Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

In this research, I studied the effectiveness of simile among the poets of virgin ghazal and dedicated the research to three poets, namely "Kathir Azza, Jamil Buthaina, and Qais bin Al-Mallouh", and the reading benefited from the existence of a number of types of simile among poets, those similes that came similar to reality, as the poets used the environmental environment and heritage in their similes, which contributed to their reality and realism, and we noticed that the simile when buying virginity performed an aesthetic function by approximating the image of virginity and how he relates to his lover on The way in which it was distinguished from the poets outside the circle of virginity, and thus the simile is a real rhetorical hint in conveying the ghazal and poetic experiences of the poets under study.

Numerous scholars have addressed the subject of common vernacular usage, documenting their findings in various seminal works. Key among these are Abū Hātim’s Ta’wīm al-Mufsid al-Muzāl 'an Jihatihi min Kalām al-'Arab, Al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī’s Mā Talḥanu bihi al-'Āmmah, and Ibn Qutaybah’s Adab al-Kātib, among others.
In the contemporary era, a considerable number of orientalists, such as Maximilianos Antón (Antón, 1910, p. 12), Di Safari, and Yūḥannā Yūsuf, have also discussed the vernacular. However, their efforts in collecting and codifying the common language do not rival the comprehensive compilations made by native scholars.
Noteworthy among the latter is Ma'rūf al-Ruṣāfī. His insightful work focuses on the conjugation rules of the triliteral verb as used by the common people of Iraq. This extensive collection, originally published as articles in the Lisān al-Arab Magazine and compiled here to invetigate, is highly systematic. Al-Ruṣāfī categorizes the verbs, mirroring the principles of Arabic morphology by classifying them based on attribution or lack thereof, their status as sound (e.g., sālim, mahmūz, or muḍa‘‘af), or as defective (e.g., mithāl, ajwaf, nāqiṣ, or lafīf in both types). His work presents the rules of verbal conjugation with such clarity that it reads like a standard treatise on Arabic morphology. Ultimately, Al-Ruṣāfī successfully covers the entire scope of the topic precisely and thoroughly, without either undue elaboration or deficiency.

This study aims to examine the phenomenon of stylistic shift between narration and direct discourse in Qur'an through an applied model from Surat al-Kahf, a chapter rich in stylistic diversity and the interweaving of rhetorical patterns between storytelling, exhortation, and declarative speech. The research seeks to analyze this stylistic shift as a semantic and rhetorical phenomenon that goes beyond mere formal variation, revealing a functional structure related to the text’s pedagogical and doctrinal purposes.
The study begins from a central question: What is the nature of stylistic shift in Surat al-Kahf, and what are its rhetorical and communicative functions? It adopts the stylistic-analytical method, drawing upon classical Arabic rhetoric, textual linguistics, and modern pragmatic studies.
The research is divided into two main chapters. The first explores the theoretical concepts of narration and discourse, and the features of each within the Qur’anic context, followed by a discussion of stylistic shift in rhetorical studies. The second chapter is dedicated to an applied analysis of the three core narratives in the surah (the People of the Cave, Moses and the Righteous Servant, and Dhul-Qarnayn), tracing the manifestations of stylistic movement between narration and discourse.
The study concludes that the stylistic shift in Surat al-Kahf is not incidental, but rather a deliberate rhetorical strategy in which elements of time, setting, and character are harmonized to enhance the effect of the text on the audience, renew their engagement with the divine message, and present moral lessons in a dynamic and interactive form.

This research aims to examine the main and secondary characters in the short stories of the Iraqi writer Jamal Nouri, with a particular emphasis on the representation of female figures and their central role in narrative construction. Character is considered one of the most significant artistic elements of the literary text, through which the writer embodies his intellectual and aesthetic vision and reflects the social and psychological realities of his environment. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to trace characters in their central and marginal roles, highlighting their presence in the stories and their connection to plot, structure, and narrative progression. Special focus is given to analyzing the dimensions of female characters and the social, cultural, and symbolic meanings they convey, demonstrating their role in driving events, exposing inner and outer conflicts, and embodying human values. The findings reveal that Jamal Nouri portrays diverse types of female characters: some serving as central figures around whom the narrative revolves, while others appear as secondary characters that enrich the structure and add vitality to the text. Thus, the study contributes to enriching critical discourse on modern Iraqi short fiction, underscoring the artistic and cultural significance of female presence in narrative texts.

