Journal of University of Babylon

The bed expansion of gas-liquid-solid co-current fluidized bed is studied in the present work. ‎Experimental work is carried out using Perspex column having 0.092 m inner diameter, 2 m height. ‎Kerosene and air are used as continuous and dispersed phases, respectively. Glass beads having ‎‎0.0038 m diameter and 2247 kg/m3 density and catalyst particles having 0.0025 m diameter and ‎‎2070 kg /m3 density, which were taken from the kerosene hydrotreating reactor that is located in Al-‎Daura Refinery, are used as the solid phase.‎
The Computational fluid dynamic CFD results of dynamic characteristics were obtained based ‎on simulation using commercial CFD codes and ANSYS FLUENT 16.0 have been used for validation, ‎by comparing the simulation and experimental results. Eulerian approach for flow of granular ‎multiphase is utilized to predict the performance of the three-phase co-current fluidized bed. ‎
The results are indicated that the height of the expanded bed is having a strong function of ‎liquid velocity, which increases as the liquid velocity increases too.‎

An experimental investigation of refrigerant R-134a two-phase flow ‎condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in condenser tube section of ‎refrigeration system under different operating conditions is presented. The ‎experimental and theoretical investigations are based on test conditions in range of 10 ‎‎-17 kW/m2 for heat flux, 42-63 kg/m2s for mass flux, vapor quality 1-0.03 and ‎saturation temperature 44 to 49˚C. The experimental tests are conducted on test rig ‎supplied with a test section to simulate the water cooled double pipe heat exchanger, ‎which is designed and constructed in the present work. “The experimental results have ‎revealed that, the heat flux and mass flux have significant impacts on the heat transfer ‎coefficient. “The heat transfer coefficient was increased with increase in heat flux and ‎mass flux at prescribed test conditions, where the enhancement in heat transfer ‎coefficient was about 47% and 14% for relatively higher heat flux and mass flux, ‎respectively. “The enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient was about 51% for ‎relatively lower saturation temperature 45.97˚C and 43% for higher vapor quality 0.88 ‎compared to other values at constant test conditions. “The pressure drop was higher in ‎the range of 12% and 49% for relatively higher mass flux and heat flux respectively. ‎‎“The present work results have validated by comparison with predictive models and ‎with similar research work results and the comparison has revealed an acceptable ‎agreement.‎

‎ The contemporary development in the field of the digital technology for the media has been witnessed ‎an increasing use in the urban scene of the city. This causes disconnection of the visual references of the place, ‎which are replaced by a simulation of the reality by digital images as an alternative to the physical presence. So, ‎the Availability and spread of the new means of visual communication and information technologies create ‎new symbols of contemporary life, that have different levels of acceptances by users. The problem of research ‎is: “The need to detect the user's evaluation of the use of media technology in the urban scene”. The research ‎proposal is: The excessive use of media in urban scene led to visual pollution and the lack of sense of place. For ‎its methodology, the research follows three steps: First, the review of the architectural writings that have ‎agreement or disagreement of the presence of media in the urban scene, to find the scalable items to measure ‎the user’s evaluation of the urban scene. Second, the implementation of the Questionnaire, which is made by ‎choosing of five case studies representing various urban scenes in Baghdad city (where the media is used), to ‎adopt the questionnaire form designed, as a means of measuring user’s evaluation. The research Sample was ‎‎40 persons (not architects) and 70 persons (the architects), who have visited the case study sites several times. ‎Third, by using questionnaire form and excel program, the results are Calculated. The research concluded some ‎negative issues, that should be noticed while using media in the urban scene, to avoid visual pollution and ‎provide the sense of place with the help of the specialists. The ease of recognizing and understanding of the user ‎and the limited use of the media are the most important evaluation factors in user preferences. ‎

The problem of suspended material and its deposition can be reduced by the combined system ‎of weir and gate flow. Simulating this system aims to understand and analyse the mutual effect of ‎them. Experimental work has been carried out to validate models of the combined system. Vertical ‎sharp edges of gate and weir are tested by changing four times gate opening. The simulations base on ‎RNG k- ε turbulence model and a comparison between flow surface profile and discharge has been ‎done and they showed acceptable reliability. The investigation indicats that two flow portions separate ‎at different levels depending on upstream depth and this separation level falls to reach halve of the ‎distance between system edges as the depth increases. The relative weir to gate discharge increases ‎from 0.4 up to 1.8 as gate opening decreases 60%. As total depth of flow upstream (H) increases by ‎‎46%, the discharge of gate increase 5%, 7%, 12%, 26% for gate opening of 2, 3, 4, 5 cm respectively, ‎while the weir dischage increase about 5 times. The Weir in combined system performs better by 5% to ‎‎20% as compared with the conventional one. Within the study limitations, two mathematical models ‎are suggested to predict discharge of weir in a system and for the gate with acceptable coefficient of ‎determination.‎

