Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

The concept of pessimism has occupied a large space in the field of philosophy, economics and politics, which is in psychology occupies an important place in the study of personality and dealing in life with pressures, which indicates that it affects the psychological and physical health of the individual, the research has found the study of the relationship of pessimism in the individual personal pattern and this is what the research addressed in linking it to the pattern of personality (A) and (B). The research was applied to a sample of university students and found that the relationship was positive between pessimism and personality type (A).

The aim of the current research is to analyze the content of the basic literacy book in the light of human rights principles. The first edition 2013. The research community and its sample consisted of the content of the basic literacy book. The researcher prepared a list of general principles of human rights by obtaining documents of general principles of human rights from the website of the United Nations General Assembly, the Human Rights Organization, and the researcher converted the list of principles of human rights into a card Content analysis of the basic literacy book according to the definitions of each principle, and the indicators of human rights principles were relied upon as they are adopted principles to achieve the objectives of the research. The analysis showed a balanced inclusion of human rights principles in the basic literacy textbook .

The current study aims to identify the extent of the impact of the KUD method on developing scientific attitudes among eighth-grade female students in the Science for All course. To achieve the research goal, in the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024), three null hypotheses were developed based on the application of the experimental method and the design of two equal groups with a pre- and post-test in the Hajj subject. Yahya Primary School is linked to the Erbil Governorate Center Directorate.
The research sample, which included (57) female students, was chosen randomly from among the schools in the research community. Among them, (29) female students were taught using the KUD strategy in the experimental group, and (28) female students were taught using the traditional method in the control group. The school was specifically selected from among the schools in the research community. The following factors were subjected to the equation procedure between the two research groups: parents’ educational attainment, age, IQ, and achievement score for the previous science stage for all.
In addition, the researchers were careful to keep irrelevant factors under control to prevent them from influencing the experiment. The Scientific Attitude Development Scale (35 items) prepared by Habib (2012) and Muhammad (2015) was used as a tool for the study. When the scale was completed, it contained 35 items with five possible answers and was ready for use.
The two researchers created 48 lesson plans, 24 of which followed the KUD technique and the remaining 24 used the traditional approach. The occurrence of statistically significant differences between the average test scores of the experimental group and the control group was one of the most prominent findings of the research. The experimental group benefited from the post-test of the Scientific Attitude Development Scale, and the two researchers developed some suggestions and recommendations based on the results that support the objectives of the current study.
Keywords: KUD Strategy, Scientific Attitudes, Female Students, Sciences for All.

The researcher has adopted the experimental method to achieve the goal of the research ، The current research aims to know “The Effect of The Art Snail and the fruit tree Strategies in the acquisition of grammatical concepts on acquire Fourth -grade science students Attainment in The Kurdish grammar"To achieve the research goal, the researcher formulated the following nil hypothesis:
There are no discrepancies with statistical signs at the level (0.05)between the average grades of the first experimental group students that study the Kurdishr language grammar using The Art Snail and Strategie average grades of the second experimental group students that study the la Kurdishr nguage grammar usingthe fruit tree Strategie, and the average grades of the control group students that study the la Kurdishr nguage grammar using the conventional method in the achievementtest. The researcher has chosen an experimental design for three groups , two experimental groups and one control group, with after test ( partial control ) the researcher has chosen a sample of fifth-grade literary female students from a preparatory school (alramayla) for girls intentionally affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al- Rusafa III, the first academic course, for the academic year (2022-2023).The researcher prepared an the acquisition of grammaticalconcepts of (30) Multiple-choice items, and after verifying its validity and stability, the researcher applied it to the three groups after completing the experiment period, and to find out the results, the researcher used the statistical program(spss) which gave the following results:
The research resulted in the following result: the female students of the experimental group who studied according to The Art Snailand thefruit treeStrategies the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method in the achievement test of grammatical concepts Based on the results of the research, the researcher came up with a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

With the acceleration of the pace of life and the increase in its activities, life pressures are generated in the individual, which in turn lead to psychological pressures that may lead to the emergence of many psychological disorders, and among these disorders is obsessive-compulsive disorder, which is one of the disorders that is widespread among members of society, and this disorder expresses abnormal behavioral states in which The individual has an impulsive thought or image (unwanted obsessions), but it imposes itself on him and keeps coming back to him, until it forces the individual to do something and he finds himself motivated to achieve it and obligated to repeat it.
The current research aimed to identify:
- The effect of the integrative therapeutic program on obsessive-compulsive disorder
To achieve this, a number of hypotheses were formulated
The researcher prepared a scale for obsessive-compulsive disorder, which consisted of (68) items distributed into ten domains and with five alternatives.
As for the integrative therapeutic program, it consists of (14) sessions, one session each week, for a period of (90) minutes.
1-There is a difference between the pre- and post-tests for obsessive-compulsive disorder in the experimental group and in favor of the post-test.
2-There is a difference between the experimental and control groups for obsessive-compulsive disorder for individuals suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder in the post-test and in favor of the experimental group.
Based on the results of the current research, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals

