Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

The current research goal is to:
1- Building a proposed program according to cognitive discipleship in developing functional reading skills for fourth literary grade students.
2- The effectiveness of the proposed program based on cognitive apprenticeship in developing functional reading skills for fourth-grade literary students.

To achieve the two research objectives; The researcher followed the procedures of the descriptive approach, and the procedures of the experimental method, as the researcher prepared a proposed program that included educational objectives and educational content in light of the reading course texts, teaching methods, appropriate strategies, accompanying activities, teaching aids, and assessment methods. It consisted of a guide for the teacher and a book for the student. The researcher verified its validity by presenting it to a group of arbitrators.
In order to identify the effectiveness of the proposed program in developing functional reading skills, the researcher adopted a partial tuning experimental design, which is the design of a control group that is not randomly selected, with a pre-and post-test.
The researcher randomly chose the middle school of July 14 of the General Directorate of Wasit Education / the governorate center, and in the same way he chose Division (A); To represent the experimental group whose students will study reading according to the proposed program, at the rate of (30) students, and the division (B) to represent the control group whose students will study reading according to the traditional program, at the rate of (31) students, so the research sample amounted to (61) students.
The researcher rewarded the students of the two research groups with statistical equivalence in the variables: chronological age, Arabic language subject grades for the previous academic year, language ability test, intelligence test, and functional reading test. As for the research tool, the researcher prepared a test that measures functional reading skills, which included (10 ) Skills measured in multiple and varied items, and the researcher verified its validity and stability and extracted the discriminatory forces and the coefficients of difficulty. Then the test was applied before and after to the students of the research sample.
The researcher taught the two research groups himself during the trial period, which lasted an entire semester, for the academic year 2021-2022 AD.
To treat the data statistically, the researcher used the t-test for two independent samples, the chi-square, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the difficulty coefficient equation, the discrimination power equation, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equation, and the t-test for two correlated samples. The experimental group that studied according to the proposed program outperformed the students of the control group who studied the same subject according to the usual method. In light of the research results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

This research aims to build a proposed strategy based on the text
The researcher built the proposed teaching strategy according to textual standards, then carried out the experiment, determined the subject matter to be taught during the experiment period, and formulated the behavioral objectives of the topics to be taught. The experiment was applied in the first semester of the academic year 2020-2021, and at the end of the experiment, the researcher applied the post-test of creative reading skills to the students of the two research groups. After analyzing the data statistically, the researcher reached the following results:
The proposed text-based strategy is effective
In the light of the results, the researcher reached several conclusions, including: The possibility of teaching with suggested strategies according to the text, after it is an intellectual science and an integrated system that has its foundations, principles, standards and practices in our schools and in light of the available capabilities.
Accordingly, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations, including: the adoption of the Arabic language teachers and its proposed strategic schools, and knowledge of their foundations to benefit from them in teaching the subject of reading.
To complete this research, the researcher suggested a number of proposals, including: Defining the effectiveness of the text-based strategy in developing reading comprehension skills.

The research aims to Identify Kindergarten graduates’ worldview, and the research sample consisted of (200) female graduates, with (142) female graduates from the University of Baghdad and (58) female graduates from the Iraqi University. The scale consisted of five alternatives and five weights were placed for it. The results showed that The graduates of the kindergarten department do not have a worldview,And there is also a statistically significant difference between the two arithmetic averages of the graduates of the kindergarten department on the scale of worldview from the side of the self only, and there is also a statistically significant difference in favor of the hypothetical arithmetic average according to the second side of the surroundings

Research Summary The issue of fetal abortion is one of the contemporary issues, and the issue of abortion is one of the bioethics issues that have emerged from scientific progress in the field of medicine and biology. People, and because of the importance of the topic and its connection to multiple disciplines, including medicine, I decided to define this topic, and explain its types, causes, defects, methods, and reasons for resorting to it, and the relationship of the topic to science and philosophy, especially its ethical and applied aspect. People are always subject to renewal and change al'iijhadi.
Abortion must be carried out by safe methods if the mother is compelled to do so. Because pregnancy poses risks to her health, or the child may be born deformed, and these deformities hinder him from doing the simplest matters of his life, it must be aborted. And then abortions. Abortion actually puts an end to a person’s life. Therefore, it should not take place without taking into serious consideration the risks involved. A solution must be found to this problem that our contemporary society suffers from, and I will talk about it in This article is about abortion