Compensation is one of the prominent phenomena in Arabic. In Arabic speech, it is common for one letter to be replaced with another, or one particle with another, or one noun with another. It is not required that the substitute be identical to the original, nor occupy its same position. In Arabic, there are instances where both the substitute and the substituted coexist, but grammarians reject this, considering it a redundancy and an unnecessary addition. Thus, they describe it as a necessity, an irregularity, and even a flaw, as it contradicts the general rule and occurs contrary to what is common and widespread. However, some grammarians discuss these judgments and regard them as permissible, citing poetic and prose examples, as well as references from the Holy Qur’an and the purified Sunnah. These examples often carry meanings that could not be ignored, such as emphasizing or adding nuance. From this perspective, the idea of this study emerged: to collect the cases in which both the substitute and the substituted appear together in grammatical works. I find them worthy of examination and deal with them using the descriptive method. I begin each case with a brief summary clarifying the general ruling, followed by the grammarians’ judgments, presenting the opinions of both the opponents and the proponents, and finally attempting to arrive at a conclusion—whether aligning with a particular grammarian’s view or not.

The Iraqi novelistic tradition has emerged prominently in recent decades through numerous novels, making it difficult to analyze and study them. Some of these works may not entice critics to follow and analyze them because many lack the elements that would attract a scholar's attention. However, amidst the plethora of published novels, some stand out, deserving of careful consideration. They possess elements that entice scholars to delve into their intricacies, analyze and interpret them, and investigate the factors behind their success. "Frankenstein in Baghdad" is perhaps one of the first of these; its winning the Arabic Booker Prize was no accident. It possessed all the elements of a successful novel, in terms of technique, idea, and treatment. The novelist mastered the art of storytelling, moving with such control that he seemed to steer the narrative as he wished, utilizing every artistic element of the novel to create a work that became rich material for scholars. It was examined from numerous artistic and thematic perspectives, and perhaps no other Iraqi novel has received as much scholarly attention. Despite these studies, researchers strive to explore other themes or aspects of the work to contribute to the discussion. It is on this basis that we have examined the poetic elements of narrative structure in this novel, attempting to trace, observe, record, and highlight the points where these narrative elements were prominent, clear, and worthy of further exploration.

Urban quality of life is considered one of the central concepts in contemporary urban studies, as it provides an interpretative framework for understanding the relationship between individuals and the spatial environment in which they live. Accordingly, this study aims to model the spatial variation of urban quality of life in Tuz Khurmatu City using modern geospatial techniques, through constructing a composite index based on four principal dimensions: access to basic services, road network density, green spaces, and population density. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach supported by spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The indicators were standardized and reclassified according to a unified scale, then integrated using an equal-weight multi-criteria approach to produce the composite Urban Quality of Life Index.
The results reveal significant intra-urban variation among the city’s neighborhoods, with quality of life levels ranging from low to medium and high, reflecting relative disparities in the integration of service, infrastructural, environmental, and demographic dimensions. The findings indicate that the environmental dimension and population density were among the most influential factors shaping spatial differences, while most neighborhoods exhibited relatively adequate levels of infrastructure and service provision. The analysis further suggests that the observed disparities do not represent comprehensive urban deprivation, but rather relative imbalances in specific dimensions, which can be interpreted within the framework of spatial justice.
The study confirms the effectiveness of GIS-based multi-criteria spatial modeling in assessing urban quality of life and highlights its potential as a decision-support tool for urban planning in medium-sized cities.