To achieve these requirements need to assess the pavement surface condition ‎‎(Functional Performance). The pavement surface damage that frequently happens has ‎an effect on the safety and comfort of road users. Pavement condition assessment is ‎the basic step to select a suitable type of maintenance and rehabilitation program. This ‎study aims to estimate the functional condition of the Mohammed Al-Qasim ‎Expressway pavement surface by the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) assessment ‎with data collected throughout 2017. The result showed that the AC pavement ‎surface condition assessment is equal to 70 based on PCI value, and rated as fair, and ‎the transverse tining PCC pavement surface condition is rated as satisfactory and PCI ‎value equals 77.‎

In this paper, experimental has been executed to investigate thermal ‎performance of modified design of mini-channel plate solar collector. For the ‎application of mini-channel heat exchangers, it is necessary to have perfect design ‎tools for prophesy pressure drop and heat transfer. Experimental setup were carried ‎out in Baghdad city from (July) with a tilt angle of (30º) to the south under sunny ‎weather condition. The working fluid is propylene glycol in the laminar regime is used ‎for experimental investigation at constant fluid inlet temperature (15 ºC - 20 ºC) and ‎at different flow rates (4.6L/h, 5.77L/h, 7.96L/h, 11.2L/h, and 18.35L/h). The mini- ‎channel solar collector performance is evaluated in terms of heat transfer coefficient, ‎pressure drop, friction factor pumping power, and working fluid temperature ‎difference between the outlet and the inlet .In this paper study the test rig with ‎selective coating and with cover glass The experimental results show that an increase ‎in mass flow rate the heat transfer coefficient is also increased while the friction factor ‎is decreased. Also, increase in mass flow rate lead to the temperature difference ‎between the outlet and the inlet working fluid decreases. ‎

The paper is dedicated to of study heat transfer coefficient of three-phase ‎mixture through porous media 20 cm length, the packaging material made of chrome-‎steel used are 2, 6 and 10mm and its carried out in Perspex vertical pipe 3.175 cm ‎diameter and overall length of 2 m .The gasoil, water and air used as working fluids. ‎The heat transfer coefficient values for 2mm case is higher than 6, 10 mm cases ‎because of higher thermal conductivity for small particle diameter. It observed the ‎inversely relationship between the heat transfer coefficient and particle diameters. In ‎addition, it observed that porous media region has a minimum value because damping ‎in velocity through it. Also, it found the heat transfer coefficient values increase with ‎increase temperature of water phase Simulation results by using computational fluid ‎dynamics CFD building a modeler using VOF model .The volume of fluid VOF ‎approach is used to simulate the flow in porous media with three-sizes of particles ‎respectively. The deviation between results with other researchers was acceptable is ‎about 17.04 %.‎

This research focuses on estimating of three important properties of reactive powder ‎concrete; the distractive, a non-distractive testing and statistical analysis suggest ‎mathematical model. The ultrasonic pulse velocity test (NDT) method to study the ‎properties of concrete. Fifty cubes with size (150mm), fifty cylinders with diameter ‎‎(150mm), height (300 mm), and fifty prisms of dimensions (100*100*500) mm., Statistical ‎analysis was used to estimate the mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete ‎‎(RPC), compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. Results ‎showed that it is possible to estimate the mechanical properties using a mathematical ‎model.‎

In this research, the design, analysis, improvement, and manufacturing of a ‎horizontal axis wind turbine with symmetrical blade section type (NACA 0012) airfoil ‎have been achieved. For better performance and behavior, it is necessary to install ‎some parameters and controlled the others to achieve the best wind turbine ‎performance.‎
Fortran 90 computer programs are used to analyze and calculate the design data ‎as well as compare these data with the results of CFD code. Then the optimization ‎methods Scmitz, betz and lift/drag optimization were used to improve chord and pitch ‎angle for a wind turbine. Turbine blades were drawn by solidwork program, and then ‎this data was transferred to the 3D printer to manufacture the blades. Note that the ‎blades were made of fiberglass material. The results were as follows, where the Cp ‎‎=0.481 at TSR=7 before optimization and after optimization, the best results were as ‎follows Cp = 0.556 at Schmitz chord optimization and lift/drag twist optimization, ‎Also Cp = 0.53 at Betz chord optimization and lift/drag twist optimization at same ‎TSR.‎