The aim of the research is to know the effect of the strategies of reading comprehension of among students of the fifth graders scientific, to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher followed the experimental approach to suit their research conditions and selected a sample of (63) students divided into two groups, (36) students in experimental group and, (33) students in control group.
The research students the reading for the two scups, After the experiment prccedures ending, the researcher applied comprehension (30) of the biects tests . After applying the test on the research sample and analyzing the results statistically,. The results should the superiority of the experimental group students over the control group. a number of recommendations and proposals have been developed

The research aims to know the effect of teaching sociology with the differentiated education strategy on the pivotal thinking of fourth-grade literary students, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researchers put the following hypothesis:-
. There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average of the experimental group students who study sociology with the differentiated education strategy and the average of the control group students who study the same subject in the degrees of pivotal thinking.
The General Directorate of Salah al-Din Education / Dujail Education Department has been tested and (Ibrahimiya) school was intentionally chosen to implement the research. Division (A) was chosen by random assignment to be the experimental group who study with the differentiated education strategy, numbering (30) students, and Division (B) to be the group The control group, who study in the traditional way, numbered (30) students, and the subject included sociology, the first three chapters of the first semester of the year 2021/2022, and the result was statistically processed using the T-test for two independent samples, where the research result showed:
 The students of the experimental group who study sociology with the differentiated learning strategy outperformed the students of the control group who study the same material in the traditional way in the pivotal thinking test

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of Painting therapy in developing psychological well-being among primary school pupils. To achieve this, the (Ammar 2020) scale was adopted, consisting of (12) items divided into three areas: (positive relationships with the family, positive relationships with peers, and positive resilience). The scale was presented to a group of experts specialized in psychological counseling, measurement and assessment, and its psychometric properties (reliability and validity) were extracted. The counseling program was built according to the Painting therapy and extracted its validity by presenting it to a group of experts in psychological counseling. It was applied to the experimental group of (10) development and to the control group of (10) pupils without being subjected to the Painting therapy. Mann, T-Wolcoxen and Malik Jogian's equation were used as statistical means. The results showed the effectiveness of the Painting therapy in developing psychological well-being and for the benefit of the experimental group

The current research aimed to reveal the level of Grit among secondary school students, and whether it differs according to gender (males, females) or the different educational stage. The study sample consisted of (400) high school students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the Grit-S scale (Duckworth, 2009), which enjoyed honesty and stability. The results showed that secondary school students are grit, and it was found that there were no statistically significant differences between males and females, while the results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the levels of secondary education and in favor of the advanced stages, specifically (the Grit appeared among the students of the fifth preparatory stage at the level of higher than the rest of the stages). According to these achieved results, the researcher recommended some recommendations and suggestions.

Efforts to study the repercussions and social cost of the occupation of Mosul were incidental or secondary efforts compared to the efforts to study those conflicts and conflicts and their manifold and manifold themes. Most studies and research were preoccupied with the search for the causes and motives for the outbreak of that war. And its political, military, and international consequences, but we can hardly see a few in its study - the war against ISIS - in terms of the extent of the losses and effects it causes on the lives of citizens and subjects within society - its social cost - the military cost of crises and wars is often foreseeable and calculable. Its social cost is unforeseen. The importance of this study lies in what one cannot talk about the events experienced by the Iraqi society after the year 2014 And the horrific events that happened in it - beginning with the occupation of the city of Mosul - and what happened to the Iraqis and their extreme human suffering without evoking the images of death, violence, destruction, and the threats left by the terrorist gangs of ISIS that brought the country to its level of confusion, crises, and divisions, And cracks in addition to the state of weakness and weakness that ISIS exploited, to advance and rush in its attacks to seize more areas after its occupation of the province of Mosul and use it as a base and base for declaring its so-called state, and then expanded towards occupying other areas of Iraq until it reached what it seized about a third of the Iraqi territory, And the devastation that followed

The research aims to develop a proposed vision for the role of the Arabic language teacher in instilling cultural principles among middle school students. Through their negative behavior and behavioral manifestations, as the teacher is one of the most prominent educational tools in instilling cultural principles among his students, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach in achieving the goal of her research and developing a proposed conception. Building human behavior and an important task in building society and setting several recommendations, including the need to focus on the goals and principles of teaching that can be achieved by instilling those principles.