This study aims to determine the hydro-climatic suitability for using the required amounts of irrigation water for cereal crops in rainfed areas, particularly in Sinjar and Al-Baaj districts of Nineveh Governorate. The water requirement of crops is a fundamental factor for their growth, and supplementary irrigation represents an effective method to meet the plants’ water demand throughout the growing season, making the agricultural season a decisive factor for production.
The results indicate that wheat requires about 350–450 mm annually, while barley needs only 250–300 mm, making barley more suitable for rainfed cultivation, whereas wheat requires regular supplementary irrigation, especially in Al-Baaj, where rainfall ranges between 170–250 mm. The research relied on descriptive and quantitative approaches, using data from the Nineveh Agriculture Directorate, the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, and field survey data (2024). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques were applied to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat and barley cultivation and to create the final hydro-climatic suitability map.
The findings show that the most influential factors in spatial suitability are water resources (50%) and climatic elements (30%), followed by human factors (20%), such as agricultural policies, irrigation equipment, and landholdings. The results also reveal that applying supplementary irrigation increased yields by 25–35%, contributing to agricultural stability and mitigating rainfall fluctuation impacts.
The study concludes that it is essential to expand the use of modern irrigation technologies and prepare annual hydro-spatial suitability maps to guide wheat and barley cultivation according to each area’s environmental conditions, aiming to achieve sustainable agricultural development and enhance the efficiency of water resource utilization in semi-arid environments.

Russian geopolitics possesses ideas and theories with valuable strategic dimensions based on a set of political and spatial foundations according to the nature of the geographical reality and its impact on the regional and international nature. It represents the main axis that determines the nature of the state’s functional role in the international system. This is what Russia adopted in building its strategies after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of the Russian state within its current geographical borders. The personality of the political leadership may add weight to the state’s position on the external level. Therefore, the development of Russian theories, especially modern ones, is due to Russian political thought, which is rich in developments and events that Russia has witnessed throughout history, which have influenced political thought with geopolitical ideas, especially after Russia sought to modernize its political ideas and strategic theories in its foreign policy after the developments of strategic thought in the modern global system, The research problem is launched from the question (What is the impact of modern geopolitical theories and their spatial dimensions on the nature of the political system at the regional and international levels). The researcher uses the analytical method in political geography to reach the research results that the researcher arrived at, including that the Russian system was greatly and clearly influenced by the nature of ideas, beliefs and political theories that were reflected at the regional and international levels.

The Horn of Africa is a strategic region on the world map, due to its maritime view of the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, including the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. Therefore, international and regional powers, which believe that Arab countries with nationalist tendencies control maritime navigation in these seas and straits, have worked to support non-Arab powers as they are better allies for them than Arabs, especially Ethiopia. Therefore, they have worked to support Ethiopia in its geopolitical expansion in the Ogaden region, which represents the road to the Gulf of Aden and a strategic trade corridor between East Asia and East Africa through its strategic location, in addition to its geopolitical characteristics that have increased the intensity of the conflict due to the availability of surface water represented by rivers, and the recent discovery of hydrocarbons in it. The colonial powers, France, Britain and Italy, worked to divide the Horn of Africa and grant the Ogaden region to Ethiopia and cut it off from Somalia. International powers such as the United States of America and China worked to take a neutral position on the Ogaden problem to take advantage of Ethiopia’s geopolitical location, taking into account geoeconomic relations. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, stood by Ethiopia in a way that this was a public result of their communist connections. As for the regional powers, the Zionist entity sided with Ethiopia against Somalia, given that Somalia is an Arab nationalist country. Turkey remained neutral, taking into account its interests in the Horn of Africa. Egypt, on the other hand, sided with Somalia.