This experimental work aims to examine the effect of nanoparticles added to ‎diesel fuel on engine emission characteristic. Nano fuels are prepared by adding Al2O3 ‎or TiO2, both with particle size less 45nm to diesel fuel. Four doses for each type ‎namely (25, 50, 100 and 150) ppm are prepared. These nanoparticles are blended with ‎diesel fuel in varying volume fraction by the means of an electric mixer and an ‎ultrasonicator (JTS-1018). Their stability characteristics were analyzed under static ‎conditions. The Nano fuels are (DF+Al2O3) and (DF+TiO2). The study shows that the ‎addition of nanoparticles to diesel fuel improves in physical properties such as cetane ‎number where it increases from 51.6 to 54.3 for Al2O3 at 150ppm. Also Comparisons ‎of fuel properties without and with nanoparticles additives (Al2O3 and TiO2) are ‎presented. The influence of nanoparticles addition is very clear on the emission ‎characteristics. The results show that the Al2O3 and TiO2 reduce the CO emission by ‎‎34% and 25% respectively at 75% load and 25ppm. The NOx emission is increased ‎with Al2O3 by 4.12% at 25ppm and full load, but with the TiO2 is decreased by ‎‎10.56% at same operating conditions. The reduction of smoke opacity with Al2O3 and ‎TiO2 is 28% and 25% respectively. ‎

The conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) may suffer from several distress such ‎as fatigue cracks and rutting. These distresses increase with severe climate conditions ‎and reputation of traffic load. The High Modulus Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) ‎designed according to the French method (EME) can be considered as one of the ‎important solutions for these distresses. The production of HMAC requires hard grade ‎bitumen. The current research involved a novel way to produce hard grade bitumen ‎‎(asphalt binder) to be consonant with the requirements of hard grade bitumen used for ‎a HMAC. The experimental work involved mixing polymer and cross-linking agent ‎with conventional bitumen to get the new bitumen. Since the most concern with hard ‎grade bitumen and HMAC is the fatigue cracks, Crumb Rubber (CR) was added to ‎the obtained bitumen to improve the fatigue performance of the pavement. Fourier ‎Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) ‎tests were carried out on the conventional and hard grade bitumen. The optimal value ‎of additives was selected to meet the requirement of hard grade bitumen was 4% ‎Novolac from weight of bitumen and 10 % of Hexamine from weight of Novolac (i.e. ‎‎0.4% of weight of bitumen), while the selected CR ratio to improve flexibility was ‎‎0.5% from weight of bitumen. FTIR and SEM test results showed that a mechanical ‎interaction was occurring between the bitumen and the additives leads to greatly ‎improve the mechanical properties of resulting bitumen. The obtained bitumen is ‎satisfied to required standards and can be used for HMAC according to French ‎method.‎

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) or super finishing is a modern ‎unconventional finishing technique to produce high quality of parts, which is ‎controlled by a magnetic energy. Magnetic abrasive operation develops some of the ‎mechanical properties such as the surface quality. Nowadays, many of the traditional ‎finishing technique such as honing, polishing and grinding are now being replaced by ‎this process. In this review, principles of the MAF process, processing factors and ‎their influence on the responses, the process modeling and development of the MAF ‎method for flat surfaces will be examined in details research work in the literature. ‎Additionally, there is a new type of MAF connected with Electrochemical Machining ‎‎(ECM) to produce Electrochemical Magnetic Abrasive Machining (EMAM). The ‎performance of models and multi-optimizing for predicting the responses such as ‎metal removal rate (MRR), surface finish (SF), heat affected zone (HAZ) etc. are ‎found to comparable in terms of the prediction accuracy and speed. ‎

