Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences

Today, as a result of the tremendous technological progress and complexity in the machinery and equipment industry, it has become difficult to determine the appropriate distribution of failure times of machines and equipment based on standard distributions, that is, modeling failure times using new probability distributions is necessary. This, in turn, leads to reaching sound scientific and practical decisions, especially in the matter of maintenance and replacement of machinery and equipment in order to reduce costs and maintain the production process without causing losses.

Agricultural experiments play a major role for workers in the agricultural field in terms of experimentation and analysis in order to reach the most important factors affecting plant productivity and agriculture, and play a fundamental role in the economic sector. However, some countries suffer from a shortage of these crops due to the exposure of some cultivated areas to a range of environmental factors such as drought and salinity, which reached about 33% of the cultivated land, as these environmental phenomena affect the various stages of plant growth and development and its various physiological functions with their physical and chemical properties. In recent years, the harmful effects of saline environments in weak lands have been overcome by some means, such as the use of chemical growth regulators by soaking the seeds before planting or spraying plants. The study aimed to find out the effect of green tea extract on cucumber production by planting cucumber seeds in four different time periods (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours) in different salt concentrations (0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 dsm / m) and in three different concentrations (0.1, 0.01, 0.001) from green tea solution before germination. The experiment was conducted according to a split-plots design (4 *4*3* 3), after implementing the Normal Distribution test for the data, and then implementing the Variance Analysis and calculate the effects of the factors. The results of the study showed that green tea extract had a significant effect on the length of the Vegetative total. The best level was the first level (0.1), We note that Factor (B), the time factor, which is the duration of plant infusion in green tea, has a significant effect on response rates, and the best duration gave a response is the (12) hours period, and Factor (C), which is the salt concentration ratios in the plant, has a significant effect on the response rates. The best response level is the second concentration (1.5), and the interaction between them was significant and influencing to the plant. Also, the double and the triple interactions are significant and not independent in their effect on the response rates represented by the length of the Vegetative total.

The study of binary dependent variables is considered one of the important processes because of increasing phenomena that are described by this process. Therefore, the Binary Response model is considered one of the important methods that represent this type of phenomena. Also, the process of choosing independent variables, which affect the Binary Independent variables is considered very necessary. The study included the use of two approaches, the first is the experimental approach (simulation), and the second is the practical application to those infected with the Corona epidemic. Three methods were used to choose the best binary Response model, which are the forward method, backward method and the proposed method (factor analysis method) with testing the quality of the model fit after applying each method, by using the Deviation (D) test and Hossmer-Lemshow (H&L) test. The comparison of the final results based on three criteria; Maximum Likelihood Ratio (MLR), Akiake information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC). The final results show that the factors resulted from the proposed method (Factor Analysis) have an ability to decrease the MLR better than any group of variables chosen by other methods. Consequently, AIC and BIC criteria, which are based on MLR gave preferences for the factors that resulted from the proposed method (Factor Analysis) better than the other two methods (forward and backward). The results also showed that the greater the number of independent variables that have a significant effect on the model, the more the factors gave better results according to the criteria used. The results showed that the two independent variables, age of the patient and smoking, have the most impact on the lives of those infected with the Corona epidemic.

Using nonparametric smoothing models is more effective for the data than the models that depend on the prior functional formula of the data, and the most important of these models are the Exponential Smoothing models. The most important models used in exponential smoothing will be discussed, including Holt-Winter's Models (HWM) and based on some criteria, the best suitable model will be chosen for forecasting. Also, Box & Jenkins model will be used in the analysis of the time series to find the best prediction model. The importance of research comes from the problem of the spread of the epidemic (covid-19) all over the world, as well as in our country, Iraq, which led to almost a complete halt to all life facilities. The aim of the research was to use the methods mentioned in the case of forecasting time series and to choose the most appropriate model for predicting the number of infections of the COVID-19 epidemic in Iraq. The sample included the number of infections of the daily epidemic in Iraq for the period (1/6/2020 to 1/6/2021). The results showed that the Multiplicative Seasonality Model is appropriate according to the criteria of the Holt-Winter's Model (HWM), and the appropriate model according to the method of using the Box & Jenkins model is ARIMA(2,1,3). These models predicted the number of upcoming infections in a subsequent month period (30 days).

