LARK JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

The idea of this study has developed through the researcher's observation of the emergence of a phenomenon represented in the Arabization of foreign drama by producing and acting the Arabic versions, especially those that achieved success, spread and public interaction. These drama series tell stories that occurred, written, produced and displayed in foreign countries, as they offer social culture for that society in which they have been produced and reflect the nature of relations between its members. They also expose sensitive subjects such as marriage, marital infidelity, divorce, among others.
For that reason, the researcher has been urged to investigate such an issue in order to understand, analyse, and assess public opinion about it. It is also in an attempt to identify and realize the value-related effects these dramas hold. The problem of this study is represented in the cultural and social values carried by this transformed drama, which is not limited to being different from our values and culture, but rather poses a threat to our cultural and social system, especially to what concerns the family-building process. After developing the methodological and theoretical framework for the article, The researcher identifies the research community for the Arabized series and selects a sample of them to analyse the ethics they convey. The researcher also specifies the Arabized dramas displayed during the period between 2022 and 2024 (Crystal, Traitor, Stiletto), all of which are displayed on MBC and Shahid.net. Furthermore, the researcher aims to propose a model for assessing the degree of audience approval of the cultural and social moral values depicted in Arabized dramas. This involves measuring the attitudes of viewers towards the three selected drama series in the research sample.
The results of the study include:First: The Arabizing of T.V dramas did not change the core contents and the values they express.
Second: The Arabization of TV dramas works directly and indirectly to market the cultural and social values, contained within the Arabized drama, to our Arab society through our language, settings, names and ourselves, as if they were our values and try to imprint these ethics to transfer the unfamiliar to be familiar.

Modern media is one of the most essential necessities of our contemporary life and one of the most important sources of information about the world around us, serving as a link between all institutions, whether religious or political. The first chapter of the research contains the methodological framework, which includes the research problem, examining the elite status of media and the effectiveness of media messages under various conditions and changes. The importance of this study lies in identifying the key points that politicians seek in the media and highlighting their necessity and priority. The aim of the study is to understand the role that media plays in politics and to reveal the reasons politicians resort to media.
A descriptive method was used in the study for analysis purposes. This chapter also reviews previous studies that dealt with electronic media and politics. The second chapter provides a theoretical framework addressing the functions of electronic media in political systems, covering its concepts, types, and functions. The third chapter is practical, presenting the study procedures and explaining the steps taken by the researcher, such as creating a questionnaire, setting its metrics, and selecting a sample from Wasit University, distributing it to 220 respondents. The study yielded several findings, including that electronic media has the highest rate of publishing political content. The researcher concluded that electronic media has contributed to spreading political awareness and is characterized by its speed in conveying news and political events and changes.
The researcher also recommends enacting a law to limit the phenomenon of electronic blackmail that distorts public, political, or religious figures. Legitimate public issues published on electronic media platforms should be taken into consideration and addressed swiftly in Iraq.

This research focuses on the news coverage provided by the Israeli i24 channel on the Palestinian-Israeli crisis, specifically analyzing the main news bulletins addressing this crisis in the Middle East and the frames adopted by the channel in covering the events from January 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024. "The media's interest in real-time coverage of various aspects of the Palestinian-Israeli crisis, including military, political, economic, social, and security matters, is evident" (Hussein 2023: 377). The researcher reached several key findings, most notably that i24's main news bulletins covering the Palestinian-Israeli crisis placed significant emphasis on military topics, highlighting them among other main issues in the crisis, with a higher frequency of coverage compared to other topics. The coverage was categorized into 7 subcategories out of a total of 25 subcategories. The biased framing by i24 in addressing the Palestinian-Israeli crisis, often through statements by the channel's director labeling Hamas as a terrorist organization, dominated other forms of framing (interpretive and objective) and emotional coverage. This suggests that the channel aimed to engage viewers by presenting the news in an emotionally charged way. Ranking third in prominence was the channel's aggressive framing, describing most defensive operations conducted by the Israeli Defense Forces as actions against Hamas terrorist elements in Gaza. It is evident that the main news bulletins addressing the Palestinian-Israeli crisis employed five methods in news processing, often utilizing more than one method in presenting the issue.

The study tool was verified after presenting it to a group of arbitrators with experience in the field of media, followed by conducting a reliability test. A number of subcategories were extracted from the main categories of caricature content and after monitoring a number of caricature forms that were subject to study during the research period in terms of the language used, the type of commentary, the targeted characters, and the symbols used through which the unity of the topic can be supported and explained (in a manner consistent with the nature of the study that concerns Through propaganda employment and in a manner that is based on accuracy and a comprehensive understanding of the aspects of the research. The study was divided into three chapters. The first chapter included the methodological framework, in which the researcher reviewed the importance, questions, and objectives of the research, as well as choosing the research community, the methodology followed in that study, and the analysis tool used.The second chapter included the theoretical framework that dealt with the propaganda use of the art of caricature. The first section dealt with the emergence of propaganda, the concept, goals, methods, divisions, and propaganda conditions. the researcher relied on mathematical operations to organize these results in the form of tables. The first section included: Presentation and interpretation of the results of the content analysis of the cartoons in the 6/30/2023 Al-Sabah newspaper for the period from 1/2023. /1 to, The results of the study showed that Al-Sabah and Al-Dustour newspapers paid great attention to (social topics), as social topics were addressed and social events and problems were presented in the form of cartoons that depicted facts within society by criticizing incorrect customs and values and promoting positive values within society, , Sports topics occupied great importance during a specific period of the study period, about a full month during the Gulf Cup tournament (Gulf 25) in the city of Basra, where all issues of Al-Sabah newspaper during this month included sports caricatures, and at the same time we did not find any sports caricatures in Al-Dustour newspaper, The results indicated that the caricatures with (security topics) occupied a distinguished place during the study period, as the contents of the caricatures for security topics for the sub-categories showed (partial absence of security) and the government's inability to limit weapons to the state) a high percentage, which indicates that the government is unable to protect citizens and the state's lack of sovereignty.