This study goals to evaluate the pollution loads of contaminated dust fallen in ‎areas near the oil refinery in Al-Shaibah area and areas around it in Basrah, Iraq ‎between June 2011 and November 2012 in nine stations. Trace elements in dust under ‎study are: (1.chromium Cr, 2.cadmium Cd, 3.nickel Ni and 4.lead Pb). Chronic daily ‎intake CDI for these trace elements through (a.ingestion, b.inhalation and c.dermal ‎contact) is calculated, (the total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient HI) and (the total ‎carcinogenic risk TCR) are calculated. The order of non-carcinogenic hazard quotient ‎for trace elements in dust is: (Cr > Pb > Cd > Ni). Carcinogenic risk order for trace ‎elements in dust is: (Cr > Cd > Pb > Ni), study area is in safe of non-carcinogenic and ‎carcinogenic impact on human health. Finally the ecological risk is evaluated in two ‎indices: integrated pollution level in the environment Cdeg and potential ecological risk ‎RI. The order of RI for trace elements is: (Pb > Cd > Ni > Cr), this study indicates that ‎all stations have low "potential ecological risk".‎

Abstract
The research aims to prepare high-performance asphalt concrete with good ‎specifications for using in asphalt concrete overlay can resist deformations and ‎problems faced and increase its age service. Used all of polypropylene particles as an ‎additive to the asphalt concrete type (AC 60-70) by six ratios (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7) % ‎of optimum asphalt content weight, as an additive for asphalt mixture with a ‎maximum size of the aggregate (19mm). Study the effect of these additions on the ‎volumetric and the mechanical properties of the asphalt concrete and evaluate its ‎performance through Marshall Method test by take at least three specimens of ratio ‎tested. ‎
The results showed that the use of polypropylene particles improve the ‎performance and specifications of asphalt concrete and increase the ability to resist ‎deformations that are exposed, where it was concluded that the addition of ratio ‎‎(4%) of the weight of the asphalt of polypropylene gives optimum improvement of ‎the performance of the asphalt concrete overlay, where Marshall stability is increased ‎by 47% and flow decreased by 17% compared to untreated mixtures respectively, ‎with volumetric properties within limitations of the specifications.‎

Composite films of both Poly (vinyl alcohol)/nano silica-nano zinc oxide ‎‎(PVA/SiO2- ZnO) and Poly (methyl methacrylate) / nano silica-nano zinc oxide -‎chlorophyll (PMMA/SiO2-ZnO-Ch) are prepared by using casting method and their ‎medical applications are evaluated. In this study Nano, silica and Nano zinc oxide are ‎used as filler with the following percentages of (1, 2 and 3) to improve the biological ‎and mechanical properties of the composite films. Many tests are carried on the ‎composite films such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), antibacterial ‎activity, and tensile test. Their results show that zinc oxide has an excellent ‎antibacterial activity and this activity increases in composite films with the increasing ‎concentration of the zinc oxide .PMMA composite films show a better healing power ‎than that of the PVA composite films. To avoid cracking on the produced PMMA ‎film, chlorophyll as a bio natural pigment, is added it acts as a plasticizer and as a ‎result it removes film stresses. All mechanical and physical tests show that the PVA ‎composite has higher values than those of PMMA. This is due to the fact that PVA ‎can build a hydrogen bond with ZnO or SiO2 additives while PMMA has no tendency ‎for H-bonding. ‎

Ground response analysis also termed as soil amplification study comprises the ‎calculation of site natural periods, ground motion amplification, evaluation of liquefaction ‎potential, and stability analysis. The important features that are considered for analysis are ‎characteristics of soil overlying bedrock, bedrock location and inclination, topography of ‎bedrock and soil deposits, faults in the soil deposits. ‎
In this paper, two sites within Al-Hilla city were selected to investigate the ground ‎response analysis. Laboratory tests included moisture content, Aterbberg limits , and the ‎grain size distribution curves have been developed to understand the particle size ‎distribution of the alluvium present, while field work included: shear wave velocity ‎measurements and N-value calculation. ‎
From geotechnical characterization, it has been observed that the soil profile in the ‎two sites is dominated by silty sand and silty clay. The site response analysis of ground ‎motion was carried out using Proshake software. The results of the equivalent linear ‎analysis show that the peak surface ground acceleration ranges between 0.0523g to ‎‎0.0639g. The amplification factor for acceleration is in the range between 1.048 to 1.27.‎

This paper investigated contractor's performance in Iraq. Determination and ranking ‎the factors that affecting on the contractors' performance in construction projects are ‎done. A field survey of 45 Iraqi contractors work in construction contracting companies ‎‎(general and private sector) was under taken using structured questionnaires. The most ‎effective factors on the contractor's performance were obtained using Relative ‎Importance Index (RII). The work revealed that: cash flow of project, average delay in ‎regular payments, contractor experience, design team experience, and site preparation ‎time are the major factors influence on contractor’s performance in construction project.‎