The vast majority of countries are experiencing economic and health crises due to the current pandemic of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In order to study any phenomenon, it is necessary to model the variables that we believe are influential in this phenomenon, and at the forefront of these models are the so-called the Regression Models. These models explore the relationship between the explanatory variables and the response variable. As the parametric methods assume that the sample comes from a specific population with a known family of distributions, the assumed parametric distribution is often not necessarily the actual distribution of the data to be solved, as the wrong assumption of the parametric distribution of the given data may lead the statistical methods used to incorrect conclusions and inconsistent estimates. Misusing of the parametric distribution for the given data may lead to incorrect conclusions and inconsistent estimation. Parametric methods are often inappropriate for data that is small or has no known distribution, while the nonparametric methods, which are a wide array of flexible models, can be less stringent and less descriptive, that is, they give general description for the relationship, which made it desirable tool for researchers. The objective of the study is to analyze the number of cases of (COVID-19) in Iraq using nonparametric models, such as Polynomial Regression, Spline Regression, and Generalized Additive Models GAM. These models will be compared using the comparison criterion Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for choosing the best model to forecast the number of COVID-19 infections in Iraq.

This research aims to study the adequacy of foreign reserves maintained by the Central Bank of Iraq through five important criteria: (Standard foreign reserves to money supply (M2), foreign reserves to monthly imports, foreign reserves to balance of payments deficit (surplus), foreign reserves to total external debt, foreign reserves to total foreign investments) and comparing them with the standard ratios approved by the International Monetary Fund, as well as testing its ability to meet the State\'s financial obligations. To achieve the objectives of the research, the Central Bank of Iraq was used as case study approach with quarterly values for the period from (2016) until the third quarter of the year (2021), as well as defining one main hypothesis that “the Central Bank of Iraq owns foreign reserves that help it meet the financial obligations of the State”. The research reached a set of results; the most important of which is that the Central Bank of Iraq achieved clear adequacy in facing the financial obligations of the State, through achieving studied indicators values that are significantly higher than the approved standard ratios.

The importance of the law existence and its necessity in regulating social relations between individuals cannot be denied, as practical reality imposes its legislation and instructions that contribute to facilitate coping with this reality. Hence, the legal foundations for the establishment of a fully-fledged state are no more than necessary elements for the establishment and sustainability of the state, and to achieve the goals for which this state was found. The existence of the constitution as one of the components of the state building, as a codified charter, does not mean that the government’s policy in that country that has this constitution is a constructive constitutional policy, as most of the ruling dictatorships consider the importance of writing the constitution, with explicit references to avoiding racism and freedom of expression in its folds, but the reality is different; The constitution may include texts that accord with the interests of this authority, or that it belittles its practices and violations in front of people. And if we look closely at the emergence of the Iraqi state, we will find it originating with authentic roots and an ancient civilization drawn by the Sharia of Hamo Rabbi and illuminated by the radiance of Islam and in laying the correct foundations for enacting laws and achieving justice among individuals for what the Islamic Sharia contains extremely precise divine texts translated by the Sunnah of the Messenger Mohammed and Al-Elbait, upon them be the best of prayer and complete submission. So, men of law, judiciary, Iraqi clans and clerics had their impact in building the Iraqi state, inspired by the glories of their civilization and their Eternal Islamic law. But this way of state establishment did not come out of nowhere and was not easily accessible, rather, it went through several temporal difficulties, represented by the invasion of Baghdad by Hulagu, followed by the Ottoman occupation and then British occupation, and what each of them caused of conflicts and armed conflicts that burdened Iraq and the Iraqis as they sought to build an independent country governed by the Iraqis themselves away from influence and subordination, and the legal elites were at the forefront in all eras from previous eras, and seeking to find laws that establish the advancement of the Iraqi state and safeguard the rights of its citizens while it is under pressure from the occupation and the tyrants. The legal elites played their role in forming the Iraqi state by enacting the first Iraqi constitution (Basic Law) which was approved in 1925 as the first constitution for Iraq as well as preparing the election laws democratically, which illustrates their constructive role in establishing the Iraqi State during the period of the British Mandate.