Bullying in general, and school bullying in particular, is one of the most important problems that have received attention at the national and global levels, being the most prevalent type of bullying, and its cases have increased in schools all over the world. The academic achievement process is clear, and its effects have gone beyond the academic and educational field to other fields, especially security and health, which made it more dangerous and calls for urgent solutions to it. As a result, we chose the topic (school bullying and academic achievement) as a subject for study and research
This research came in an introduction and three axes. In the first axis, we dealt with school bullying (understandable, its causes and its historical development). In the second axis, we dealt with the places, types and forms of school bullying. In the third axis, we dealt with the effects of bullying and its treatment and the role of the home and school in that. The research also included a conclusion Conclusions, recommendations and suggestions and contained the most important findings of the study and research. The knowledgeable methodology necessitated the use of scientific, descriptive, analytical and comparative research methods to address the subject of study and research. This research and study relied on modest sources to cover its topics.

The current research aims at identifying:
1- Positive relationships in educational counselors.
2- Existential presence of educational counselors.
3- The nature of the correlative relationship between existential presence and positive relationships among educational counselors.
The descriptive correlative approach is used by using the two tools:
The researcher has built the scale of positive relations, as well as the scale of existential presence. The researcher is able to formulate (29) items for the scale of existential presence and (22) items for the scale of positive relations. As for the alternatives, there are five alternatives in front of each item and they applicable to me (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never). The researcher confirmed the face validity of the research tools by presenting it to a group of experts. The researcher also confirmed other psychometric properties of reliability and discrimination of the research tools. The reliability is ascertained in two ways, namely the Alpha Cronbach method and the retest method. (0.79), and the researcher extracted the reliability of the existential attendance scale by re-testing, which amounted to (0.77). The sample consists of (120) male and female counselors who are chosen by the stratified random method distributed among the directorates of Baghdad education at a rate of 22% of the original community.

The research aims to know the effect of the T-shape strategy on the achievement of science subject for fourth-grade students. The researcher used the partially controlled experimental design for the two experimental groups, the control group and the post-test. The researcher chose Division (A) to represent the experimental group that is taught according to the T-shape strategy. And Division (B) to represent the control group that is taught in the traditional way, the number of students reached (66) students, with (33) students in each division. The two research groups were rewarded in the variables: chronological age, prior knowledge and intelligence. The researcher prepared the research tool, which is the achievement test, and the psychometric properties of the tool were verified. The researcher used the T-test for two independent samples to process the data. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group that was studied according to the T-shape strategy. achievement of fourth graders of primary school.

This study aims to identify the mathematical beliefs of third-grade intermediate students in Dhi Qar Governorate, and to answer the questions, the descriptive approach was used to study the mathematical beliefs of third-grade intermediate students in Dhi Qar Governorate. For the field study only, the Mathematical Beliefs Scale, consisting of 30 questions, was designed to measure students’ beliefs about mathematical topics necessary for the renaissance of the educational process. It was distributed to a random sample of 370 students. The study concluded that there is no statistically significant difference at a significant level (0.05) between the hypothetical mean. For the scale and the arithmetic mean of the students of the basic research sample.
The research also reviewed the degree of application and its difficulties. The importance of the research lies in the lack of Arab research in general and Iraqi research in particular with regard to the degrees of the Mathematical Beliefs Scale in education. He also notes the infrastructure that must be possessed to launch an integrated education

The present research aims at exploring political violence and its relationship to social exclusion among the forcibly displaced and the significance of differences in the relationship between political violence and social exclusion according to gender (male, female) and place of origin of displacement (Anbar - Ninawaa). In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher has constructed a scale for measuring the political violence according to the integrative theory and has adopted the scale of Al-Tayari (2011) after it has been adapted to fit the measure of social exclusion among the forcibly displaced. The discriminatory power of the items of the two scales, the validity of the scales and the reliability coefficient have been ascertained by administering the two scales to a sample of (200) displaced persons in the governorate of Baghdad chosen by the random stratified method, where the researcher has used the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The results have shown the following: -The displaced have political violence and social exclusion. -There is a positive (direct) correlation between political violence and social exclusion.
-There are statistically significant differences in the relationship between political violence and social exclusion according to gender and in favor of males -There are no statistically significant differences in the relationship between political violence and social exclusion according to the variable of the place of origin of displacement (Anbar - Ninawaa). However, the researcher has arrived at a number of recommendations and suggestions in the light of the objectives and results of the research