The Gough Stewart Robotic manipulator is a parallel manipulator with six-degree of ‎freedom, which has six equations of inverse and forward with six variables. This paper ‎model of the Gough Stewart has been built into the MSC ADAMS software and its ‎motion based on the inverse equations of the Stewart. Then compare the obtained results ‎from the software with the results, which obtained from theoretical model.‎

Due to the sheet metal bending process, the sheet of metal is forced to take the ‎shape of the die cavity by a rigid punch to fit it with that cavity dimensions, but when ‎the punch is removed, the elastic deformation will be released and only the plastic de-‎formation will be remained, this release of the elastic deformation caused the phe-‎nomenon which is called springback defect. The springback is one of the defects that ‎happen in the forming of sheet metal and its effect appears clearly in the assembly ‎processes because of the change in final product dimensions. More researches were ‎done to reduce the effect of this phenomenon on the uniform and symmetry sheets, ‎but in reality, the products which are made by bending the sheet metal may contain ‎holes before its forming. Therefore, in this research, the effect of the hole size and its ‎center locations on the springback behavior and its value was specified for carbon ‎steel material with (200 x 50 x0.75) mm, which and was drilled with different holes ‎diameters (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) mm, and then the location of each hole was changed ‎about the perpendicular centerline of each sheet . Design of Experiment Software ‎DOE was used to predict the value of springback for two V-shaped dies with forming ‎depth of 12 and 19 mm by conducting 78 experimental tests and feeding its results as ‎an input to DOE to select the perfect mix between hole size and its position which ‎gives the minimum springback effect. Two mathematical quadratic models were built ‎for the two die depths in terms of use input parameters. It was found that both hole ‎size and its location had great impact on the springback. The optimum values of ‎springback were obtained for the two die depths. Good agreement was found ‎between the experimental and theoretical springback with a maximum error of 0.286‎‏ ‏‎% for 12 mm die depth and 0.037 % for 19 mm die depth. Finally, it was concluded ‎that the springback value was reduced by 6.47 % when using 19 mm die depth in ‎comparison with 12 mm depth.‎

This paper presents a numerical study of heat transfer of a fully developed turbulent ‎flow inside elliptical tube with different aspect ratio of constant surface area, by using ‎‎(AL2O3-water) nanofluid with average nanoparticles diameter (20 nm). Multi-phase ‎mixture model has been used to calculate the Nusselt number, nanofluid velocity, and ‎pressure drop. “The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes”, energy, and volume fraction ‎equations are solved by ANSYS fluent with “finite volume method (FVM)”. The ‎numerical results show reasonable acceptance with error bounds approximately to ‎‎(10.34%) upon pervious experimental works. It is found that the increase in nanoparticles ‎‎“volume concentration (φ)” will increase the Nusselt number with little “pressure drop” ‎rise. The elliptical tube with 0.25 aspect ratio gives best enhancement in heat transfer ‎compared with circular tube with maximum Nusselt number (52.9%) and nanofluid ‎volume concentration of 1.5%, but it is less effective in the process of transporting fluids ‎to distance due to the high pressure drops between entry and exit of fluid compared to ‎tube with circular sections within a certain range of Reynolds number (3000-9240).‎

This study was conducted to study the monthly and annual changes of the ‎phosphate and nitrate concentrations in the water of the regions of (Essaouira, ‎Numania, Kut, Muwafaqia and Dujaila) in Wasit governorate by measuring the ‎concentrations of phosphates and nitrates and measuring the elements (Ec, pH, TDS, ‎Ca, Mg, K, Na) and the samples were taken at the beginning of the month and mid-‎month and then took the rate of these samples over the full year (for the years 2013, ‎‎2014) The results were compared with the Iraqi Standard for Water . Then, statistical ‎models were used to find the correlation values for the knowledge of phosphate and ‎nitrate values (dependent variables) based on time during the months of the year, and ‎depend on (pH,EC,TDS, Ca,Mg, K and Na) (Independent variables). The results ‎showed that the value of Phosphate (Po4) during the year 2013 exceeded the limit ‎allowed during the month of December in the regions (Numaniyah, Kut upstream ‎barrage, Muwafaqiy and Dujaili) and during the month of January in the regions ‎‎(Muwafaqiya, Dujaili, Kut upstream barrage), while the Nitrates all values within ‎allowable limit of water. During the year 2014, the concentration of the phosphate ‎value exceeded the limit allowed during the month of February in the region of ‎Suwiara and during the month of August in the regions (Muwafaqiya, Kut upstream ‎barrage), while the Nitrates all values within allowable limit of water. While the results ‎of the statistical model showed that there was a high correlation for coefficient of ‎determination (R2) except for the statistical model WQMD for NO3 equal to 0.581 ‎and WQMM for NO3 equal to 0.603 and coefficient of determination (R2) for 2014 ‎range between (0.790-0.373), through value of correlation matrix showed that the ‎values of phosphates and nitrates have a high correlation with the elements (TDS, pH, ‎EC, Na) than other elements