In his study, the researcher dealt with (Marketing Public Relations Methods for the Projects of the Holy Shrines in Iraq - An analytical study of the official site (Facebook) the holy shrine Of Abu Fadhl Al- Abbas), Marketing PR receives wide attention from international institutions, as their activities, means and Methods play a very important role in marketing the institution's products, as it is the link between the institution and its audience, as it is its responsibility to introduce the public to the institution, and transmit truthful information, and this gives a good impression to the institution, as the institution and its products become consistent with the interests and needs of the public. the problem of our research can be identified by asking the main question (What Marketing PR strategies are followed by the holy shrine of Abu Fadhl Al-Abass, Accordingly, the research aims to identify the strategies used by Marketing Public Relations at the Abu Fadhl Al-Abbas holy shrine. the researcher has used the survey method, which is based on collecting data in an organized manner about the phenomenon, then organizing and analyzing it to come up with indicators and results of the study. the researcher also used the Content Analysis tool to identify the strategies followed by the official Facebook page of the Abu Fadhl Al-Abbas holy shrine. the research focuses on marketing public relations strategies and their role in marketing the projects of the holy shrines in order to find out the means and methods of communication used and the extent of the impact of public relations in marketing، As well as identifying the most important obstacles to the activity or work of Public Relations at the Abu Fadhl Al-Abbas holy shrine, and therefore the research acquires its importance from the importance of public relations and the role it plays in marketing the projects of the shrine.
The research came in four chapters, the first chapter included: the methodological framework of the study, the second chapter was entitled (Public Relations and e-marketing) and included two researches: the first (the concept of Public Relations, its origin, objectives, importance, functions), the second research (marketing and e-marketing), and the third chapter was entitled (Marketing PR strategies for the projects of the holy shrines in Iraq) and also consisted of two researchers: the first (Marketing PR strategies) and the second research (projects of the holy shrines in Iraq).
The fourth chapter dealt with the title of the practical framework of the study, which included the study schedules, interpretations, results and recommendations, and the study reached many results, including that the projects of Abu Fadhl Al-Abbas holy shrine its first goal is Humanitarian to serve the Iraqi society, and at the same time there are projects aimed at profit as well, and employed the latest means of communication in its media work, including the use of the latest photography and editing techniques, the use of sound music in video, and the use of video graphic and infographic technology in order to communicate the media message with the most beautiful, simplest and clearest image for the recipient, and relied on marketing Islamic ideas and principles and urging the public to adhere to the morals of our Holy Prophet Muhammad (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and the people of his house (peace and blessings of Allah be upon them)

There is no doubt about the maximally of the concept (existence) to everything perceived, because every thing and every knowledge it’s contained by the existence, this is axiomatic . and that what is known apparent or perceptible existence, which match (Existence) in English, but there is another type that is dealt with philosophically is known as true existence, or the existence of being, which match in English (being), this is what we will discuss in this research.
It may be weird for someone to ask about the definition of existence, It is so clear that it opposes every attempt to clarify it, because it is clearer than everything. But philosophers have other word; In their mediation, they deal with the (being) not just with (existence) , as they have attempted to put definitions for it, for multiple reasons, foremost among which are the requirements of metaphysical studies, which depends on defining each concept that is sought to be investigated.
The concept of (essence) linked with (being) Since Aristotle, this concept has caused a problem in terms of its meaning on the one hand, and in terms of its connection to (being) . From here the problem of existence and essence appeared, and questions were raised such as: How can existence and essence be accurately separated, regardless of the intuition of existence and the intuition of its comprehensiveness? What is it? Is there a clear report on Ibn Sina’s position on these two concepts or not? If there is a difference in his position on understanding the nature of existence and its relationship to essence, why did it happen and how?
On this questions we will put the basis of the research, and we will finish a different result according to a unique reading, Accordingly, we will reach a different result according to a reading different from the usual approach to this problem.

This research deals with the concept of tolerance, which was associated with the philosopher John Locke as one of the largest advocates of it, especially religious tolerance, and then spread in the writings of intellectuals, especially in the writings of philosophers in the seventeenth century, the century in which the conflict between the followers of the Catholic Church and Protestants intensified. And the cause of many tragedies and wars in Christendom. Locke sees All this was due to religion and churchmen and their greed and lust for control, anger and resentment against dissidents and violators, while Locke believes that this act is contrary to what the Bible said, so he raised the slogan of tolerance. As a positive and understanding attitude to beliefs and ideas, tolerance is the pillar of human rights and tolerance means the recognition that human beings who are different by nature, appearance, languages, behavior and religion, have the right to live in peace

The research deals with the study of the textual structure that formed the context of the poetic text and what it included of implications that have theireffectiveness in directing the main panels in the Mu'allaqa. The Mu'allaqa included a group of panels that formed rhetorical structures subject to the individual experience of the poet, in addition to the awareness and mental perception of reality on the one hand and what is desired on the other hand. Among the most important structures included in the Mu'allaqa are: the structure of the ruins, the structure of water, the structure of the woman, the structure of the camel and similar animals.
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The study included the silent nature words in Al-Farazdaq's collection of description, meaning, and statistics.
This study was divided into an introduction and three sections:
The first section included the impact of the environment on Al-Farazdaq’s poetry and the silent expressions of nature
The second section included the silent natural words most used in the Diwan of Al-Farazdaq and their lexical meanings that appeared in the Diwan.
The third section included linguistic issues in terms of the lexical semantic level with statistical study
Then comes the conclusion, which explains the most prominent results reached by the researcher.

The study aimed to uncover the aspects of grammatical cohesion, a linguistic mechanism through which textuality is achieved, in the text of Surah Ad-Duha by analyzing its structure and describing the system it comprises. It further aimed to highlight the cohesion mechanisms on which the text relied, namely (reference, ellipsis, and conjunction), which together form the linguistic fabric of relationships between both internal and external structures. The study revealed that cohesion in the text is established through linguistic features that contribute to its unity and the organization of its components. For instance, reference is considered one of the elements of textuality that enhances linguistic cohesion by playing a prominent role in linking parts of the text and making it coherent. This was observed in both main and subsidiary chains, alongside ellipsis and conjunction. These elements formed the focus of the study in terms of analysis and application.

The study aimed to uncover the aspects of grammatical cohesion, a linguistic mechanism through which textuality is achieved, in the text of Surah Ad-Duha by analyzing its structure and describing the system it comprises. It further aimed to highlight the cohesion mechanisms on which the text relied, namely (reference, ellipsis, and conjunction), which together form the linguistic fabric of relationships between both internal and external structures. The study revealed that cohesion in the text is established through linguistic features that contribute to its unity and the organization of its components. For instance, reference is considered one of the elements of textuality that enhances linguistic cohesion by playing a prominent role in linking parts of the text and making it coherent. This was observed in both main and subsidiary chains, alongside ellipsis and conjunction. These elements formed the focus of the study in terms of analysis and application.