The aim of this research is to identify how to shift from traditional leadership to transformational leadership in business organizations by identifying the nature of transformational leadership behaviors and its role in presenting a modern leadership model that focuses on practices that excite and motivate individuals and transform their relationship with leaders through the process of persuasion rather than authoritarianism towards subordinates. It also aims at clarifying the importance of sustainable creativity for modern organizations and its role in achieving the success of the organization. The practical application of the research was carried out at the University of Information and Communication Technology in Baghdad to verify the existence of relationship between the dimensions of transformational leadership and sustainable creativity in the organization in question. A questionnaire was distributed to a sample consisting of (50) of the advanced, middle and lower leadership cadre, and statistical analysis is conducted using (SPSS v25) program on the collected data, where it was found that there is a significant correlation relationship between transformational leadership dimensions (ideal influence, intellectual stimulation, consideration of individuality, inspirational motivation), and sustainable creativity in the organization under study, as well as a positive and moral impact of transformational leadership on sustainable innovation. The research recommends a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of training the leaders for the purpose of transforming them to the characteristics and skills of transformational leaders that are consistent with the emerging changes in today's world and the most important of which is encouraging organizations to achieve sustainable creativity.

Mental capabilities are considered one of the contemporary strategic and behavioral topics that are of great importance to private university professors in achieving creativity and excellence in light of the complexity of competition conditions by public universities, which pushes them towards achieving sustainability and ensuring workflow. Such achievement requires increasing attention to skills and capabilities, especially among the senior leadership of the university, as it is the authority responsible for defining the strategic vision in managing its resources in all its forms (human, financial, technical, informatics, etc.) in order to achieve organizational excellence compared to other competing universities. Hence, the researcher went into wading to understand the implications of the mental, intellectual and cognitive abilities of professors, especially those who have a practice in this field of cumulative knowledge confined to years of experience in Iraqi universities before retirement, and employing them properly in private colleges. The research problem was formulated by raising questions revolving around determining the contents of these capabilities and their reflection in achieving organizational excellence and creativity, especially as they are approaching the stage of the national classification of Iraqi universities, which will place them at a high rating in the ranks of universities. The research came to shed light on the urgent need for such topics, and in order to achieve the objectives of the research, the proposed hypothesis scheme was developed in light of a group of intellectual proposals to find solutions to this problem that universities suffer from.

Strategic foresight and understanding its impact in achieving a renewable strategy that provides organizations with an opportunity to sustain competitive advantage and understand the impact of talent management in promoting it, that is one of the contemporary topics of interest in strategic management. The research has two main objectives, the first is to measure the levels of application of research variables that include strategic foresight as an independent variable through three dimensions (environmental scanning capability, strategic choice capability and strategic integration capability), and strategic renewal as dependent variable through four mechanisms of renewal (revival, adventure and Rejuvenation, restructuring), and talent management through six dimensions (identifying talent, attracting talent, developing talent, activating the performance of talent, retaining talent, evaluation and modeling) as the mediating variable between the independent variable and the dependent variable. And the second main objective is determining the mediation role of talent management in strengthening the impact of strategic foresight on the mechanisms of strategic renewal. The Central Bank of Iraq was chosen as the researched organization and a research model was presented that includes four basic hypotheses for the influence between the independent and dependent variable and the role of the mediating variable, and the research adopted the descriptive analytical approach as an input to describe the research data, interpret the relationships between them, and absorb the potential field results, resulting from the relationships between the different research variables. The questionnaire was used as the main research tool, and direct personal interviews as a supporting tool, as well as the use of some related research published in the journal of the organization in question to enhance the research results. The research data were analyzed through a group of computer programs, the most important of which are (SPSS AMOS) and the Seven-Likert Scale to determine the levels of application of the research variables and determine the gap, to measure the validity of building research measures, and to analyze the influence relationships between them. The results of the research showed the presence of high levels of application of the three research variables with gaps for knowledge and application reasons, and proving the existence of a positive effect of the independent variable (strategic foresight) on the dependent variable (strategic renewal mechanisms) mediated by (talent management), and the validity of the model presented within The organization under study, and the research concluded the necessity of introducing strategic foresight approaches into current strategies to ensure the process of their continuous renewal. The importance of activating evaluation, review and continuous modeling in the process of talent management and field ripening for renewal mechanisms. Intellectual and practical recommendations were provided that support the sustainability of the high levels of application of the variables investigated, overcome the gaps in application, and strengthen the positive influences to choose the best strategic renewal mechanisms to sustain the success of the researched organization.

