Al-Tuff Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Abstract
This topic reflects the extent to which the State adheres to the principle of legality and ensures that administrative actions remain subject to the rule of law. This study examines the significance of the annulment action as the primary judicial mechanism for challenging unlawful administrative decisions, while providing an in depth analysis of the oversight tools employed by the administrative judge in reviewing the essential elements of such decisions.
The importance of this research becomes evident in light of the challenges faced by the Iraqi administrative judiciary, particularly regarding the effective expansion of judicial review over the discretionary powers of the administration, as well as the occasional lack of clarity in practical applications that link legal provisions with decisive judicial intervention.
The study reaches several key findings, most notably that comparative judicial experiences—especially in France and Egypt—offer advanced models that may contribute to developing a modern national judicial doctrine. In Iraq, however, proportionality review remains weakly applied despite its crucial role in preventing administrative arbitrariness. Moreover, excessive caution against judicial substitution has resulted in limited oversight, even in clear cases of deviation of power or manifest errors of assessment.
The research concludes with a number of practical recommendations, including strengthening the investigative powers of the administrative judge, developing judicial jurisprudence, and amending certain legal provisions to enhance substantive judicial review in a manner that safeguards individual rights and maintains a balanced relationship between public authorities.
Key words; Judicial oversight, annulment lawsuit, principle of legality, discretionary power, administrative judiciary

This study employs Primary Less Squares Analysis (PLS-SEM) to examine the impact of customer knowledge on medical tourism marketing. Methodology: This study investigates how patient satisfaction, facility quality, services, and environmental sustainability influence patient loyalty and satisfaction within the medical tourism sector. The study is based on data from a survey previously conducted with 580 foreign tourists who traveled to Karbala for medical treatment. This data was analyzed using the researcher\'s proprietary Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) platform, Smart PLS 3.0.

Abstract :
The contributions of the novel in shaping social and political consciousness are evident, as well as in expressing, portraying, and declaring it, through its rapid response to political and social changes and their cultural repercussions on individuals and society—especially during periods accompanying or following major crises and transformations associated with wars and human conflicts. Such contexts give rise to novels that address and depict these crises, examine all their dimensions, and illuminate their hidden aspects. The novel thus emerges as an active instrument in forming social and political awareness and in understanding the major transformations linked to wars and conflicts. It reflects and examines the psychological and cultural effects of these crises on individuals and society, exploring the depths of human experiences under the weight of violence, cruelty, and oppression. In this context, madness appears as a central narrative manifestation, permeating the carnivalesque space, where social hierarchies are overturned, positions shift, and identities and values fragment, making the margin an active voice reflecting struggles over power and identity. These dynamics echo Foucault’s perspective on isolation and madness and Bakhtin’s approach to the carnivalesque as a realm of upheaval and social transformation.

Abstract:
The majority of countries make strenuous efforts to prevent the spread of terrorism, or to combat and eradicate it within their territorial boundaries, and sometimes even beyond that, to address counter-terrorism outside their borders in order to avert and anticipate its danger, and in cooperation with countries and organizations. The main goal that states seek to achieve is to maintain their security and stability, protect their citizens, and ensure that they enjoy their rights, which are threatened by the scourge of terrorism. This is a constitutional obligation that states must fulfill, alongside their international obligations, which require them to exert the utmost efforts in combating terrorism.
However, this endeavor requires countries to establish a balance that preserves the equilibrium between counter-terrorism efforts and the fundamental human rights and freedoms, especially those enshrined in the rules of international law and endowed with the status of \\'mandatory norms.\\' Many practices in this regard indicate the occurrence of frequent and varying violations in terms of severity, under the pretext or guise of exceptional circumstances generated by the spread of forms of terrorism in some countries.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using the flipped learning strategy on improving secondary school students’ achievement in Art Education. The study adopted a quasi-experimental approach us-ing a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-testing.
The sample consisted of 40 male and female students who were randomly as-signed to two equivalent groups. The study employed an achievement test in artistic skills, such as drawing, design, art appreci-ation, and artwork analysis, in addition to an attitude scale toward the subject.
The results showed statistically signifi-cant differences in favor of the experi-mental group, indicating the effectiveness of flipped learning in improving students’ achievement and developing their artistic skills.