisted of an achievement test in social studies. Following data collection and statistical analysis, the results indicated that both experimental groups outperformed the control group. Based on these findings, the researcher drew a set of conclusions and proposed several related recommendations and suggestions

The current research aimed to identify the effectiveness of a green education-based program in promoting environmental responsibility among first-year intermediate students in the subject of Moral Education. The researchers developed the educational program, which included the study instruments: the curriculum itself and an environmental responsibility test. The research population consisted of all daytime intermediate schools affiliated with the Babylon Education Directorate Center. The researchers randomly selected (Ur) Intermediate School for Boys to implement their research instrument. The research sample consisted of (60) students: (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group. The researchers reached the following conclusions: There were statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the two groups (experimental and control) in the post-test of Moral Education, in terms of promoting environmental responsibility among first-year intermediate students, in
favor of the experimental group, The researchers also made a set of recommendations

The research aims to identify the effect of the TASC model on achievement and the development of creative thinking skills among fifth-grade science students in the subject of literature and texts. The researcher chose secondary and preparatory schools in the city of Baghdad for the academic year (2024-2025), the research sample consisted of (80) female students, with (40) ) student for the experimental group and the control group, and the researcher rewarded both research groups in the variables (chronological age calculated in months - hidden educational level of parents - intelligence test - pre-test of creative thinking)., The study adopted the experimental approach with a partial control design and a pre- and post-test. The researcher prepared two research tools, the first is the achievement test, which consists of (50) test items for the achievement test). The study adopted the experimental approach with a partial control design and a pre- and post-test. The researcher prepared two research tools, the first is the achievement test, which consists of (50) test items for the achievement test in proportion to Content of the material and behavioral purposes And (20) items to test creative thinking, their validity and reliability were verified, and psychometric properties were extracted, and after processing the data statistically and using the statistical package (SPSS, The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the two research groups and in favor of the experimental group that was studied according to the TASC model., In obtaining the subject of literature and texts, and developing their creative thinking, and in light of the research results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals, including teaching the subject of literature and texts using a model The (TASC) model because of its impact on increasing academic achievement and developing creative thinking, and conducting a similar study to reveal the effect of the (TASC) model in stages and other dependent variables.

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The aim of the current research is to explore the role of the peer teaching strategy in enhancing academic achievement among middle school learners from the perspective of Arabic language teachers. It also seeks to identify the challenges associated with implementing this strategy, the necessary proposals for its activation, and any differences based on variables such as academic qualification, years of experience, and training courses in the field of curricula and teaching methods. The study used a descriptive analytical approach, with a sample of 170 male and female Arabic language teachers who completed a 45-item questionnaire, divided into three sections. The findings revealed that the role of the peer teaching strategy in improving academic achievement was considered significant, while the difficulties in implementing this strategy were also substantial. Additionally, the proposals for enhancing its activation were considered high. Statistically significant differences were found in the scores based on academic qualification, with postgraduate qualifications showing higher scores. However, no significant differences were observed based on years of experience or participation in training courses related to curricula and teaching methods.