In this paper, the problem of the quality characteristic variable asymmetry was addressed by setting non-violable and insensitive control limits for not meeting the normal distribution condition, and using them as an alternative to shewhart^,s charts for quality control in the event that the data cannot follow a normal distribution, represented by the weighted variance (WV) method and the weighted standard deviation (WSD) method. Monitoring the quality of drinking water in Iraq by taking (120) observations for the free chlorine variable, and depending on the Average Run Length (ARL), it was found that the control charts for the arithmetic mean and the range of the Weighted Variance (WV) method give the best comparative performance in control charts for the mean and range the method of calculation and the Weighted Standard Deviation (WSD) method, by obtaining the largest values of the Averages Run Length (ARL).

The aim of the research is to identify the strategic leadership skills and their role in achieving organizational effectiveness in the research community. The descriptive analytical method was used and the research community consists of a sample of department managers, division and unit officials in the Presidency Department of Al-Mustansiriya University in Baghdad, and the number of sample members (47) were chosen randomly. Forms of a Questionnaire were distributed for all the participants and (4) forms were excluded for their invalidity; thus (43) forms were accredited for this research. The research questionnaire was based on previous studies related to the topic of the research. A comprehensive survey of the research sample was used, and by using statistical methods, the researcher found a correlation and impact between strategic leadership skills and organizational effectiveness. The research concluded that strategic leadership skills are among the important factors in achieving organizational effectiveness.

Educational institutions are considered among the important and necessary services provided by the state to its residents, and the balanced distribution of those services is considered as indicator towards ensuring equal educational opportunities. Baghdad Governorate were selected according to seven basic criteria that are based on the opinions of a group of experts and specialists and translated into digital form using what is known as the Saaty scale, to derive the relative priority vector to rank the criteria according to importance. The results were as follows: “The population’s actual need for schools (46.6%), nearness of the school to the main street (15.9%), nearness of the school to health centers (15.0%), the standard ratio of the number of students in each school (5.5%), the standard ratio of the number of teachers in each school (4.10%), the standard ratio of the number of teachers to the number of students (8.8%), the standard ratio of the number of students in each class (4.2%), and then transfer the data to Raster within the GIS program and the weights of the standards were entered to measure their impact on schools and classify them into four levels (extreme importance, great importance, important, less important), as the percentage of schools in each category respectively reached (26%, 16%, 6%, 2%) respectively, noting that the degree of importance represents the need to build new schools. The study recommends the need to fill the deficit experienced by the educational services provided within the study area by adopting the results that have been reached by building new schools, taking into account the selection of their sites as the basic criteria.

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of banks’ use of the CAMELS model for the research sample on banking governance to assess the performance of banks. 6 equations that form the strength of the basic CAMELS model were used on the data of the financial statements of the Bank of Baghdad. Two questionnaires for the bank were prepared through direct questions related to the CAMELS model and its impact on Banking governance in terms of evaluating banking performance. Statistical measures were used to prove the existence of a correlation between the use of the model and banking governance, and thus prove or deny the research hypothesis. The most important conclusions of the research: (there is a positive, medium-strength direct correlation between the use of the CAMELS model and banking governance to evaluate performance), and based on these conclusions, a set of recommendations were reached, the most important of which is: (the need for banks to use more than one method for evaluating performance in the fluctuations that affect the financial and banking environment in Iraq).

Foreigners did not enjoy the legal status in the old societies where they were deprived of any right, but the legal status of the foreigners witnessed a great development in the modern era due to increased movement of foreigners between countries, the expansion of international trade activity, and the mix of civilizations. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, declared a number of rights, including that everyone has the right to freedom of movement, freedom of thought, freedom of belief, freedom of opinion and equality before the law. In 1985, the Declaration of Human Rights addressed the case of individuals who are not citizens of the state in which they live. The Iraqi legislator organized the issue of the presence of foreigners in Iraq starting from their entry, stay until their exit from the country and issued Law No. 76 of 2017 currently in force. The provisions of this law shall include the provisions relating to the entry of foreigners and the conditions they must abide by at entry.

