Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

If continuous scientific research is based on correct foundations stemming from the ability of researchers to accurately define the research problem, this research and work must produce results that society can benefit from in various fields. This can be observed through the scientific progress that the world is going through in various fields. Among those fields is the field of sports, which has begun to expand and occupy a large space in the lives of peoples. This interest has resulted in breaking world records and reaching advanced levels in motor performance. What was not available in skills has become available to all players and in various sports activities. Biomechanics has contributed greatly to the availability of skills and the development of other skills by subjecting them to practical application according to biological and anatomical conditions by applying mechanical laws and foundations to those skills and knowing their effectiveness.
The performance of some important skills that are considered the pillars of some sports activities is always at the forefront of those skills that are subject to study from time to time. The skill of smashing in volleyball is a complex, compound skill that consists of three stages (a single movement). In the approximate run, the player works to give the body a certain amount of movement at the moment of rising. This amount of movement is converted into another direction, which is the vertical. Thus, there is a result of the horizontal and vertical speeds. The skill of the peaceful shot in basketball also requires the same conversion. In addition to those skills, the long jump is the most obvious case, as it is nothing more than a process of converting the horizontal and vertical speed into a resultant speed.

It has become an axiom that sciences develop according to the development of their experimental methods and numerical data, i.e. it can be said that what sciences have achieved, especially sports sciences, depends entirely on what tests and measurements have provided for them. At the same time, we find that interest in psychological skills by researchers in the field of psychology has increased in order to develop and enhance them and employ them to the maximum extent to benefit from them in all areas of life, especially work and study. It has become natural for the psychological specialist to develop programs and procedures to train these skills with the aim of employing them in a way that serves the field of specialization, and thus the person can exploit all his/her own capabilities, whether physical, mental, emotional or motor, to achieve success in the practiced activity. But before that comes the role of specialists in the field of tests and measurement to first determine the amount of these skills the individual possesses and their levels and then work on developing them. It is known that these skills and the need for them are included in every field that an individual may enter, especially female students in the College of Physical Education, as they are in dire need of these skills to harness them in motor learning and advance in level.

The research aims to:
1- Identify the relationship between special physical abilities and the level of performance of the skill of smashing and defending the field in volleyball.
2- Identify the percentage of contribution of special physical abilities to the level of performance of the skill of smashing and defending the field in volleyball.
To verify the objectives of the research, the researchers hypothesized:
1- The existence of a significant correlation between special physical abilities and the level of performance of the skill of smashing and defending the field in volleyball.
2- The existence of a variation in the percentage of contribution of special physical abilities to the level of performance of the skill of smashing and defending the field in volleyball.
The researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of players from Al-Bahri Club and Gas Al-Janoub Club who were candidates to participate in the Premier League matches in volleyball, numbering (24) players. The sample was homogeneous in variables (height, weight, age, training age). The researchers used measurements and tests as tools to achieve the research objectives. Physical and skill tests were conducted during the period 15 and 16/1/2010 AD. To process the results, the researchers used the following statistical methods:
• Arithmetic mean (M).
• Standard deviation (St.D).
• Coefficient of variation (C.V).
• Simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) (R).
• Linear regression.
The researchers reached the following conclusions:
1- There is a close correlation between special physical abilities and the level of performance of the skill of crushing and defending the field in volleyball.
There is a variation in the percentages of contribution of special physical abilities to the level of The performance of the volleyball smash skill, as the highest contribution rate was for the explosive strength characteristic of the arm muscles, which reached (0.62), followed by the explosive strength characteristic of the leg muscles, which reached (0.37), then the speed of motor response (0.35), then the strength characterized by speed of the leg muscles (0.34), and the rest of the characteristics come in descending order to the last characteristic of flexibility (0.24).