This research aims to investigate the impact of using interactive whiteboards on the academic achievement of first-year intermediate students at the Scientific Institute for the Deaf and Mute in Islamic Education in Baghdad Governorate. The study employed an experimental research methodology, utilizing pre- and post-tests administered to a sample of 22 male and female students with hearing and speech impairments. These students were equitably divided into experimental and control groups during the first semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. Statistical methods employed included the independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, split-half test, chi-squared test, and discrimination and difficulty indices. The results demonstrated the superior academic performance of the experimental group after instruction using interactive whiteboards, compared to the control group who studied the material using traditional methods. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was found between the average achievement scores of the experimental group using interactive whiteboards in the post-test, favoring the gender variable. The researcher recommends developing a specialized curriculum for students with hearing and speech impairments to address their learning needs. Their health condition and feelings of isolation are addressed, and their personalities are strengthened by fostering a love for society, a desire to serve it, and a commitment to integration, just like able-bodied individuals, as they are no less capable than others. Special needs institutions for people with disabilities are equipped with audio devices, modern technologies, and educational tools, as these empower them to understand, take responsibility, and broaden their horizons. Workshops and seminars are also conducted for teachers to explain how to use interactive whiteboards, their importance, and their rapid effectiveness in achieving educational goals. Emphasis is placed on selecting appropriate objective questions to assess student comprehension.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the metacognitive strategy in developing writing skills among special education students. To achieve this objective, the following hypothesis was formulated: (There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level of significance between the mean scores of the experimental group, which studied using the metacognitive strategy, and the control group, which studied using the traditional method, in improving some writing skills). The research sample consisted of 18 male and female students with learning difficulties in the fourth grade of primary school (special education), from schools in the Bashiqa district of Nineveh Governorate. The researcher prepared a test to measure the writing skills of the students in both research groups. The test consisted of 15 items and was developed based on the prescribed reading textbook. The face validity of the test was confirmed by presenting it to a group of experts and reviewers to determine its suitability for application. Reliability was established using the test-retest method with the Kuder-Richardson 20 formula. The researcher used an experimental design, also known as a two-groups design, with one test administered before and one administered after the experiment. To analyze the research results, the data were processed. Statistically, using the Mann-Whitney U test, the chi-square test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (and the Kuder-Richardson formula 20), the research results showed a statistically significant difference in writing skills favoring the control group students who studied using the traditional method. Based on these findings, the researcher offered several recommendations and suggestions

The impact of using the preparation and closure skills on the achievement of fourth-grade literary students in history and the development of their attitudes towards it was investigated using a quasi-experimental design. The research sample consisted of 61 fourth-grade literary students in the Al-Khan village of Al-Hawija district during the 2024-2025 academic year. Two groups were randomly selected from the classes; Class (A) represented the experimental group, which studied using the preparation and closure skills, while Class (C) represented the control group, which studied using the traditional method. The research instruments were a multiple-choice achievement test consisting of 50 items distributed across the chapters of the prescribed curriculum. The difficulty, discrimination, validity, and reliability of the items were verified. The second instrument was a scale measuring attitudes towards history, consisting of 30 items developed by the researcher. Its discrimination, validity, and reliability coefficients were also established. This scale was applied before the start of the experiment, and the researcher found that the students in the experimental group outperformed each other in achievement and attitude towards the subject of history. The researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

The Aim of the Current Research The current research aims to reveal the effectiveness of using the visual approach in acquiring historical concepts among middle school students. To achieve this, the researcher relied on the experimental method. For data collection, the researcher used a study tool represented by a historical concepts test, which was applied to a sample of 52 fourth-grade literary students. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group of 26 students and a control group of 26 students. The research results indicated the effectiveness of using the visual approach in acquiring historical concepts among middle school students. In light of the research findings, the researcher recommended several recommendations, including: the necessity of including visual inputs (such as maps, historical photographs, murals, illustrations, and video clips) within history curricula in a systematic and well-thought-out manner; training history teachers on employing interactive visual media within classrooms to improve students' historical understanding; developing educational units that rely on the visual approach to explain abstract concepts in history, such as chronology or the relationships between events; designing qualitative assessment tools that measure the impact of the visual approach on consolidating historical concepts and critical thinking skills; and paying attention to the use of modern technologies (such as augmented reality and virtual reality) to present historical events and figures in an interactive visual manner.

The quantitative approach focuses on measuring specific variables such as creativity levels, artistic achievement, or attitudes, with the aim of generalization and statistically rigorously testing hypotheses. The qualitative approach, on the other hand, focuses on a deep understanding of individual experiences, describing the creative process, and interpreting the meaning of a work of art within its context, using tools such as interviews and content analysis. The integration of these two approaches, known as mixed methods research, represents the optimal solution. It allows for starting with quantitative measurement to define the problem, then delving qualitatively to understand its causes, or vice versa, leading to richer and more reliable research findings in art education.