Al-Khatib Al-Tabrizi is a scholar of the language, and one of the distinguished imams of Arabic. He has many commentaries on various books and collections of great importance, including his commentary on the book Islah Al-Logic by Ibn Al-Sakit, which he called Al-Tahtheeb because he deleted the duplicates, corrected some errors, and added some that needed to be added, and for this reason He called it a refinement, not an explanation, and it is one of the important books whose virtue cannot be denied. It was a code of language and an important source in the times.When explaining the book, Al-Tabrizi resorted to language at all its levels and in all its phases: eloquent and colloquial, prose and poetry, modern and ancient, and he based his book on the basis of the grammatical principles of hearing and analogy, which played an important role in his book despite the widening of his circle of listening and its extension to his era, so he referred to Hearing is used in certain words that indicate hearing, such as (I heard), while analogy is indicated in other words, such as (taken from), and the reader of his book will undoubtedly find the dominance of the listening element over analogy in the field of linguistic research according to Al-Tabrizi. According to Al-Tabrizi, the language was on levels, including the high language, and he did not attribute it to a specific tribe, but rather he only called it high or the people of high, and among them was the colloquial language.
Al-Tabrizi used to stand in front of every word in the language that he found in the book “Islah al-Logic” and deal with it with explanation, analysis, study and interpretation. He was also interested in explaining the poetic line, mentioning the reason for composing the poetic line, taking the linguistic word with an explanation of its language, mentioning its source, the singular plurals of it, the singular plurals of it, the masculine and feminine, as well. About interpreting the verse with all possible and appropriate interpretations in the absence of specific evidence for a specific meaning, while paying attention to the semantic aspects of the word and mentioning the purpose of the poetic poem and the reason for saying it before proceeding to interpret and explain it.

Savior Stylistics, or modern stylistics, is considered one of the most important branches of linguistics. It appeared on the literary scene not long ago, as this approach aims to analyze literary texts and interpret them according to what relates to the stylistic features that characterize them, whether on the linguistic, semantic, or phonetic level. It is the tool with which the writer is distinguished and no one else is distinguished, in addition to the fact that critical studies have had the largest share of interest in stylistics as a critical approach that aims to analyze according to three levels (phonological, syntactic, semantic), as the purpose of this approach is to reveal the aesthetics of the literary text through the writer’s shift in Its text and departure from the norm. Stylistics works to reveal this shift. In this research, I dealt with the stylistic approach to studying a poet of the Abbasid
era (Rabi’a al-Raqi), and examining the aesthetics of his text by using one of the tools of the method represented by the style (repetition, alliteration, and metaphor).

This study is a phonetic morphological analysis using seven Arabic letters: Hamza, Ba, Ta, Tha, Jim, and Ha. We compared these letters with those of other Semitic alphabets. We chose to focus on the Hamza Because of it's great importance letters. Hamza is a consonant sound in the Semitic alphabets, represented by the alif in Arabic. It has retained its form in the Arabic script, although it has disappeared in pronunciation in some of the other Semitic languages

Request is considered one of the directive speech acts that are frequently used in our daily life and at the same time, it is considered one of the face-threatening acts. The speakers of any language have special strategies for performing the request speech act on the one hand and ways to prevent threatening the Hearer's face on the other hand. This study, which is considered one of the historical pragmatic studies, attempts to uncover the request strategies and the internal and external modifiers used by the characters in the third volume of the book One Thousand and One Nights. In this research, which is based on a descriptive analytical approach, the researchers chose the Trosborg model (1995) to classify the request strategies and Alcón et al. (2005) to classify the internal and external modifiers. Regarding the request strategies, the imperative is the most commonly used strategy among the direct request strategies, as it is employed in speech by all three categories of speakers, but when used by speakers of lower status (compared to the listeners) it is preceded by prefixes such as oaths and polite verbs. Regarding the indirect method or hints, it is also one of the most commonly used strategies by all three categories. The hints include proverbs, interrogative sentences and declarative sentences. Regarding the internal modifying tools, the most commonly used tools are prefixes that include oaths and polite verbs, followed by hedging and understatements tools. As for external modifiers, grounders are the most commonly used, followed by the phrase “please” and the promise of a reward
Keywords: Speech act; request; historical pragmatics; One Thousand and One Nights

Poetic Composition in the Works of Al-Musayfi Al-Rikabi - Haiku Selection
ABSTRACT
Poetic composition is one of the most prominent elements of poetic creation, embodying an active presence in the body of the poetic text that can only be accomplished through composition. It serves as the primary map for constructing the poem\'s body. The poet Al-Musayfi Al-Rikabi is one of the modern Iraqi poets who assign particular importance to poetic composition, considering it a key element in poetic creation. His composition of poems demonstrates depth, insight, and a high cultural understanding in terms of imagery, as well as interaction with language.
Al-Musayfi\'s achievement can be observed through his six poetic collections, each offering a unique expressive and compositional value. His poetic composition is divided into three diverse forms based on the nature of the poetic experiment and its impact on the linguistic poetic space.
This research will focus on studying the resources of poetic composition in the works of Al-Musayfi Al-Rikabi, exploring how the poet managed to produce poetic texts that resonate with others, aiming to convey his ideas and meanings to enrich the text, endowing it with aesthetic depth and semantic significance. He utilizes language and its evocative powers. The research necessity dictates that the researcher discusses the subject of his study in three main axes: poetic imagery, poetic language, and poetic irony.

The poetic image is that magical compositional power that reveals the secret of the power of poetry. The poet, with his imagination, shows us mysterious things with a new vision and new relationships, even if they are mysterious in reality. The poet’s ability emerges from his imagination in that harmony between words, meanings, images, rhythm, and the tone of letters, and even from the optimal use of figurative language that contributes to highlighting ideas and drawing images. There are poetic speeches that would not have gained immortality had it not been for the imagination that helped the poet achieve creativity that is pointed out with the finger. The poet may combine two or more aspects in one image to convey a meaning and to insist on an idea. The poet may alternate between the functions of the perceptual senses and the imaginative images.
The poet is one of the most capable and influential means of expression on the recipient. It is appropriate to mention the opinions that have been said about his poetry, and perhaps one of them is what Mr. Muslim Shaker Malik mentioned when he said, “He is a distinguished poet of high honor who possesses the elegance of literature and seriousness that he possesses. He has a long kindness and a broad scope that qualifies him to compose his poetry. He was a skilled poet and a well-known writer. He has a collection of poems, and he has beautiful poems with deep meaning about the noble leaders and the great Shiites.”