Football is the game that sits on the throne of the most popular and widespread games in the world. No matter how hard we try to show the importance and beauty of this game, we cannot reach the correct explanation for the importance and secret of its spread. Therefore, the process of developing this game is accelerating greatly with the acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological development in this era. Training programs have become a large mixture of various human and biological sciences that ultimately seek to raise the level of technology and performance in this game, whether for the physical, skill and tactical aspects, in addition to the psychological aspect, which has begun to take up a large space in the interest of coaches, because the psychological state of the athlete, no matter how much it is controlled, trained and tamed, remains exposed to circumstances and variables that may be a cause of a decline in the level of the athlete or the level of the entire team.

The research seeks to address the problem of jump height among female volleyball players in the College of Physical Education / University of Diyala. The research aims to develop muscle strength in the lower extremities (quadriceps, golf) as well as to increase the jump height among female students, especially those close to the net, as well as to know the differences in the effect of training for fixed and moving muscle contraction on the quadriceps muscle of the front thigh and the use of isometric and isotonic muscle training programs that are appropriate for the training period for volleyball teams. The research hypotheses included that the fixed muscle strength program has a better effect than the moving muscle strength program on jump height in volleyball, and that jump height plays an important role in improving achievement. The research sample included (14) female students from the College of Physical Education at the University of Diyala (7) of whom underwent fixed muscle strength training and the other group underwent moving muscle strength training. The experiment was conducted during the period from 12/15/2005 to 4/1/2006 on the playgrounds of the College of Physical Education at the University of Diyala. The second chapter included theoretical and similar studies. The third chapter included the research methodology and procedures. The fourth chapter included the presentation and discussion of the results. The fifth chapter included the conclusions, which indicated that the sample trained on static muscle work had a greater increase in jump height than the sample trained on moving muscle work. The researcher recommended several recommendations, including not neglecting the development of muscle strength at all stages of training. Also, exercises for static muscle training should be given whenever you get closer to the championship to obtain rapid muscle strength.

Sports training based on correct scientific foundations is one of the factors that work to increase and improve functional indicators, physical and skill capabilities, and thus improve athletic achievement. Sports exercises are nothing but muscle contractions against certain resistances that may be prolonged or shortened in their performance time, and this depends on the goal of training and the characteristic to be developed. One of the training methods associated with fencing is hypoxic training

Hence the importance of research in using an auxiliary means to perform hypoxic training, which consequently works to reduce the amount of inhaled oxygen and knowing this in developing some functional indicators for female fencers.

Hence the problem of research in answering the following question: Does hypoxic training using an auxiliary means work to develop some functional variables for female fencers?
The study was conducted on 14 female fencing players from the College of Physical Education for Girls, during the period from 1/3/2010 to 3/22/2010. The researcher used the experimental method after dividing the sample into two experimental groups and a control group, with 7 players for each group, after achieving homogeneity and equivalence between the two groups. Functional indicators were measured (breath holding, pulse rate, and number of breaths per minute). In light of the exploratory experiment, the researcher prepared hypoxic training, using a breathing aid, and applied it within the training unit for female fencers in the College of Physical Education for Girls in the (preparatory) section at a rate of (20) minutes and (3 units) per week at a rate of (90 minutes) for the training unit over two months. Then, the post-tests were conducted and the results were processed statistically using the SPSS system. The researcher concluded that hypoxic training using an aid has an effective role in developing some functional indicators for female fencers. She recommends paying attention to hypoxic training because of its effective role in developing functional indicators for female fencers.

The study aimed to
1- Identify the nature of the relationship between the time of contraction and expansion of the ventricles and the responses of arterial blood pressure.
2- Identify the nature of the relationship between the time of the cardiac cycle and the time of the heart\'s rest with the responses of arterial blood pressure.
Research procedures:-
1- The research sample included (15) players from the University of Basra football team.
2- The following electrical responses of the heart were studied: ventricular contraction time, ventricular diastole time, cardiac cycle time, heart\'s rest time.
3- The following blood pressure responses were studied: diastolic pressure, systolic pressure, pulse pressure.
4- An electrocardiogram device and a blood pressure measuring device were used.
5- Pearson\'s correlation was used to analyze the results through the statistical program SPSS.