This study is guided by a central problem: how can ethics, politics, and legislation be reconstructed on the basis of the principle of utility, and to what extent is this principle capable of reconciling individual interest with the common good? The research aims to analyze Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarian philosophy as a coherent project that seeks to establish happiness as an objective criterion for judging actions and laws. It examines its ethical, political, and legislative foundations, with particular emphasis on the calculus of pleasures as a rational method for regulating human conduct through measurable standards.
The study concludes that Bentham grounded morality in the practical consequences of actions, defining good and evil according to the degree of pleasure produced or pain avoided. It also shows that the calculus of pleasures represents an attempt to discipline human choice through rational and comparative evaluation. In the political and legal domain, Bentham conceived law as an instrument for securing the public interest without neglecting individual interest, arguing that their harmony is a necessary condition for social stability. He further maintained that punishment is not an act of revenge but a preventive tool aimed at reducing crime and social harm.
Despite persistent criticisms of utilitarianism—especially its tendency to overlook absolute values and inalienable rights—Bentham’s thought remains a foundational contribution to modern moral and political philosophy. It opened new horizons for linking philosophical reflection to practical and social realities, and for grounding legislation in human needs and concrete interests.

This study examines the relationship between Immanuel Kant’s critique of metaphysics and Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive method by analyzing the philosophical foundations and strategies used to challenge Western metaphysical thought.
It highlights the dual character of Kant’s critique, which defines the limits of theoretical reason and metaphysical concepts, marking a break with traditional metaphysics that exceeds possible experience.
Derrida extends this trajectory more radically by not only criticizing metaphysical content but also deconstructing its linguistic structure through questioning binary oppositions and the production of meaning.

This research seeks to trace and analyze the development of the concept of mechanical realism and its profound impact on understanding the nature of natural phenomena through a historical path by moving from its classical model based on mechanics and determinism to its contemporary model of algorithmic realism. The problem of the research is to ask how this transition-which was destabilized by the revolutions of physics from quantum mechanics to information theory-affects our philosophical understanding of nature, and what are the most prominent cognitive and methodological consequences of this transformation, especially in light of the rise of artificial intelligence and computer simulation systems. The critical-analytical approach was adopted, deconstructing the philosophical foundations of mechanistic realism in its two stages. The analysis revealed that classical machine realism (founded by Descartes and Newton) was based on the principles of determinism, reductionism, predictability, depicting the universe as a huge machine. In contrast, contemporary algorithmic realism, embodied in artificial intelligence, has shown a radical transformation; it has come to view nature as a computational system that processes information, taking probability and statistical correlation as its basis. The research concludes that this shift has led to an epistemological trade-off between predictive accuracy and explanatory power, which has given rise to deep philosophical challenges, most notably the black box problem in artificial intelligence models. This problem is that algorithmic models provide accurate results without revealing their internal mechanisms of action, undermining the Enlightenment goal of science of causal understanding. Faced with this impasse, the research discussed philosophical alternatives such as structural realism and neo-pragmatism, to emphasize in conclusion that the greatest philosophical challenge lies in finding a new conception of scientific knowledge that combines the power of algorithmic prediction and the human quest for a deep and objective understanding of nature.

Carl Schmitt is considered one of the most prominent German philosophers of the 20th century. This research focuses on his controversial ideas regarding sovereignty, dictatorship, liberal democracy, and the relationship between politics and the state. His thought revolves around the concept of "the political," which is based on the distinction between friend and enemy, as he views politics as an expression of fundamental conflicts.
Schmitt criticizes liberal democracy for weakening the state and encouraging individualistic tendencies, while advocating dictatorship as a solution during exceptional crises, as it grants decision-making power to the sovereign leader capable of imposing order. He also argues that sovereignty requires the ruler to have the ability to make absolute decisions in emergency situations.
The study also examines the alignment of Schmitt's ideas with Nazi thought, as he justified dictatorial regimes and supported the notion of the totalitarian state that emphasizes power and sovereignty.