The research aims to study the grammatical structures in the poetry of Abdullah bin Rawahah, a semiotic study, by exploiting the elements of the semiotic layers and projecting them onto his poetry. The word has two aspects: the material, represented by its structure; As it consists of letters, it has a moral-technical aspect, and we can say that it is semantic, and communication with it is done through analyzing the structure of the word, and linking it to its context in which it appears, leading to the text of texts in general.
The poetry of Abdullah bin Rawahah has special features in the Islamic era, and has many connotations and meanings related to the poet himself first, and to the era in which he lived, and the culture of this era secondly, in addition to the influence of society, which greatly influences the poet’s poetry. We find the spiritual and religious dimension in poetry. The Islamic Arab through its semiotic layers
Analyzing the poetic text is a semiotic analysis that reveals the deep meanings in it, going beyond the superficial structure of the poetic text, to reach the meanings hidden behind the lines of that superficial structure, and linking them to the poet’s poetic, emotional and life experience, and then the symbolic aesthetic aspects of the poet’s poetry are reached, and their artistic and rhetorical value is demonstrated.
This research consisted of three sections. The first dealt with the life of the poet, his lineage, his tribe, and his life until his death. As for the second section, it dealt with semiotics as a language, terminology, and the parts of semiotics, including symbols, relationships, signifiers, meanings, connotations, context, and culture. This section also dealt with a definition of semiotic analysis and its grammatical implications. The third chapter came Titled The Semiotics of Grammatical Structures, he discusses the collection of Abdullah bin Rawahah as an analysis of his grammatical structures.

Literature is understood as a reflection of the state of society and a clear expression of the lives of its individuals. In their literary pursuits, writers have the role of highlighting the key issues that reveal their community. Events play a significant role in this narrative formation. It is well-known that Iraq has been a focal point for many issues, particularly those arising from its various crises, especially the events in Mosul during the ISIS occupation.
The novel "Shat'an al-Ramad" engages with these events, shaping its language to produce meaningful representations of violence and to convey the central themes that elevate the narrative as a whole. The novelist, Ali Awad Abdullah, reveals the nature and dimensions of violence through language, which is reflected in the textual thresholds as dominant signifying authorities. These thresholds have a reciprocal relationship with the text, transforming their concise and concentrated nature into a comprehensive narrative that embodies his ideas and visions.
The hidden reality of the concept of violence is veiled behind the threshold of the title. Therefore, it becomes essential to deconstruct these titles and the words they contain to clearly understand the connotation of violence through a descriptive and analytical approach to these themes. This will unveil the deep relationship between the implicit and explicit meanings of words, revealing the apparent or hidden violence depicted through selected and impactful examples in the novel.

The poetic image is that magical compositional power that reveals the secret of the power of poetry. The poet, with his imagination, shows us mysterious things with a new vision and new relationships, even if they are mysterious in reality. The poet’s ability emerges from his imagination in that harmony between words, meanings, images, rhythm, and the tone of letters, and even from the optimal use of figurative language that contributes to highlighting ideas and drawing images. There are poetic speeches that would not have gained immortality had it not been for the imagination that helped the poet achieve creativity that is pointed out with the finger. The poet may combine two or more aspects in one image to convey a meaning and to insist on an idea. The poet may alternate between the functions of the perceptual senses and the imaginative images.
The poet is one of the most capable and influential means of expression on the recipient. It is appropriate to mention the opinions that have been said about his poetry, and perhaps one of them is what Mr. Muslim Shaker Malik mentioned when he said, “He is a distinguished poet of high honor who possesses the elegance of literature and seriousness that he possesses. He has a long kindness and a broad scope that qualifies him to compose his poetry. He was a skilled poet and a well-known writer. He has a collection of poems, and he has beautiful poems with deep meaning about the noble leaders and the great Shiites.”

This research addresses the topic of treating the moral of anger in Al-Ghazali's thought. In the first section, I presented the texts Al-Ghazali mentioned in dispraising the moral of anger. The second section discusses the nature of anger and its interpretation according to Al-Ghazali's view. The third section presents Al-Ghazali's classification of people's degrees in anger. In the fourth section, I enumerated the causes that provoke and incite anger. Finally, in the last section, I explained Al-Ghazali's method for treating the moral of anger both before and after its occurrence.

This research explores the life of an Islamic figure, Al-Nu'man ibn Bashir Al-Ansari, who was born in 2 AH and died in 64 AH. The aim of this study is to understand the political role he played in the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate, particularly from the martyrdom of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) until Al-Nu'man’s death. The research examines the various positions he held during the Umayyad Caliphate under Muawiya, as well as the conflicts and unrest that arose during his tenure in Iraq, the Levant, and the Hijaz. Studying Islamic figures is essential to understanding Islamic history. Accordingly, this research is divided into several sections. The first section discusses his name, lineage, family, and other significant details. The second section explores his role during the era of the first three caliphs, including his political stances, his response to the revolt led by Muslim ibn Aqil, and other notable events, supported by historical texts and analyses. The third section delves into Al-Nu'man’s political contributions during the Umayyad era under the rule of Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, his son Yazid, and subsequently Muawiya II, followed by Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. The study highlights the political and religious turmoil of the Umayyad period that ultimately led to Al-Nu'man’s assassination. The conclusion and findings reveal that Al-Nu'man ibn Bashir played a significant political and leadership role in the Umayyad Caliphate. Muawiya entrusted him with several key positions, including governor, military commander, and advisor, recognizing his loyalty to the Umayyads. However, in the later years, Al-Nu'man shifted allegiance to Abdullah ibn Al-Zubayr, pledging allegiance to him as caliph and fighting on his behalf in various events, which are further detailed in this study.

The research aims to know the spatial variation and the numerical and relative distribution of the crime of theft in the city of Al-Hay for the period (2018-2022). The numerical and relative distribution was conducted for all neighborhoods in the city of Al-Hay, which number (24) residential neighborhoods, using the technique of equal-length categories and via the (Arc Map 10.8) program. The numerical and relative distribution was in four categories, and the neighborhood of Saeed, Mahallat al-Arab, and Al-Saray had the highest outcome for committing the crime of theft, and the neighborhoods with the least crime of theft were in the Dilah neighborhood without any theft crime. The study recommended the use of cameras in most areas of the city of the neighborhood, increasing street lighting, and isolating commercial use from residential use.

The current research aims at the trait of schadenfreude and its relationship with self-esteem among university students to :-
1-Identify the schadenfreude trait among university students.
2- Identify the self-esteem of university students .
3- There is a significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) in the schadenfreude trait among university students according to the gender variable (male – female).
4- there is no significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) in self - esteem among university students according to the gender variable (male-female).
5-identify the nature of the relationship between schadenfreude and self-esteem among university students.
In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher translated the schadenfreude scale according to the theory of van Dijk et al . (2011) and adopted the self-esteem scale, extracted the statistical characteristics of the two scales (distinction, paragraph difficulty, validity and reliability) after analyzing the data statistically, the research concluded the following results:-
1-university students are not characterized by schadenfreude .
2-university students are characterized by high esteem.
3-there are a significant difference in the schadenfreude trait depending on the gender variable and in favor of males, that is, they are more schadenfreude than females.
4-there are no significant difference in self-esteem depending on the gender variable, i.e. there is no difference between males and females in self-esteem .
5-there is an inverse relationship between schadenfreude and self-esteem, as low self-esteem is associated with schadenfreude, the higher the student\'s score on the schadenfreude scale, the lower his score on the self-esteem scale, and vice versa, if the lower the degree of schadenfreude, the higher the degree of self-esteem Based on these results, a set of recommendations and proposals was made.