Study results: - Among them:
1- A correlation was found between the time of ventricular contraction and systolic blood pressure as a state of functional adaptation among the research sample members.
2- A correlation was found between the time of ventricular expansion and diastolic blood pressure, which explains the state of functional harmony of the circulatory system.
3- A correlation was found between the time of ventricular contraction and diastolic blood pressure, but it did not rise to the level of significance. The emergence of a positive level in the time of heart rest and cardiac cycle in the research sample is better than it is in normal levels.
4- A significant correlation was found between heart rest time and both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure among the research sample members, which indicates adaptation in the circulatory and heart systems.

Table tennis is one of the most important popular games practiced at the individual level for all segments of society to achieve high achievement and high levels in various sports activities. Achievement in it is largely related to mental, physical, motor and skill processes. Most opinions indicate that the player's possession of these variables will make him in the best form of achievement. These aspects are important in the game, and can be considered the main indicator of the players' accuracy. The backhand strike is considered one of the most important skills that determine the players' ability to achieve, given that it requires the formation of many variables that come together to achieve the accuracy indicator and thus the achievement. These variables also play a major role by directing the central nervous system to control the performance associated with motor accuracy. Mechanical variables (kinematics and kinetics) can be considered as the most important aspects controlling performance, as kinematic variables play a role in determining the accuracy of the hit during defensive and offensive play, and thus, together with physical and kinetic variables, they form an indispensable triangle for a good player. From the above, the importance of the research lies in covering important aspects in the game of table tennis represented by kinematic, kinetic and physical variables and showing the extent of their contribution to kinetic accuracy. This study also works to provide players and coaches with data on the skill, kinetic and physical aspects of the skill studied.

The study aims to identify the most important features of the emotional response that affect the level of motor performance of some motor skills in rhythmic gymnastics. The emotional response is one of the important psychological factors that must be studied by researchers continuously to know the extent of its impact on the performance of players. It is a reflexive reaction that may be positive or negative depending on the type and intensity of the stimulus.
The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences in the level of emotional response and its impact on the level of motor performance in rhythmic gymnastics.
The research was conducted in the College of Physical Education - Al-Mustansiriya University on a sample of (24) female students and was conducted for the period from 10/11/2009 to 25/2/2010. The study concluded that there are significant differences between emotional response and motor performance in the following traits (insistence - stress control - confidence - self-control - and personal responsibility). It also concluded that there are no significant differences between emotional response and motor performance in the following traits (desire - and sensitivity). Accordingly, the researcher recommended emphasizing the development of psychological traits, especially emotional response for athletes, due to its great importance in motor performance and athletic achievement.

Study objectives:-
1- Identify the relationship between sensory-motor perception and the number of failed attempts in achieving the long jump.
2- Identify the relationship between sensory-motor perception and the achievement of the long jump.
Research procedures:-
1- The research sample is from the first-stage students / College of Physical Education - University of Basra
2- Sensory-motor perception and achievement of the long jump and the number of failed attempts during the performance were studied
3- The experiment was conducted in the playgrounds of the College of Physical Education - University of Basra
4- The statistical program SPSS was used to analyze the data and extract the results
Conclusions
1- There is a correlation between sensory-motor perception and achievement of the long jump among the members of the research sample
which indicates the effect of sensory-motor perception on improving sports achievement.
2- There is a significant correlation between sensory-motor perception and the number of failed attempts in completing the long jump for the research sample individuals. Thus, sensory-motor perception contributes to reducing the number of failed attempts.

Football training depends on comprehensive and integrated preparation for all elements of football (physical - technical - skill - tactical - mental) and then the reflection of this preparation on the moral and psychological state of the team and the player. Therefore, you see that the national teams, teams and advanced clubs in all the world, according to their infrastructure and technology, are almost similar in their use of training methods in the physical and skill aspects. They differ somewhat in their playing styles and methods, so we see that in every Olympic game or World Cup tournaments, a new style or innovative playing method emerges through which the team can achieve the required and satisfactory achievement. The development of game plans imposed real obligations on coaches and specialists in the field of football training to search for everything that would overcome the ideas and plans of the opposing team. Therefore, we see that coaches have become competing in proposing new plans and implementing them in the field in matches and on scientific foundations and sufficient preparation during the training unit, relying on the skill, physical and mental level of the players. This is what researchers followed in the first division clubs league in Basra Governorate. The success of plans in football is the prior tactical preparation and giving it sufficient time in training units and not neglecting the development of performance and its speed at the individual and group levels as well as the team level later. Hence, the importance of the research lies in comparing the speed of performance between Basra clubs in the first division league according to the offensive tactical sentences in football.