School dropout is considered one of the most critical challenges facing Arab and developing countries in general, as it has become a serious threat to both individual security and social stability. As an educational and pedagogical issue, school dropout poses a substantial risk to educational systems due to its profound negative effects on society and on the developmental future of nations. It contributes to the spread of illiteracy and ignorance, slows social and economic progress, hinders individuals’ integration into the development process, and weakens economic, financial, and administrative capacities. Consequently, this phenomenon limits the state’s ability to confront the challenges required for sustainable growth and knowledge-based development.
This study aims to identify the main causes and factors contributing to the emergence and persistence of school dropout, as well as to examine appropriate educational and pedagogical policies for containing and addressing this problem. In addition, the study seeks to analyze dropout rates and propose effective solutions to reduce their prevalence. The descriptive analytical method was adopted as the primary research approach.
The findings of the study indicate that school dropout constitutes a structural obstacle to achieving comprehensive development. It leads to a direct depletion of human capital and significantly weakens the cognitive and productive capacities of society. The study further confirms that school dropout is not merely an educational issue; rather, it is a complex socio-developmental phenomenon shaped by the interaction of economic, social, cultural, and institutional factors. Moreover, the results reveal that reducing school dropout represents a fundamental entry point for promoting sustainable development by enhancing scientific knowledge levels, improving the quality of human capital, and strengthening effective community participation

The current study aims to identify the level of cognitive flexibility among university students in light of the adopted curriculum, and to examine the nature of the relationship between them, in addition to investigating differences in cognitive flexibility according to gender and academic year. The study is grounded in the importance of developing students’ higher-order cognitive skills, especially in light of rapid cognitive and technological transformations that require flexible thinking and adaptation to changing educational situations.
The researcher employed the descriptive correlational method, suitable for the study’s objectives. The population consisted of students from the College of Basic Education at University of Sumer during the academic year (2025–2026), while the sample included 150 students selected through stratified random sampling. The Cognitive Flexibility Scale and the Curriculum Nature Questionnaire were used as research tools. Their content and construct validity were verified, and reliability was assessed using the test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha, indicating that both tools had acceptable levels of validity and reliability.
The results revealed that students’ cognitive flexibility was at a moderate level, and a statistically significant positive correlation was found between cognitive flexibility and the nature of the adopted curriculum. This indicates that curricula characterized by flexibility, interaction, and diverse educational activities contribute to enhancing students’ ability to modify their thinking patterns and adapt to different educational situations. The results also showed no statistically significant differences in cognitive flexibility attributable to gender, while significant differences were found for academic year, favoring students in advanced stages.
In light of these results, the study recommends developing university curricula that enhance opportunities for active learning and flexible thinking, adopting teaching strategies focused on problem-solving, cooperative learning, and critical thinking, as well as conducting future studies examining other psychological and educational variables related to cognitive flexibility in the university context. Furthermore, the researcher recommends developing curricula to be more flexible and interactive, increasing opportunities for participation and classroom discussion, integrating practical activities that emphasize critical thinking and problem-solving instead of rote memorization, providing training programs to enhance students’ cognitive flexibility and adaptability, and equipping faculty members with innovative teaching tools and methods that support flexible thinking and interactive learning. Additionally, the study suggests conducting future research in other Iraqi universities to compare cognitive flexibility and curriculum outcomes, investigating the impact of flexible curricula on other cognitive variables such as creative thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making, utilizing multiple tools to measure cognitive flexibility including questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations to obtain more in-depth data, carrying out comparative studies between public and private universities to understand potential differences in cognitive flexibility and curriculum nature, and proposing professional development programs for faculty to enhance their ability to deliver curricula using flexible teaching methods that support higher-order cognitive skills.