To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher intentionally chose Abu Hanifa Al-Numan Preparatory School for Boys to represent the three research groups. The number of students in the three subjects was (94), the first experimental group had (31) students, the second experimental group had (32) students, and the control group had (31) students. The researcher tested the design of equal groups with partial control of the type of post-test to acquire the concepts of psychological principles. The researcher rewarded the three research groups with the intelligence variable. The researcher prepared three plans for teaching the research groups: the Kolb model for the first experimental group and the Texton model for the second experimental group. The control group was in the usual way. The number of test items to acquire the concepts of psychological principles was (30) multiple-choice items, then the researcher used appropriate statistical methods, namely (one-way analysis of variance and Schiffe method). The results of the research resulted in the superiority of the second experimental group over the first experimental group and the control group, and the superiority of the first experimental group over the control group.

Prof. Dr. Ismail Raji Al-Farouqi is one of the distinguished and promi-nent personalities for the study of religions, their philosophy, Islamic knowledge and dialogue between religions. He is considered a profes-sor of East and West religions. He made a great contribution to the sci-ence of comparative religions in the modern era in research, authorship, scientific criticism, wise analysis, encyclopedic authorship, and a report on the scientific method and wise behavior in Studying comparative reli-gions, and he tried to show the truth in all of this.
Truth appears and supports payment, righteousness, prosperity, coex-istence and peace among human societies under the monotheistic reli-gion and peaceful dialogue. This article deals with highlighting the most important aspects of his unique contribution to the science of compara-tive religions, while shedding light on his scientific and practical life path, which indicates that he sacrificed his life to show the religion of truth and guidance for human life in achieving happiness in this world..

The current research aims to identify the level of auditory perception among special education students. The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon, and the research sample consisted of (100) male and female students, with (62 male and (38 female) students being special education students. Due to the impossibility of obtaining a suitable tool, I decided The researcher prepared a special tool to diagnose and measure the level of listening perception skills among sample members by reviewing a number of relevant sources and studies. Accordingly, (40) questions were prepared that cover all the skills that students know at this age. Its validity was confirmed by presenting the auditory perception test to a number of specialized experts, and then the retest method was used, reaching (0.81), while a number of statistical methods were used to achieve the objectives of the current research, using the statistical package (spss), where the results showed that Special education students have a high level of auditory perception. As for the significance of the differences according to the gender variable, the results showed that there are no statistically significant differences attributed to this variable

The current research aims to find out “the effect of the (Assure) model on developing dictation skills among middle school students in the Arabic language subject.” To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher followed the steps of the experimental method and adopted a design with equal groups. The research community identified second-year middle school students and chose Al-Sham High School. For boys to represent the research sample, and in the same way the two research groups were selected. Section (B) represented the experimental group, as its number reached (35) students, while Section (G) represented the control group, as its number reached (35) students .The researcher was able to establish parity between the students of the two research groups and control the variables that may affect the course of the experiment, prepare appropriate plans, determine dictation skills and formulate behavioral objectives for the topics of the dictation subject to be taught to the students of the research sample, and after completing the experimental procedures and applying the dictation skills test, And analyze the data statistically .The researcher found that the students of the experimental group who studied dictation according to the (Assure) model excelled over the students of the control group who studied the same subject in the usual way. The researcher recommends adopting the (Assure) model in teaching dictation, and the researcher proposes building an educational program according to this model for teaching Arabic grammar subject.

إن اختلاف الفقهاء مصدر عظيم لثروة فقهية كبيرة، ومن مظاهر الخلاف الفقهي مؤاخذات علمية يوردها بعض العلماء على علماء آخرين بدعوى مخالفتهم الأدلة الشرعية، أو القواعد المقررة لاستنباط الأحكام الشرعية، ومن تلك المؤاخذات ما أورده الإمام المحدث أبو بكر ابن أبي شيبة رحمه الله تعالى على أبي حنيفة النعمان رحمه الله حيث إنه ساق في مصنفه الكثير من الأحاديث والآثار التي عدَّ الإمام أبا حنيفة رحمه الله مخالفا لما تقتضيه من أحكام كما قد يبدو للناظر فيها، وموضوعات تلك الأحاديث تتعلق بمختلف أبواب الفقه وموضوعاته من عبادات ومعاملات وفقه أسرة ومسائل الحدود والجنايات وغيرها، وقد ارتأى الباحث إفراد هذا البحث لدراسة مسائل مختارة تتعلق بباب الحدود الشرعية التي يرتبها الشرع على بعض الجرائم الشرعية ، وذلك لما تمتاز به الحدود المترتبة على الجنايات بصورة عامة وتلك المسائل المختارة لتكون موضوع البحث بصورة خاصة من أهمية وأثر عملي في حياة الناس، فوقع الاختيار على مسائل: (نصاب قطع اليد في السرقة) ومسألة (هبة المسروق للسارق) ومسألة (رجم اليهودي واليهودية)، ومسألة (نفي الزاني والزانية).