The research aims to:

1- Identify the differences in successful and failed attempts for high and fast attacks for the front positions (2, 3, 4).

2- Identify the differences in successful and failed attempts for offensive, front and back components.
The researcher used the descriptive approach for some teams participating in the 2007-2008 World Cup in Tokyo. The teams are (Japan - Brazil - Russia - America - Tunisia). They were chosen intentionally out of (12). Two matches were analyzed for each team. The researcher reached the following conclusions:

1- No statistically significant differences appeared in the number of successful and failed attempts for (high and fast) movements in the front positions (2, 3, 4).

2- The emergence of statistically significant differences between the successful and failed attempts for the rear and front attack from positions (1).

The most important recommendations of the research:
1- The necessity of diversifying the offensive movements in a manner that suits the capabilities of the teams.
2- Training on attacking methods based on short performance time.

The study aimed to identify the relationship between the starting angle from the cubes (the starting support) and the time of leaving for 100m runners, as well as to identify the relationship between the starting angle from the cubes (the starting support) and the average speed of the first stage (speed increase) and to identify the relationship between the time of leaving and the average speed of the first stage (speed increase), where the researcher used the descriptive method on a sample that was deliberately selected from the runners of the Basra national team for the 2009 sports season, numbering (5) runners. After processing the data statistically, the researcher concluded the following:
- There is a significant correlation (direct) between the starting angle and the time of leaving the cubes in the 100m running event.
- There is a significant correlation (direct) between the starting angle and the average speed in the 100m running event.

Handball is one of the team games that is characterized by many abilities, including physical, skill, tactical, mental, and others, and these abilities play an effective and major role in advancing and achieving achievement on the individual or team level for players.
There is no doubt that the tactical preparation aims to enable the athlete to acquire information, knowledge and tactical abilities and master them to the extent that enables him to act well in various multiple and changing situations during matches. The organizational procedures taken for the tactical preparation that depends on skill preparation and physical preparation are nothing but specific motor duties in a specific situation that depend on thinking and above all on analyzing the requirements of the competition that include the main duties branching out in the goal of the plan that the athlete or team must reach. To keep pace with the development in this game and its connection to progress and scientific theories related to the sports field in general and handball in particular, coaches and experts have created modern scientific methods to raise the level of the game by following the basic training rule without looking at the discouraging levels that do not reach the level of ambition during competitions. Therefore, experts, researchers and coaches decided to move towards modern trends in sports training that include a training pattern that includes what supports the educational and training methods followed, including mental training, which is considered (one of the strategies of sports training technology that has received the attention of specialists in this field, due to its positive and effective role in developing the level of performance Especially after mental and psychological skills became important in improving the level of performance)

What we notice today of qualitative leaps in the level of achievement did not come by chance, but came from intensive studies and research in which these researchers used all the techniques and devices that had a major role in measuring, evaluating and diagnosing all cases through which the level can be raised by also benefiting from applied sciences such as medicine, physics, physiology, biochemistry... etc. of sciences in order to observe all the immediate and cumulative responses that the athlete is exposed to and how to work on bearing the physical burdens given to him during training units and thus preserving his internal systems and adapting them to these burdens and gradually raising them.
Hence, it is necessary to clearly point out one of these technologies, which is the treadmill, which has now become one of the devices that is directly involved in many studies and research to evaluate the level of physical efficiency and the extent to which functional devices accept loads. It can also be used to determine the intensity of the physical load given by the training staff in a manner that is consistent with the individual capabilities of the players.