Kerbala International Journal of Management and Economics

This study addressed the measurement of synchronized co-movement in the lraqi
stock exchange for the period of (2OlO-2013) and analysis of synchronization in
response to (or influenced) by the mechanics of corporate governance .Hypotheses of
the study indicated the presence of a statistically significant effect of the goverance
mechanisms to synchronize the movement of stocks. Using a sample of (43) listed
companies at arate of (200) observations per company the study found that the
average ratio of synchronization was (57%) during the years of research, but it did not
find a significant impact of goverance mechanisms to synchronize of stocks with the
exception of concentration of ownership that could interpret (17'/ol of the variation in
stock,s movement , which is acceptable at the Ievel of one variable .

Private banks face many challenges in lraq, most notably the intense competition by
government banks, which frustrated all attempts by these banks in the growth and
development and to provide the best for the role of the various sectors of the
economy. This study aimed at analyzing the shape and type of banking competition
faced by private banks in traq, especially from government banks from hypothesis
that bank mergers can generate big banking entities indicators raise the efficiency of
these banks and reduce the risks. Study concluded that most of these banks have the
ability to merge with other banks, according to the results obtained from the logistic
regression model, the study recommended that the government and the Centra! Bank
of Iraq to exercise a bigger role in supporting the process of bank mergers to gain
access to the banking sector is promising and developed and has the ability to face
financial liberalization and the challenges of globalization and the global banking
competition.

The program examines, the quality of work life is particularly important, for
business organizations. As will as the complexity of environmental and intense
competition to change the rapid needs desires of workers in banks, payment for
organizations work on the development behavior organizational citizenship
through investment in human resources. Moreover, the program provide
environmental functional appropriate, for them to improved their performance and
productivity in work. The problem of the study embodied in substantial effect there a role for the quality of working life in the development of the behavior of
organizational citizenship ) ,suitable with this this study to measure the tevel of
quality for work life to behavior of organizational citizenship in the organization
surveyed , the study provided the foundations theory about the quality of working
Iife and behavior of organizational citizenship. To this purpose of achieving the
objectives of the study were building scheme supposedly determines the nature
of the relationship between the independent variables of the quality of working
life and the variables adopted to conduct organizational citizenship, but the
purpose of the application of this study in the field and test hypotheses have
been used form questionnaire and distribute it to (69) a sample of workers the
banking sector. The results indicated statistical analysis using correlation
analysis and regression to verify the hypotheses of the study and sub in the
organization (community) study, and the most prominent conclusions is that the
departments of banks, the study sampte assume the dimensions of the quality of
work life and organizational citizenship attention quite a bit. Moreover, it looks to
the attention of higher level in the future. The study found a set of
recommendations, most notably the need to adopt bank management standards
of scientific and objective in determining the financial, according to the skills and
personal abilities of workers, and to development a fair system of rewards
compensation of employees (salaries and bonuses) , through the granting of
bonuses and incentives and incentives , as this has a significant impact in
promoting behaviors organizational citizenship.

This study aims at clarifying the importance of routines/ recurrent rules in any given
organization, for the said recurrent rules are meant to create, store the organizational
knowledge. Nonetheless, the spontaneous and unconscious nature of these rules raise a
dual question on:
How to manage the knowledge comprised into these rutes, especiatly when there is a
need to amend or delete a knowledge contained into a recurrent rule in process of
implementation.
The transfer of knowledge included in these recurrent rules exposes it to a large sharing,
to possibly outreach even competitors.
Through this paper, we try also to show some scientific methods to deal with routines in
organization to guarantee high organizational performance. In doing so, I referred to
various specialized publications in the domain of knowledge Management and
organizational routines.
Key words: organizational Routine- Knowtedge creation- Knowledge storing
ترجمه للعربي

This Research aimed at determining the influence of (VRIO) analysis on the
achievement sustainable competitive advantage lraqi Organizations. For this
purpose the researcher has depended on the processes of (VRIO) analysis (Value, the independent variable in
Some of the most
the dependent variable
important conclusions
the study arrived at are that (VRIO) analysis have a significant impact in the
growth and competition of organizations through building capability ,
competences of the company that help in building sustainable competitive
advantage and achieve strategic succeeded . The study has been concluded with
a number of recommendations ,some of which are :
, Focusing on the practice of the process of (VRIO) analysis in the factory in a
wider scope in the light of lraqi environment which is characterized by
environmental uncertainty .
, Gonsolidating the factory's resources and capabilities on all levels in a way
that competitors find difficult to surpass.
, Keeping a high level of skills and knowledge , and increasing the staff's
expertise in a way that gives the factory a competitive advantage .