The present paper deals with "The Aesthetic Manifestations of the Divine Form in Indian Art." The study aims at identifying these aesthetic manifestations of the divine form in Indian art. The paper is limited to the twelfth century AD to the eighteenth century AD in Indian art; and the research terms: manifestations and beauty. The second chapter is devoted to the theoretical framework and is divided into two sections: the first deals with aesthetic manifestations as a historical introduction; and the second deals with the form of the divine in the arts of ancient civilizations. It concludes with indicators of the theoretical framework. As for the third chapter, it was restricted to the research procedures and included the research methodology. So, the researcher adopts the descriptive analytical method, the research community, which was defined as (35) models of Indian miniature drawings. The research sample was defined as one model. As regards, the research tool, the researcher relied on the analytical form that she designed which is based on the indicators of the theoretical framework, and the statistical methods. The researcher relied on the Cooper equation to calculate the validity of the administration and the Holsti equation to calculate the stability of the tool and the weighted mean equation to calculate the weighted mean and the percentage equation to calculate the relative weight. The fourth chapter was devoted to the results and conclusions.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the Problem Tree Strategy on developing academic achievement and attitudes in the book ‘science’ among fifth-grade elementary pupils. This study adopts the experimental method using two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was taught using the Problem Tree Strategy, whereas the control group was taught through traditional methods.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher develops an achievement test and an attitude scale toward science, and their validity and reliability were verified using appropriate statistical procedures.
The results reveal statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in favor of the experimental group in both academic achievement and attitudes toward science. These results indicate the effectiveness of the Problem Tree Strategy in improving pupils’ academic performance and fostering a positive attitude toward learning science.Based on these findings, the researcher recommends integrating the Problem Tree Strategy into science teaching, given its role in enhancing scientific thinking and promoting pupils’ motivation and interest in learning.

This study aims to identify the level of emotional regulation difficulties among middle school students and to examine significant differences according to the father’s and mother’s education levels and the family’s economic status. The sample includes fifty students selected randomly. To achieve the objectives, the researcher develops an Emotional Regulation Difficulties Scale based on Gratz and Roemer’s model, consisting of forty-two items across six domains: non-acceptance of emotions, difficulty engaging in goal-directed behaviour, impulse control issues, lack of emotional awareness, limited emotion regulation strategies, and low emotional clarity. The scale’s validity and reliability were confirmed through face and construct validity and the split-half method. Data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation, one-sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results indicate that students experienced a high level of emotional regulation difficulties and that significant differences exist according to the studied variables. Recommendations and suggestions made are based on these findings.

The study group consisted of (65) students, (32) the experimental group and (33) the control group followed the semi-experimental approach and two tools were prepared(the historical concepts test and the historical thinking test) and the apparent truthfulness and truthfulness of the content were checked and the coefficient of difficulty, ease and discriminatory force were calculated , The results found a statistically significant difference at a function level ( 0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group and the average scores of the control group in the pre-and post-tests to test the acquisition of historical concepts of the experimental group who studied the strategy of digital stories and in the light of the results of the study .

The present research aims to reveal the level of persuasion and its relationship to decision-making among professors at the University of Kirkuk, in addition to identifying differences according to the gender variable (male - female). The research sample consists of 200 male and female professors. The researcher prepares a scale consisting of 30 items based on the persuasion scale prepared by Al-Kardi (2014). A 25-item decision-making scale was developed based on the Melhem (2013) and Al-Ghamdi (2012) scales. The face and construct validity of the research tools are verified by presenting them to experts, in addition to calculating their discriminatory power. Reliability is also measured using the test-retest method. Data are statistically processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, in addition to using a number of other statistical methods. The study reaches the following results: 1.University professors have a high level of persuasion. 2.There are no statistically significant differences between males and females on the persuasion scale. 3. University professors are characterized by a high level of decision-making. 4. There is a statistically significant difference in the level of decision-making in favor of males. 5. There is a positive and significant correlation between the level of persuasion and the level of decision-making, which means that the higher the level of persuasion of an individual, the better their level of decision-making.