Iraq has suffered over the past decades from a continuous decline in the health situation, and its health system has witnessed a major defect since the middle of the last century due to successive wars and an economic blockade that lasted for more than twelve years, as well as the American occupation of Iraq in the year (2003) and political and economic instability And administrative and financial corruption, which contributed greatly to the deterioration and noticeable decline in the level of health and medical services in the absence of political will and strategic vision to advance the reality of this important and vital sector within the comprehensive development system The reality of health services in Iraq is weak in terms of logistical or instrumental services and does not correspond to the momentum in medical services. Therefore, we find that the indicator of the deficit in providing health services is very high, as health centers and hospitals are not sufficient to meet the needs of people in this aspect, not to mention the loss The simplest types of medical services that these centers and hospitals are supposed to provide to their beneficiaries. The research aims to know the reality of the health system in Iraq. And revealing the levels of the health system in Iraq and identifying the threats to the health system in Iraq. Among the most prominent findings of the research is the existence of awareness by individuals to follow healthy eating habits in food. Individuals are not keen to follow up on regular medical examinations.

Violence against women and its repercussions on the upbringing of children has received great attention from researchers and international organizations. The phenomenon of violence has its roots in all nations, civilizations and cultures. Violence against women is a global problem that is not limited to a specific society or social segment alone. It is unacceptable behavior because of its negative repercussions. On the family entity, its safety and security, Although there are indications that it is linked to the economic and social conditions of the family, in addition to the fact that it is a multi-dimensional problem with psychological, health, social and cultural effects and effects that are intertwined with the rights and duties of all family members and their relationship with society.
Violence against women creates an atmosphere of tension, which leads to the emergence of disturbances among children, such as fear, selfishness, jealousy, and lack of emotional balance, because the woman’s feeling of discomfort as a wife and mother shows a negative impact on her care and concern for her children.
This is what the study attempts to present, by knowing the most important reasons that lead to violence against women and identifying the forms and images of violence practiced against them, as well as knowing the effects that violence has on children and its reflection on several important aspects that would hinder their development in the proper framework, so studying the issue of violence against women Its repercussions on raising children and identifying its causes, types and effects constitute a diagnostic process and is considered an important step towards prevention, treatment and reducing the aggravation of this phenomenon.

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. In light of the talk about artificial intelligence, governments use artificial intelligence in data analysis to process large amounts of information about civil society organizations and individuals applying to register civil society organizations. Governments can use this information to restrict freedom of association by arbitrarily granting and rejecting registrations based on certain characteristics Such as political or religious beliefs, artificial intelligence can also contribute to the work of civil society by blocking the websites of opposition groups and human rights organizations.

Students transition to a new educational stage that differs significantly from previous phases they have experienced, primarily due to the variety of academic specializations available for selection. This stage presents challenges such as difficulty in choosing a specialization suitable to their abilities and achieving adaptation and integration within it. Additionally, there are problems related to the students themselves, including their awareness and conviction of the importance of academic guidance. Other issues may arise, such as their struggle to adapt to the educational system, specifically the credit hour system, as well as psychological challenges, such as difficulty adapting to their chosen specialization and achieving success within it. Students may also face social problems, such as maintaining healthy relationships with their peers, which can create a range of obstacles impacting their ability to achieve their goals and their overall psychological and social development. These challenges faced by university students across various colleges begin with selecting a desired academic specialization based on their preferences, interests, and abilities, as well as choosing their courses throughout their university studies. The presence of an academic advisor is a crucial supporting factor in helping students complete their required courses and achieve academic success. Moreover, the academic advisor plays an essential role in the students' lives by providing the necessary psychological support and assistance to address the problems they encounter, thereby contributing to the educational institution's achievement of its goals.

We have addressed the objectives of contract correction because of its importance, especially since one of the objectives of contract correction is to realize the mental benefit where Islamic jurisprudence has dealt with the subject of mental benefit. The contract is valid and productive of its legal effects, as in the case of the sale of a dog, the sale is null and void because it is unreasonable money, unless the reasonable benefit of the contract is realized by the dog which is the protection of the house. In addition to the fact that the Iraqi legislator did not regulate the subject of the reasonable benefit and investigate the correction of the contract either in the place of the contract or in the cause of the contract. This is a legislative shortage, unlike the Iranian legislature. He referred to the mental benefit as a trigger for contracting and in the place of the contract, thereby achieving a role in correcting the contract and saving it from invalidity.

Humanitarian intervention is a longstanding phenomenon in international relations and has gone through stages of development that helped its formation and solidification. Before the First World War, when the use of force was the main characteristic, the delegation began, subsequently, in the League of Nations era, the intervention was limited to the scope of protecting the rights of minorities. However, international practices related to intervention have increased after the Second World War and the establishment of the modern international system and the founding of the United Nations, which stipulated in its charter the necessity of protecting human rights and confronting serious violations that constitute a threat to international peace and security. However, the opinions of jurists and legal experts differ regarding the concept of intervention and its limits. Some limit it to military force, while others see it as broader, including diplomatic and economic means and political pressures. To attain world peace and security, as well as to stop serious violations it was required to explain the idea of humanitarian intervention and its historical development .

Linguists have given a great consideration to the study and analysis of letters, focusing on the changes that occur to them depending on their position in the word. Then, this interest expanded to include the basic structure of the word. The non-Arabic origin of a letter is evident through differences in its pronunciation as well as the meanings it conveys. As for the changes in pronunciation, these emerged through the criteria set by the Arabs to identify the non-Arabic origin of a word and how Arab linguists determined the letters they did not pronounce. The words that have entered Arabic from other languages were found to be subject to change and exhibited a consistent pattern of alterations, including deletion, addition, or phonetic changes. These changes were categorized as an evidence of the foreign origin of the word, as well as methods for the Arabicization of foreign terms.
In the phonological aspect, we observe that the articulation of sounds in some languages changes, and the pronunciation of these sounds becomes closer to the new borrowed language until the two languages reach complete conformity or are closely aligned in the form of the dominant language
Scholars have observed that the beginning of linguistic evolution in any language starts with phonetic changes as the characteristics of sounds begin to shift into other qualities. This leads to the creation of new sounds and the fading or extinction of older sounds that used to exist.
To understand the use of phoneme pronunciation shifts from one language to another in identifying phonetic borrowing, we will study the phonological changes in Aramaic and some other languages, specifically in comparison with Arabic and some other Northwest and East Semitic languages.