Rarity, lmitability, and Organization) according to (Barney&Hesterly,2012:86) .
The dimensions of sustainable competitive advantage (Durability, lmitability) that
have been used are according to (Wheelen&Hunger,20l2i64). Men clothing
factory in Najaf has been chosen to verify this Research via a questionnaire used
(30) individuals of the managers of the company , in addition to personal
interviews. The Spearman connection factor , and the (t) test to recognize the
identity of this relation, and the (f) test to determine the identity of the regression
equation , also the (R2) has been used to explain the degree of the influence of

This Research aimed at determining the influence of (VRIO) analysis on the
achievement sustainable competitive advantage lraqi Organizations. For this
purpose the researcher has depended on the processes of (VRIO) analysis (Value, the independent variable in
Some of the most
the dependent variable
important conclusions
the study arrived at are that (VRIO) analysis have a significant impact in the
growth and competition of organizations through building capability ,
competences of the company that help in building sustainable competitive
advantage and achieve strategic succeeded . The study has been concluded with
a number of recommendations ,some of which are :
, Focusing on the practice of the process of (VRIO) analysis in the factory in a
wider scope in the light of lraqi environment which is characterized by
environmental uncertainty .
, Gonsolidating the factory's resources and capabilities on all levels in a way
that competitors find difficult to surpass.
, Keeping a high level of skills and knowledge , and increasing the staff's
expertise in a way that gives the factory a competitive advantage .

Rarity, lmitability, and Organization) according to (Barney&Hesterly,2012:86) .
The dimensions of sustainable competitive advantage (Durability, lmitability) that
have been used are according to (Wheelen&Hunger,20l2i64). Men clothing
factory in Najaf has been chosen to verify this Research via a questionnaire used
(30) individuals of the managers of the company , in addition to personal
interviews. The Spearman connection factor , and the (t) test to recognize the
identity of this relation, and the (f) test to determine the identity of the regression
equation , also the (R2) has been used to explain the degree of the influence of

There is a gap informative and wide between the United Arab countries and
diagonals advanced by the fact that the Arab countries for not possess the
basic components and the pillars of the knowledge economy and even well as the absence of investment in information and communication industry.
make these countries collide difficulties shift towards knowledge-based
economy , because the economy to Aaahlha for the adoption and application
of knowledge , and lraq , as one of these countries AMSA dependent on oil
revenues to walk the requirements of domestic consumption at the expense of
investment and from investment knowledge and Alaqtara to Arab mixed in
terms of the trend towards knowledge-based economy.
ترجمه للعربي
Almarafha all forms and types , and the reason for this is the lack of flexibility
Systems Education and underdevelopment away from the knowledge,
technology and tactics , as well as the weakness or absence of factors,
information infrastructure in Arab countries and weak spending on education,
research and development, and the rigidity of educational policies which , Add
to this the absence of favorable economic environment embraces the
knowledge and methods of advanced production , the economies of the rentier
which is distinguished by the Arab economies and the disruption and even
warp production structures and the disruption of the structure of exports and
weak competitiveness of these exports and not that they involved diversity as

This Study aimed to examine the relationship between the Gross Domestic product
and Exports in lraq economy during the period (1995-2013), tn order to find out the
nature of that relationship, we tried to test two time series for the variables of
research through a variety of tests , including Stationary Time Series test, and unit
root test, for the purpose of determining the Ievel of integration of each variable
separately, and show that the variables of an integrated second-class.
It has been shown that there is no integration between research variables because
of the calculated values of the trace and Likelihood Ratio Test were less than the
critical values , so it was used the Choleski analyze, this led to the re- distribution
the time series of new samples, and improved values calculated for the (likelihood,
Trace, F-statistic, Akaike, Schwarz), and their values became higher than the criticat
values .
It was evident from the analysis the lack of equilibrium relationship between gross
domestic product and exports in the lraqi economy during the period of the research,
we believe that the reason for this is due to the rental nature of the lraqi economy,
because an increase in gross domestic product was not due to increase of
production, but because of the increased the revenue of rental resource.