Solar concentrators are an important facility to utilize the solar energy. There are many ‎kinds of solar concentrators. In this work an experimental has been implemented to improve the ‎thermal performance of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) using three different fluids as a ‎working fluid (water, nanoparticles of CuO mixed with distilled water nanoparticles of ‎Al_2 O_3 mixed with distilled water) with concentration ratio 0.01% and mass flow rate 20Lt/hr ‎without tracking system. The experimental tests have been carried out in electro-mechanical ‎engineering department at university of technology in Baghdad city during October 2017 and ‎daytime between (9am -15pm) hours. The obtained results for three different fluids are as ‎follows:‎
‎ - Using (CuO + distilled water) as a working fluid increases the average of the output ‎temperatures by 10.4%, the average of useful heat gains increases by 11% and the average ‎of the collector efficiencies increases by15%. ‎
‎- Using (Al_2 O_3+distilled water) as a working fluid increased the average of output ‎temperatures by 4%, the average of useful heat gains is increased by 6.5% and the average of ‎collector efficiencies is increased by 8.2%. ‎

The paper studied and prediction the natural frequency and mod shapes for ‎deflection, slop, shear and moment for four assumed cases for swept wing transport ‎airplane with tow engine and different amount of fuel using Myklestad method which ‎deal with transfer matrix technique for solving the mathematic modeling for these four ‎cases. The maximum effect of the first mode deflection and slop on the tip of the ‎wing (case one) and maximum effect of the second mode shear and moment on the ‎mean root chord of the wing (case four) which were the most critical case.‎

Natural gas is known as a green source of energy due to high purity, high energy ‎density and environment friendly. To transport natural gas, it is an important to ‎convert it into liquid case to reduce the cost, therefore the design of storage tank can ‎be important factor in the natural gas trade. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank as a ‎kind of storage column is quite different with other storage columns. Firstly, the size ‎of this type of LNG tank is highly large, which comes with capacity up to 200,000 m3. ‎LNG storage tank can be considered as a new technique in this field for many ‎countries. Secondly, the low temperature of LNG will increase the isolation part and ‎lead to difficult process through the operation and installation time. This work ‎combines different designs codes to study in details the LNG tank design in terms of ‎inner and outer construction, bottom design with corner protection, and top design ‎with corner protection. In addition, the heat leakages have been calculated for each ‎part to show that the heat leakage is acceptable. ‎

‎ Non-biodegradable wastes materials pose a significant environmental hazard to ‎living organisms and their disposal requires effort, time and money. One of the most ‎useful processes by which this waste can be exploited is the recycling process. Iron ‎filings are one of the wastes materials that can be recycled and used in engineering ‎fields. One of these is the use of the process in construction. Iron filings are very small ‎pieces of iron that look like a light powder. They are very often used in science ‎demonstrations to show the direction of a magnetic field. The purpose of this project ‎is to evaluate the possibility of using iron filings as one of the component of concrete ‎mix. Three different percentage of iron filings were added to concrete mix to measure ‎the variation, which may be obtained in compression and tensile concrete strengths ‎after 28 days. 45 of 150mm cubes and prisms of 100x100x400mm were performed ‎and tested in this study using 0% (control), 5%, 10% and 15% of iron filing in ‎concrete mix.‎

The study dealt with one of the types of environmental pollution, which is visual ‎pollution as it affects the city without other human stable. The field study was based on ‎the detection of the causes of visual pollution in the city of Khalidiya and the biological ‎and psychological effects on the population. It was found that the city suffers from visual ‎pollution due to economic, social, political, planning and legal reasons. The questionnaire ‎was distributed by 5% distributed to the population, as well as the use of modern ‎quantitative methods (s.p.s.s), which revealed five types of pollution, Residential areas ‎between very severe pollution and very weak depending on the size of the population and ‎their economic and social level in the city.‎