Research in modern linguistics has long been confined to the boundaries of the sentence, which researchers have regarded as the largest independent unit of meaning that stands on its own. Consequently, the sentence was adopted as the primary unit of linguistic analysis. However, around the mid-20th century, a group of linguists began advocating for the need to move beyond sentence-level analysis to the level of the text. They observed that sentence grammar alone is insufficient to describe linguistic phenomena that extend across sentences, subtexts, and entire texts. Moreover, the overall meaning of a text exceeds the mere sum of the individual meanings of its constituent sentences. These scholars argued that human communication is not conducted through isolated, standalone sentences but rather through cohesive texts—except in cases where the entire text is embodied in a single sentence. Thus, calls emerged to move beyond the confines of sentence grammar to a broader framework capable of studying and describing natural communication materialized in texts, while uncovering the relationships and criteria that establish textuality.

This study sheds light on the homesickness of Iraqi Jews for their homeland that they lived with Iraqi society without problems, this issue left in their hearts everything that is good and beautiful in all aspects of life. Israel understood the danger of longing, and hastened to provide a solution communities that immigrated to Israel from Arab countries and that prepared them in neighborhoods together, and let them live the same lives and customs that they had in the mother countries, with the ambition that change will gradually come and erase the memories of the past, that everything will end with the emigrants' elders and their settling down of the young people in the new life. But this has not happened until now, despite the decades that have passed since they immigrated to Israel, and the longing remains burning and burning above and below and beyond the carpet.I chose a model to prove this in the character of Professor Shmuel Mora, the Iraqi Jewish immigrant who still lives the longing as a fire in his bones, and seeks to soften it by writing poems and hundreds of articles and thirty-five books in Arabic about his memories in Iraq in the land of rivers.

The concept of the “Robe of Glory” appears repeatedly in Syriac writings, since the first centuries when Syriac language started to flourish. Scholars have pointed to some texts dating back to Mar Ephrem the Syrian and Jacob of Sarug, in which this concept appears. It was realized that in these texts the concept refers to the state of human’s pre-existence which was expressed in literature in different ways. However, some believe that the concept is not original in the Syriac language, and that Syriac writers adopted this concept from neighboring cultures, especially Jewish literature (Targum), which uses the phrase “לְבוּשִׁין דִּיקָר” meaning “the Robe of Glory” to refer to the state of Adam and Eve before the fall in interpreting the Hebrew text of Gen 3:21.
This paper studies the concept of the “Robe of Glory” in Syriac literature, and reconsiders some of the matters that scholars acknowledge. For example, did Syriac literature borrow this concept from the literature of the Jewish tradition, or from Mesopotamian literature? Are there any Syriac writings before the fourth century that use or refer to this concept? Does this concept still refer to the human status before earthly existence, or did it change in the Syriac writings? Answering these questions will deepen our understanding of “The Robe of Glory” on the one hand, and the way in which Syriac literature was influenced by the literature of neighboring cultures, on the other hand

Dadaloğlu is considered one of the important lover of Turkish popular literature. Although the date of his birth and death is not known, he was born in the end of the eighteenth century depeding on some inferences that we concluded from his poetry. He died in the middle of the nineteenth century. Dadaloğlu, born in Kayseri, is considered one of the loyal and brave poets who were brought up among the Turkish people. He belongs to the ancestry of Boguz people, who were the ancestors of the Turks who migrated to what it is known geographically today as Turkey. He lived in the middle Anadoulo and died in Kırşehir Province. His grave is Kaman town that belongs to Kırşehir.Turkish literature witnessed several stages with the passage of time. It becomes stronger due to the literary role of Turkish people. Chanting literature is the type of literature that became one of great popularity specially by the efforts of great poets who were brought up in Anadoulo. Undoubtedly, Dadaloğlu is considered one the most iportant figure in Ashik literature.Chanting literature, which is one of the branches of popular Turkish literature, is divided into several branches depending on the way it is chanted and its usage. From poetical writing, this type of poetry has four types: Koshma, listening, fasagi, and epic. These four titles are divided into types within itself.The paper classifies Dadaloğlu poems, the great chanting poet, depending on their poetical style of writing as they appear in the poems that we got. After studying every title individualy, we will study in detail the suitable title of Dadaloğlu’s poems under the suitable title.

The Wisdom of Ahiqar is known not only for its wisdom and aphoristic content but also for its historical features and importance, which is evident in the exitance of different versions from different historical periods and in different languages. The oldest version of Ahiqar found is in Aramaic and dates back to the fifth century BC, but some have suggested that it was written before that period because it narrates events during the time of King Sennacherib of Assyria (late eighth century – early seventh century BC). The text of Ahiqar contains both narrative and wisdom sayings. The place of the narrative and wisdom sayings differs between the Aramaic version and other versions. What distinguishes this wisdom is that it has parallels in the wisdom of the ancient Near East, especially the wisdom of ancient Egypt and the Hebrew wisdom (books of wisdom in the Hebrew Bible). Ahiqar has an educational purpose in his teachings and wisdom and shows the principles and ethics of his world and surroundings. Ahiqar praises the general ethics of respect, honesty, trustworthiness and good conduct. Given the multiplicity of topics in the wisdom of Ahiqar, this study focuses on the subject of discipline in Ahiqar in its Aramaic, Syriac and Arabic versions, comparing them with each other on the one hand, and with other examples of ancient Near Eastern wisdom on the other hand, using the comparative analysis method. This study concludes that the influence and impact, regarding the subject of discipline, between ancient Near Eastern wisdom and the wisdom of Ahiqar usually appears in the thematic content, but differs in the style of expression, and it seems that there was some knowledge between them. For Ahiqar, the concept of discipline focuses on education and instruction using hardness (rod) when necessary, because the goal of discipline is to form the individual’s character and teach a way of life that protects the individual from error.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has experienced strong growth in recent decades, becoming a transformative tool that can revolutionize various aspects of human life. In recent years it has demonstrated the ability to solve complex problems, from medical assistance to the proposal of self-sufficient objects that manage to effectively carry out human activities.
Now, this transformative power of AI has arrived on the education stage, offering innovative and personalized solutions for teachers and students. In the case of teachers, it can become a virtual assistant that facilitates the planning and evaluation exercise, while, for students, it provides varied exercise spaces. The latter is very valuable for the Spanish class in Iraq, since personalized support helps advance mastery of the language.
For the reasons stated, this article proposes to show how AI can become a tool for learning Spanish in the ELE class in Iraq. In that order, the first thing is to cover its conceptualization, its benefits and the role it can have in language learning. As well as, the challenges involved in understanding its use and adaptation, the different strategies to promote and the specific tools for the Spanish class in the Iraqi context.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Strategies and Tools, Personalized support.