from important defiance's the built in that confront economics countries Arabic oil ,
he depending on oil and crude oil revenues , that could relation on market
international ,these has made these economies vulnerable to fluctuation in crude oil
prices and their impact on macroeconomic performance, subsequently effect on
Economic Stability .Based on the importance of research through the analysis
knowingness imparity depending on oil from thorough analysis and measuring
ftuctuation in crude oil prices and reflections on variables the Economic Stability in
countries Arabic oil select (lraq ,Algeria ,Saudi )for the period (1990-2010), The aim
involves select all from volume production ,reserye and export and consuming oil in
(!raq ,Algeria ,Saudi )for the period (1990-2010),Add on Knowing fluctuation in crude
oil prices and reflections on variables the Economic Stability The results of
economic analysis showed there is a positive impact of changes in crude oil prices
inflation and growth economics ,and relation negative between changes crude oil
prices and rate unemployment

Most of Developing countries have a lot of tourism requirements but they lack a way
to invest this sector. They can attract the investment in the tourism sector by using
government spending policies and tax incentives that is offered by the government as
well as the operation of spending on infrastructures and the spending on the
electricity, education, public transportation and security sectors in addition to the
functional expenses that provide an attractive climate for local and foreign investment.
Turkey have developed the tourism sector in addition to public expenditure policies
and taxes which represented by increasing of the countrle expenditure on the
infrastructures and appropriate institutional changes, which they can Ied to increase
the volume of the tourism investment. The study refers to the reality of fiscal policy
and the tourism investment in Iraq and what is the tourism possibility who is owned
"that is represented by the various types of the tourism sites and how invest them in
the proper way".

The research seeks to evaluate the financial performance of the lslamic
banks in lraq by study, analyze and evaluate the financial performance of the
lraqi Islamic Banks during the years (2008-2012 AD), by using the financial
indicators adopted in assessing the financial performance of banks To
achieve the objective of this research has been extracted the average of the
financial indicators used to assess the performance of the research sample
banks, as has been extracted the standard deviation of these financial
indicators to determine the extent of the fluctuation of the values of these
indicators during the years of the study. The research found a set of
conclusions demonstrated by the results of research and foremost of which is
that the research sample banks retains large cash liquidity excess of the
percentage specified by the central bank, which refers to ensuring the rights
of depositors and the low level of Iiquidity risk , but it may lead to the loss of
investment opportunity these funds in the areas of development which serves
the lraqi society. lt was based on the conclusions of the research to provide a
set of recommendations are consistent with it

The strategic cost management is a response to the needs of economic units to keep up
with developments related to the modern competitive environment, is the style of the
strategic analysis of the costs of one of the most important methods of strategic cost
management, particularly in the rationalization of costs and is considered an appropriate
method for the analysis of environmental costs, which shows the exact detail of the size
of the costs borne by the economic unit and shows the extent of their contribution to the
the preservation of the environment, and therefore, the study aims to indicate the role of
the strategic analysis of the costs to streamline the environmental costs dimensions of
the three (value chain analysis, cost driver analysis, analysis of the competitive
position), and through a questionnaire prepared and distributed to a group of operating
in the field of industry companies , a researcher has come to a set of conclusions and
recommendations.

The local currency exchange rate is the most important macroeconomic
indicators which al! the countries of the wortd seek to control and as a common principle in the scientific and academic communities that the currency,s strength is not its exchange rate increases but in the steadiness of the exchange rate over the long period of time.
Therefore current research has on approaches to prove the contribution of
money supply in the narrow and broad control over the exchange rate of lraqi dinar against the US dottar, for the period from 2010 to 2013.
The research was based on two major assumptions and it had been proven by standard quantitative approach, they are:
(1) There is statisticaily significant rerationship between the money suppry Ml &
M2 and the exchange rate of the lraqi dinar.
(2) Money supply (Mr & M2) has effeet on exchange rate of the rraqi dinar.

Thispaperdealswithcomparingfourestimatorsofscaleparameter(0),forMaxwell
distribution. The first is Pitman estimator which is denoted by (0r)' the second is
moment estimator (0r), ttre third is maximum likelihood estimator (03)' anu fourth is
proposedBayesestimator'where(0)consideredrandomvariablehavingprior
distribution t g(0)1, this Bayes estimator denoted bY(p+)' these estimators compared
using the statistical measure mean square error (MSE), taking initial values of (0 = 3'0 =
5,c = 1,2\,
Keywords:MaxwellDistribution,scaleParameter,PitmanEstimator'MomentEstimator'
Maximum Likelihood Estimator' Bayes Estimator