Aim of current research is
*know level of academic stalling for stuents of college of political sciences in general
*know level of adventurous behiour of those students in general
*relation between the forementioned variables and students of college of political sciences in general
Know variance significance in level of academic stalling and its relation with adventerous behaviour of sample according to gender variable (males-females) and class variable ( second –fourth)
Researcher adopted descriptive method sample was(119) students of college of political sciences . to achieve the forementioned goals , researcher adopted (Al-Khozaii' scale 2017) and (Al-Obaidi 2021 scale) for adventerous behaviour . psychometric features of scale such as surface validity reached (80%) ,stability factor was found using re-test to reach (0,81) while reached (0,83) for scale of adventerous behaviour researcher used (SPSS) program to explain and analyse data
Researcher concluded :
*existence of statistically significant difference in level of academic stalling for students of college of political sciences in general
*existence of statistically significant difference in level of adventerous behaviour for students of college of political sciences in general
*existence of statistically significant difference in level of academic stalling and adventerous behaviour in general
*no statistically significant differences in relation between academic stalling and adventerous behaviour according to gender (males-females) and classes (first –fourth)
Researcher recommends and suggests :
*have guidance sessions specially for university students to know sources of academic stalling and find ways to eliminate such sources
*urge university students to do their home works in time and quit stalling otherwise stalling will become a life style
*having guidance sessions for youth to know impacts of adventerous behaviour and adventure
*encourage cautious students to break psychological barriers and make choices
*embody instructions in some curriculae
to encourage students to take positive adventure and show the difference between positive and negative adventerous behaviour
*make study about academic stalling and its relation to irrational ideas
*make a similar study on a sample of people outside university
*make a similar study about adventerous behaviour and its relation to other variables such as self acceptance and creativity .

The current study aims to identify the needs in the stories of the Brothers Grimm. The research sample consisted of (3) stories, namely: 1- The story of the Thorn Rose (Sleeping Beauty) 2- The story of Snow White 3- The story of Little Red Riding Hood. The number of pages analyzed reached (15.5) pages, and to achieve the research objectives, Murray's classification of needs was adopted, which contains (36) basic needs that are further divided into (129) sub-needs. The idea was adopted as a unit of analysis and repetition as a unit of enumeration, Reliability was extracted in two ways: 1- Agreement between the researcher and himself over time, where the agreement coefficient reached 97%. The second was agreement between the researcher and two external analysts, where the agreement coefficient between the researcher and the first analyst reached 83.05%, while the agreement coefficient between the researcher and the second analyst reached 80. 35%. The G. Cooper equation was adopted to extract the stability and percentage as a basis for the frequency of needs in the research sample. The results of data analysis showed the presence of (811) ideas that express needs, according to which the first nine needs were chosen on the basis that they are the most emphasized needs in the sample of analyzed stories, which are: 1. n Cognizance / 2. n Aggression / 3. n Dominance / 4.n Nurturance / 5. n Deference / 6. n Harmavoidance / 7. n Inhibition / 8. n Decite / 9. n Recognition . From the same standpoint, the last nine needs were chosen on the basis that they are the least certain needs, which are: 1. n Exhibition /2. n Seclusion / 3. n Noxavoidance / 4. n Intensity / 5. n Abasement / 6. n Autonomy / 7. n Retention / 8. n. Affiliation /9. n Sex . The researcher concluded his research with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The aim of the research is to identify the impact of the differentiated learning strategy in the achievement of fifth-grade primary students in science, as the researcher used experimental design with partial control (control group and experimental group), and selected a random research sample of schoolgirls (primary culture for girls) where the two research groups were rewarded in several variables including (time age calculated in months, the achievement of female students in science subject for the previous year, The IQ test) reached the number of pupils ( 68 ) pupils by the fact (34) pupil per group, and the researcher used the analysis of mono contrast to process the data, and the results showed that the results exceeded the experimental group that studied and approved the strategy of differentiated learning on the control group that studied according to the usual method of attainment test .