The article is devoted to the method of revealing Russian national identity. The study proposes to consider the basic principles necessary for the lexicographic representation of linguistic units, which are called human personality traits, in a dictionary of linguistic and cultural type. Adjectives that name a person's personality traits will be used as the research material. The study of human personality traits that are part of the Russian national identity with the help of a linguistic and cultural dictionary is an urgent and promising task.

Art-based learning in English is able to integrate different forms of art into learning process to enhance language acquisition and creativity, such as visual arts, drama, etc. This approach not only engages students but also supports their cultural and interactive development. Learning a foreign language is a complex and multifaceted process that requires more than memorization and repetition. Recently, researchers have realized the potential of education through the use of arts to create a dynamic and engaging environment that promotes deep understanding and connection between the learner and the language, thus enhancing language skills and nurturing creativity, cultural awareness, and cognitive intelligence. Various arts have accompanied people's lives since ancient times, consciously and unconsciously, and stimulate their interaction, whether through a book, music, a painting, a drama, etc. For this reason the study focus on applying this methodology practically on second level students at translation department in conversation course to investigate the development of their speaking skills and courage to use the foreign language. Students expressed noticeable interest in this way of taking the course and encouraged to suggest more ideas for engaging art pedagogy in other courses.

A grammatical error consists of the incorrect use of the grammatical rules of a language that is evident in writing. To avoid these errors it is essential to recognize them, in the Spanish language you can identify, for example, the error of agreement, the incorrect use of verb tenses, errors in the conjugation of verbs, incorrect use of pronouns and errors in the placement of accents.
In this article, we conducted a workshop to detect which of these grammatical errors are the most common among Iraqi students learning Spanish. The workshop was entitled Express Yourself and consisted of answering a question: what is your favorite hobby? We conclude that of the grammatical errors detected in Iraqi students, the most common is concordance. The next most common errors were inappropriate punctuation and incorrect use of pronouns.
Keywords: grammatical errors, written communication, Iraqi students

Families, groups, and individuals were deeply affected by the Troubles, a period of severe political and sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted from the late 1960s to the late 1990s. While most of the existing research on the Troubles concentrates on men's experiences and the wider political backdrop, this study turns attention to the often-overlooked suffering of women. The paper examines the trauma experienced by women during the Troubles as presented in Christina Reid's play Tea in a China Cup. The paper extensively examines Reid's play, focusing on female characters' emotional problems, psychological traumas, and the long-term effects of violence and political chaos. It investigates how these women manage their daily lives in the face of violence, strained familial connections, and cultural expectations.
Drawing on trauma theory and feminist perspectives, this study explores how Reid's work exposes the special issues that women faced during this turbulent time. It investigates the portrayal of silenced voices, the influence of patriarchal systems, and the endurance and responsibility shown by female protagonists in their quest for healing and empowerment.
The study contributes to comprehending the human cost of violence and the necessity for gender-sensitive historical research by highlighting women's trauma during the Troubles. It points to the necessity of recognizing women's experiences, gaining vital insights into their lived realities, and enhancing the discourse on trauma and conflict.

Stylistics, whatever its concepts, names, and schools, is not isolated from an intellectual and ideological background that casts a shadow on various aspects of a person’s life, including the way he interacts socially and culturally with others, and even his speech and language to express his positions His opinions regarding a specific topic are either supportive or supportive Whether he was an opponent or neutral in his position on the subject. From this standpoint, the research aims to conduct a stylistic study at the grammatical level of the Orientalist discourse on the Islamic heritage among a number of Orientalists. Based on the descriptive and analytical approach, the researcher aims to reveal the features of the influence of writers by their ideological backgrounds in their style and in the way of expressing their positions. The researcher does not want to direct harsh criticism at this or that writer and is not armed with emotion. Religious or nationalistic, but a number of the sayings and speeches of these writers are placed on the table for discussion and stylistic analysis. Among the most important developments in the research are: A) The ideological intellectual background appears clearly defined in the style, discourse, and positions of writers regarding the Islamic heritage in general. B) The stylistic features of Orientalist discourse are evident in prioritizing some elements of speech over others, using a special type of sentences or special structures, changing the location of vocabulary, or dressing them in a new guise to express and justify their opinions and positions. However, non-Arab writers did not give this text its due due to their lack of mastery of the basics of Arabic literature in general and the Arabic language in particular, whether they are supporters of Jerusalem The Islamic heritage or its opponents Or neutral towards him.

It is known that a person feels deep sadness as a result of losing something important, such as the death of a loved one or the end of a loving relationship, or other situations that cause pain. This sadness may have a slight effect, as it disappears after a short period, or the loss may be great, which makes the sadness deeper and longer-lasting, and leaves an impact on the life of the sad person, especially for poets who are hypersensitive. Poets interact greatly with events, which makes their reactions reflect the depth of their feelings. If a poet faces a sad situation and is unable to overcome it, he may suffer from depression, which leads to a feeling of alienation, whether psychological, intellectual or social.

I reached The research sample(55) male and female studentsFrom students of the Department of Life Sciences at the College of Education for Pure Sciences/University of Wasit for the academic year2023-2024And he roseThe two researchersBuilding paragraphsThe standards, thenBeScientific thinking scalefrom (20) PovertyWhile the mental capacity scale consists of (25) items AndFor each paragraph fiveAlternatives, mayIt was completed making surefromPropertiesPsychometrics of performancefig To beready to apply,AndDish The two researchersDescriptive approach to reachInformation it requiressearch, and after performing statistical treatments using the rightYStatistics (Spss),The research reached the following results:
-The presence of scientific thinking at an average rate among students.
-The students possess mental capacity, but at an average rate.
-There is a good percentage of achievement among students.
-There is a positive, moderate correlation between scientific thinking and students’ achievement when comparing them, and this indicates the existence of a positive, statistically significant relationship.
-Medium positive correlation between...Mental capacityStudents’ achievement when compared between them indicates a positive, statistically significant relationship.
In light of the above resultsYguardianThe two researchersWith:
1. Working to direct educational institutions to pay attention to critical thinkingscientificAndcapacityThe mentality of students in order to advance the educational and learning process.
2. Holding training courses for teachers in educational institutions to raise their awareness of different thinking methods, including critical thinkingscientificHow to practice these thinking skills in teaching methods and various educational activities.
3. Working to hold workshops to train students to practice thinking skillsscientificAndcapacitymentality by providing educational and guidance programs.
4. Activating the role of female counselors in universities, especially in the field of seeking academic assistance.
YThe researcher suggeststhat What's coming?:
1. Conduct further studies and research for the purpose of evaluating the level of...capacityMentality and thinkingscientificFor students of different academic levels.
2. Conduct a study aimed at identifying the causes of difficulties in learning to thinkscientificAnd its prevalence in our society.
3. Conduct other studies on thecapacityMentality, but with other variables (personality types, psychological compatibility).