The research aims to measure the impact of digital marketing practices on marketing performance, and determine which of them will be of greatest importance to Asiacell Communications Company. The research problem centered around the existence of a weakness of one of the modern digital marketing elements, especially absorption and retention, which contribute to enhancing marketing performance. The questionnaire was distributed to an intentional sample of (57) managers and officials in the researched company. The reality of the research variables was analyzed and diagnosed based on the ready-made statistical program (SPSS) and the use of the (EXCEL) program, and personal interviews were also conducted with (5) directors and officials in the company. The research concluded that there is a correlation between the dimensions of digital marketing and marketing performance, with the exception of the dimensions of absorption and retention, and giving priority to attention to dimensions of attraction, learning and communication, which recommends the need to increase the focus of the researched company on attraction, learning and communication, in particular the dimensions of absorption and retention and giving them priority through the adoption of the discount system, and free offers for communication lines.

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of accounting disclosure about sustainable development on the quality of financial reports, represented by accounting disclosure about economic development, environmental development, and social development in a sample of banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange Market. The dimensions of the accounting disclosure about sustainable development were measured, as well as the financial reports of the banks for the period 2016-2018. In preparing the form of the questionnaire, the researchers relied mainly on the indicators issued by (GRI), especially the indicator (G4). (70) forms were distributed to a sample of bank workers in the research sample, while the quality of financial reports was measured by the quality of accounting profits as an alternative variable for the quality of financial reports. The researcher considered the quality of the benefits that were measured through the modified (Jones 1991) model in determining the accounting profits, and the impact of the variables was shown through the use of statistical models and the simple and multiple linear regression model. After testing the research hypotheses, a set of conclusions were reached, the most important of which was that the accounting disclosure of the fundamental risks, whether economic, environmental, or social expected, that banks may be exposed to in their financial reports, which leads to making rational decisions. The research presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which are setting appropriate accounting standards for accounting disclosure via the Internet, given that the information contained in the financial reports via the Internet does not meet the needs of stakeholders and does not meet the required quality standards.

COVID-19 virus is a disease that has spread around the world recently. Early diagnosis of the disease leads us to the opportunity to treat patients faster to reduce its spread in the community. The CT scan image is one of the routines used to diagnose the COVID-19 diseases in an efficient manner and in a faster time. Fractal Dimension which mean (fragmented or irregular) used in wide range of image processing and analysis applications to get the self- similarity of images. To classify textures, combine images, segment and compress images and to generate incredibly complex and good-looking images, the Fractal Dimension method is used. Moreover, Euler method uses features to explain the structural property caused by noise in binary images. It also describes the topological features and analyze the texture of images. In this paper, a method is proposed to obtain the features of CT scan images for COVID-19 by using a hybrid technique called Fractal Dimension Euler (FDE), which merges the two methods of image processing (Fractal Dimension method and Euler Number Method). The two algorithms aim to segment the CT-scan images for the chest to distinguish between the affected and uninfected area of the chest to detect the COVID-19. The results of the proposed approach were very useful in comparison with another approach, the FD method was applied to CT scan images for COVID- 19 using a method called box counting. After that, the Euler method was used to distinguish between foreground and background by using a threshold value. The best threshold value was (255) which achieved the finest result.

Self-sensing concrete is an intelligent application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes and new concrete structures, which can feel the damage, stress and strain in the body of concrete. It has been widely used because of its possibility of getting efficient cost solution for controlling the structural sustainability of concrete structures, which indicate, that it is very impressive during the design life of the facilities. This review contains universal behavior and global information about different conditions of loading for self-sensing concrete. Also, the definitions and applications of intrinsic and non-intrinsic self-sensing concretes are mentioned. Moreover, a major confirmation is stated on the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes and new concrete structures. The characteristics of self-sensing concrete provide an ability to reveal small cracks before they begin to become significant. During unchanging compression, firstly, the values of electrical resistivity decrease through an increase in load, subsequently become stable and then increased suddenly. While, during impact loading, the electrical resistivity decreases suddenly, but it regresses then to 0 after loading. However under tensile stress, the electrical resistivity increases as the tensile stress increases. Nevertheless, since the flexural is a component of compression and tension, the comparison between sensitivity for compression part is much smaller than in tension part.