The present paper aims to know the effect of using the DESMOS mathematical application on geometric thinking among fourth-grade science students in mathematics. The study adopts the experimental method with an experimental design for the experimental group and the control group with a post-test to suit the research. The research sample consists of (50) students from the fourth-grade science students at Gamal Abdel Nasser Lenin Secondary School, distributed into two groups (experimental and control), with (25) students for the experimental group and (25) students for the control group. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopts the research tool, which is the geometric thinking test consisting of 25 objective paragraphs, after ensuring its validity and reliability. After applying the test, collecting data and analyzing it statistically using the SPSS23 program, the study concludes that the students of the experimental group who studied according to the DESMOS mathematical application outperformed the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method in the geometric thinking test. Based on this result, the researcher develops several conclusions, recommendations and proposals. The researcher recommends conducting training courses for mathematics teachers during service on using the application ‘DESMOS’ and how to use it in teaching mathematics.

The study aims to identify educational values among Tikrit University students and to reveal the relationship between these values and positive behaviors.
The present research sample includes (300) male and female students, who are randomly selected using a proportional distribution method. The students are distributed among (8) colleges within Tikrit University according to the variables of gender (male, female) and specialization (scientific, humanities), representing (5%) of the research population.
After statistically analyzing the data related to the present research, the following results are revealed:
1. The present research sample enjoyed a high level of educational values.
2. Females achieved a higher level of educational values than males.
3. The researcher relied on the appropriate statistical methods for the research: the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, and the calculated t-value.
4. There were no statistically significant differences based on the variable of specialization (scientific, humanities(.
5. The university students enjoyed high levels of positive behaviors

The current research aims to identify the effect of Barsley Model on the achievement of fourth-grade literary students in Islamic education. To achieve the research objective, the researchers develop the appropriate hypothesis: There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who study Islamic education and students in the control group who study the same subject in the usual way (the researchers followed the experimental method, and the research sample consists of 54 students from the fourth-grade literary students in the Hawd 6 Intermediate School for Boys affiliated with Kirkuk Al-Hawija Education. The researchers rewarded the two research groups in terms of (chronological age calculated in months and intelligence, previous academic achievement in Islamic education), and the scientific material from Islamic education was determined. The behavioral objectives were also formulated, and then teaching plans were prepared. The results show that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who study Islamic education and students in the control group who study the same subject in the usual way). The experiment provides the researchers with a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions. The researchers have recommended the necessity of using.

The aim of the research was to reveal the effect of the strategy of implementing the timeout in developing historical empathy among fifth-grade literary students in the subject of history. The research community included fifth-grade literary students in middle and secondary schools affiliated with the Salah al-Din Education Directorate, Tikrit Education Department, for the academic year (2023-2-24). The researcher chose (Khalid bin Al-Walid) Intermediate School to implement the research. The total number of the sample was (67), with a total of (33) students representing the experimental group and (34) students representing the control group. The researcher conducted the equivalence process in several variables. The researcher prepared behavioral objectives for the first four chapters of the history book scheduled to be taught to fifth-grade literary students. He also prepared teaching plans for both groups. The researcher also prepared a scale for historical empathy, consisting in its final form of (30) paragraphs. In front of each paragraph, three alternatives were placed, and its validity, stability, and distinction of its paragraphs were verified. After the experiment was completed and the historical empathy scale was applied, The results of the study showed that the use of the time-out strategy in teaching history to the fifth literary grade proved its effect in developing historical empathy among the students of the experimental research group, compared to the traditional method. In light of these results, the researcher developed a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The present study aims to investigate the perceptions of EFL university instructors toward the use of flipped classroom learning as a modern teaching approach supported by technology. The sample of the study consists of 54 university instructors who teach English at the college level during the academic year 2025–2026. A structured questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection in order to explore their attitudes, experiences, and views regarding the implementation of flipped instruction. The data obtained are analyzed to determine the general tendency of instructors toward this approach. The findings indicate that the instructors held positive perceptions of flipped classroom learning, as they view it as an effective method that enhances student engagement, supports self-paced learning, and improves classroom interaction. Based on these results, the study recommends encouraging the adoption of flipped learning in university EFL settings and providing training programs to support instructors in effectively applying this method.