Among the myriad themes explored by dystopian literature, which delves into the pressing concerns of humanity’s future, violence stands out as a significant subject. This violence may manifest in two distinct forms: individual violence, which is overt and readily apparent, and institutional violence, which often remains insidious, cloaked in deceptive justifications. This study endeavors to illuminate the manifestations of violence within two dystopian narratives: Mercury by the esteemed Egyptian author Mohamed Rabie, and A Clockwork Orange by the renowned British writer Anthony Burgess. The research findings reveal that both narratives serve as cautionary tales against the perils of violence, asserting that it cannot provide a viable solution to societal issues. Each narrative compellingly argues that there exists no legitimate basis for the enactment of violence, and that hostile actions cannot be effectively countered with further aggression. In the English narrative, the narrator elucidates the role of narcotics in transforming individuals into beings stripped of consciousness and will. Conversely, in the Arabic narrative, the storyteller recounts the emergence of a disease that renders people both blind and deaf. In this context, both the drug and the disease serve as potent symbols of a shared affliction: a profound disconnection from reality and an unsettling acquiescence to the status quo imposed by governing authorities. The distinction between the two narratives lies in Mercury’s exploration of colonialism’s role in engendering violence or steering colonized societies toward it, while A Clockwork Orange portrays violence as a byproduct of World War II and the pervasive pessimism it engendered.

This study investigates rudeness phenomena in William Golden's novel (Lord of the Flies). Rudeness, a widespread element in human interaction, plays a role in shaping communication dynamics. This type of speech, which has a negative effect may contain certain structure and specific purposes that the writers want to convey. Utilizing relevance theory as a framework, this study examines how rudeness is depicted in William Golding's "Lord of the Flies”. According to Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory, communication can be understood in a more nuanced way by focusing on the mental effort involved in making meanings and statements relevant. Qualitative analysis has been done on the data of this study.
Furthermore, it adopts Wilson and Sperber's (1986), relevance theory as a model and Segarra's (2007) criteria to identify rudeness and its types. Based on the results of the study, rudeness has many aspects that are hard to grasp when taken out of context. It is possible to provide rudeness through many types of strategies, explicit or covert.

Language is a medium of socialization. It is agreed upon that it is used differently in different situations. The language which is used in the everyday currency is regarded different at all levels of linguistics from that which is used in public occasions. Religion is one of the social and cultural values that language is used in accordance with. Religious texts are considered by various religions as sacred texts and as authoritative sources of guidance and wisdom. The study aims to tackle the most frequent types of speech acts in religious discourse and to find out the similarities and differences between English and Arabic. Therefore, a pragmatic analysis has been carried out to the selected verses in the Holy Bible and the Glorious Quran within the classification that put by Bach and Harnish (1979). In this study, forty samples are selected randomly from the Holy Bible and the Glorious Quran. However, they are restricted to verses that describe the Orphans’ Rights. The findings have shown that the type of speech acts that is most frequently used in religious discourse is the same in English and Arabic. Moreover, orders and prohibitive are frequently used in religious discourse for the same reason which is emphasizing the importance of preserving the orphan’s rights in the society.
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This research provided a descriptive reading that aims to explore the future prospects of artificial intelligence and its impact on the Arabic language, and the challenges in employing technology and artificial intelligence techniques in the Arabic language. The research deals with the concept of artificial intelligence, its origins, types, characteristics, definition of the Arabic language, and the future prospects of the Arabic language with Artificial Intelligence, and studies the challenges facing artificial intelligence with the Arabic language, and the efforts made to improve the relationship between the Arabic language and artificial intelligence.

Guidance is the fundamental purpose and ultimate goal of the missions of all prophets and messengers, aimed at reforming societal affairs and elevating them to the highest levels of goodness and virtue. Since the Qur'an is the primary book of guidance for Muslims, it is worthy of exploration to uncover the concept of guidance within its verses. Upon examining the Qur'an, we found that the word "Rushd" (guidance) appears 13 times, conveying various meanings such as (guidance, correctness, and goodness). Additionally, the word "Rasheed" (wise or rightly guided) appears three times in the Qur'an, referring to the correct use of reason, free from deviation. Moreover, Al-Rasheed is one of Allah’s beautiful names, meaning the One who guides His creation to their best interests, leads them to them, and directs them without the need for any external influence or correction. Allah Almighty is the first and ultimate guide for humanity, provided we possess sincere intentions and genuine faith. Since human beings are surrounded by desires, the inclinations of the self, and the influence of Satan, Allah has sent us guides throughout time—namely, the prophets and messengers (peace be upon them). Religious and educational guidance found its highest expression and principles in the authentic Islamic message brought by Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), whom Allah sent as a mercy to all worlds. Psychological guidance is a specialized profession emphasizing the importance of the relationship between the guide and the guided and increasing the awareness of the guided individual to evaluate themselves and their abilities realistically, ultimately leading to positive behavioral change.

The research focused on the nature of social media platforms and their definition as digital spaces and virtual environments that allow users to create and share content and interact with others through various media forms that are published on the platforms. The research also addressed the history of the emergence of social media sites and how they developed to reach their current form, where they have had major and decisive effects on the global scene and its political, economic, financial and social paths. The research also focused on the most important topic in social media sites, which is the legal aspect related to Article 230 of the US Communications Decency Act in the United States, which granted platforms legal protection from any accountability against them due to the posts that users upload on them that may cause serious problems for the individual, society and countries.

The arbitration system between spouses is a process aimed at resolving marital disputes amicably and effectively, without resorting to traditional court procedures. One or more arbitrators are appointed by the disputing parties to review the case. The arbitrator is a neutral and qualified individual who resolves the conflict fairly. The process begins with the spouses agreeing to resort to arbitration, during which evidence and testimonies are presented to the arbitrator. The arbitrator examines the case and issues a ruling based on the applicable laws and the specific circumstances of the couple. The advantage of this system lies in its speed and privacy, offering a faster and more cost-effective solution compared to traditional courts while ensuring the confidentiality of the proceedings. Additionally, it provides a flexible environment that fosters understanding and negotiation between the parties.