This study addresses the profound structural transformations in the international communication system during major crises, using the "digital storm" phenomenon concurrent with the "Al-Aqsa Flood" events as a practical model. It originates from a central research problem: understanding how "popular digital discourse" overcame censorship barriers and algorithms to impose an alternative agenda on the international stage.The descriptive-analytical method was employed in both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. Tools included an electronic survey to track public trends and in-depth analysis of discourse and visual narratives in circulating content. Results revealed a strong statistically significant correlation between intensity of exposure to digital content and shifts in public political convictions, particularly among youth (Generation Z), who relied on digital platforms as their exclusive source of information at a rate of 78%. Qualitative analysis highlighted the superiority of the "zero-distance documentation" strategy and raw visual content (un edited videos) in building high credibility and countering counter-propaganda, outperforming traditional news narratives in emotional and behavioral impact.
Additionally, findings uncovered technology's dual role: while algorithms amplified "echo chambers" and polarization, grassroots tactics like "algorithmic evasion" and "globalization of visual symbols" broke through digital blockades. The study concludes that this "digital storm" has evolved from a transient communication phenomenon into an independent geopolitical actor capable of directing humanitarian and political decisions.

The present study aimed to identify the level of positive workplace culture and job stability among kindergarten teachers, as well as to examine the correlational relationship between the two variables. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed two instruments: a Positive Workplace Culture Scale in its final form consisting of (20) items, and a Job Stability Scale consisting of (16) items. The psychometric properties of both scales, including validity and reliability, were verifie. The two instruments were administered to a sample of (200) kindergarten teachers from both public and private schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education / Baghdad Al-Rusafa Second. The sample was selected using a simple random sampling method during the academic year (2024–2025)
The results indicated that kindergarten teachers demonstrate a high level of positive workplace culture and a good level of job stability. The findings also revealed statistically significant differences in favor of teachers working in private kindergartens regarding both positive workplace culture and job stability. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between positive workplace culture and job stability, suggesting that fostering a positive work environment contributes to enhancing teachers’ job stability

The phenomenon of poverty is one of the oldest problems witnessed by human societies and preoccupied with human thought, ancient and contemporary aims at motivate number of important questions with their important and goals through clearing the concepts in relation to the theme of study. The study depended on a number of scientific methods after verifying the aims of the study. These questions which showed, so this thesis focused on studying the phenomenon of poverty in Iraq and its comprehensive dimensions as well as its repercussions negative impact on economic growth and social security, And the procedures and policies that the government and society entail to limit the rooting of its material and moral foundations.

This study examines one of the fundamental structural elements of Arabic poetry and its role in consolidating the artistic coherence of the poetic text. It highlights the importance of this element in culminating meaning and intensifying the aesthetic impact on the reader. The study also refers to the interest of both classical and modern critics in the positions of beginnings and endings as criteria for evaluating the quality of poetic texts. Andalusian poetry is presented as a distinctive artistic experience that developed poetic structure and endowed it with a unique character. The paper further focuses on the Age of the Taifa Kingdoms as a period marked by political fragmentation alongside notable cultural and literary prosperity. Poetry of this era reflects psychological and aesthetic transformations through condensed language and a powerful rhythmic structure.

This review article discusses international migration as a spatial phenomenon, which redefines the distributions of populations, urban shapes, and regional development patterns. It contends that, migration is not simply a demographic process that crosses boundaries, but it is a transformative one which changes the role of places in both the source and the receiving location. The article examines the ways in which international migration causes selective depopulation in the home countries, massive urbanization and spatial concentration in the destination countries and drastic alteration in housing patterns, land use and demand services. It also talks about how remittances, restructuring of the labor markets and social transformation has redefined the spatial structure of the communities. The article concludes that the effects of international migration are inexplicable without a geographical dimension and that regional and urban planning policies are needed to accomplish the task of managing the spatial change that migration brings about as well as transforming human mobility into an engine of balanced and sustainable development.

Traffic signs play a significant and effective role in creating a better future for the environment and society by reducing traffic congestion, educating drivers, improving traffic safety, and reducing accidents by providing information about potential dangers. Since adherence to traffic signs is essential in avoiding accidents and risks and helping drivers to direct and reach their destinations easily, This community study came to enhance awareness of individual safety and reduce traffic accidents that claimed the lives of thousands of people. We ask God for safety for all.