Journal of University of Babylon

Many recent studies showed that the wavelet transform step consumes a long computing time ‎during image compression process. Also, to obtain high CR, multiple transform levels must be applied. This ‎paper examines the properties and design of multilevels framelet for image compression applications. This ‎work is focused on high CR obtained, with minimally perceptible loss in image quality, at the multi-levels ‎of transforms. The programming language MATLAB is used for implementing the proposed algorithm. ‎Simulated results show that there are a suitable number of levels of transforms based on the nature of ‎image. Higher subbands of framelet decomposition can be eliminated for saving in computing and ‎communication energies. At higher levels of transform, these subbands are being of large effects to ‎improve the image quality, if there are used, at higher CR.‎

Pier of bridge is usually used as a general term for any type of substructure located between ‎horizontal spans and foundations. Piers give vertical supports for spans at intermediate points and ‎perform two main functions. The objective of this study is to inspect the effect of piers shape on the ‎dynamic structural performance by adopting theoretical dynamic analysis. The results of dynamic ‎analysis of 25 bridges models show that the maximum value of natural frequency is equal to 5.64Hz ‎in two circles piers bridge model. Therefore, this type of model has good stiffness and bearing capacity. ‎The two square piers model, the one circle pier model, and the two circles piers model appear good ‎stiffness because of the natural frequencies (5.30Hz, 5.52Hz, and 5.64Hz) are more than the ‎maximum forced frequencies (4.52Hz, 5.45Hz, and 4.52Hz) respectively. According to the ‎comparison between all models results, the two circles piers model has the higher stiffness because of ‎this model has the maximum value of natural frequency (5.64Hz) and it is more than all forced ‎vibration frequencies of all others models. Therefore, this study recommends that using the bridge ‎model of two circles piers in the bridges construction that consists of three spans (30m+40m+30m) ‎with section of box girder. ‎

Concrete is a critical material for the construction of infrastructure facilities throughout the world. A ‎new material known as Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), or sometimes called Ultra-High Performance ‎Concrete (UHPC), is becoming available that differs significantly from traditional concretes. It is an ‎ultra high strength and high ductility composite material with advanced mechanical properties. It ‎consists of special concrete whose microstructure is optimized by precise gradation of all particles in the ‎mix to yield maximum density.‎
Different RPC mixes in the experimental investigation of the present study the mechanical ‎properties of RPC including compressive strength, density and absorption.‎
The main variables used in the production of the different RPC mixes of the present research ‎are three, namely, type of pozzolanic admixture (metakaolin, micro silica, and silica fume), type of ‎fibers (steel and polypropylene fibers) and volume fraction of fibers (1.0,1.5, and 2.0)%.‎
The experimental results indicated that RPC mixes with silica fume gave the highest values of ‎compressive strength and density and lowest value of absorption in comparison with RPC using micro ‎silica or metakaolin where metakaolin was the third in such comparisons. However the RPC mixes ‎used in the present investigation gave group compressive strength ranging between 164 -195 MPa.‎
It was also found that the use of steel fibers with high volume fraction (2%) in an RPC mix ‎increases the compressive strength by 8% and density of the concrete by 2.5% and reduces its ‎absorption by 13%, unlike an RPC mix using polypropylene fibers of lesser volume fraction.‎

The hydraulic relationships of flow through notches of different common shapes were investigated in this ‎study. The hydraulic performance of notches were carried out experimentally, by using eight models, the ‎effect of various shapes of notches to specify a range of hydraulic parameters such as coefficient of ‎discharge Cd, energy dissipation ratio E%, and self-aeration of notch AE%. The experimental results of this ‎study showed that the dissipation energy corresponding to V-notches is larger than resulted from ‎rectangular notches. For compound notches of rectangular and triangle, a turbulence in flow increases as ‎the angle of lower notch decreases. Thus, this type with (=120) is the most efficient between the studied ‎models, which gives dissipation of flow energy ratio of (35.86%) for strong hydraulic jump, and (20.7%) ‎for steady jump type. In addition, this type improved the self-aeration of flow given by (‎ ‎%), a ‎percent of 35.53 is measured. This work also reveal that length of roller and the length of hydraulic jump ‎were directly proportional to the angle of compound notch. Depending on statistical basis, this study ‎derived set of empirical relationships to estimate coefficient of discharge, energy dissipation ratio, and ‎reduction of hydraulic jump length ratio with acceptable values of coefficient of determination.‎

In this paper, the behavior of spliced continuous reinforced concrete girders was experimentally ‎investigated. The main objective was to examine the contribution of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer ‎‎(CFRP) laminates in strengthening the spliced continuous reinforced concrete girders. Eight models of ‎continuous reinforced concrete girder were constructed and tested. The test variables were strengthening ‎the splice joints by different schemes of CFRP laminates, presence of horizontal stirrups through the ‎interfaces of the joints and using binder material at the interfaces of the joints. The results showed that ‎strengthening the continuous spliced girders with 45° inclined CFRP laminates led to an increase in the ‎ultimate load in a range of (47 to 74%). Besides, strengthening the continuous spliced girder with horizontal ‎CFRP laminates bonded at its lateral faces could increase the ultimate load by 70%. Additionally, the ‎ultimate load of the continuous spliced girder was increased by (30%) due to presence of the horizontal ‎steel stirrups through the interfaces of the joints.‎

This paper presents the details of the finite element analysis of spliced continuous reinforced ‎concrete girders. Five spliced continuous girders and one non-spliced continuous girder were analyzed using ‎the ANSYS program. Each spliced girder consisted of three precast segments spliced at two cast-in-place ‎joints at the inflection points, using splices of hooked dowels. Three spliced girders were strengthened using ‎different schemes of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. The concrete was modeled ‎using (SOLID65) eight-node brick element and the steel reinforcement was modeled discretely using ‎‎(LINK8) spar element. The straight parts of the spliced bars were modeled using discrete representation ‎with interface elements using (COMBIN39) elements to represent the bond-slip behavior while the hooked ‎part of each spliced bar was replaced by a single spring element. The CFRP laminates were modeled using ‎‎(SHELL41) shell element. The interfaces between the precast concrete segments and the joints were ‎modeled using CONTAC52 interface elements in conjunction with vertical spring elements to represent the ‎dowel action of the steel bars that crossing the interfaces. ‎The ANSYS model succeeded to an acceptable degree in predicting the structural behavior of the ‎analyzed spliced girders with average of differences of about 6% between the predicted and experimental ‎ultimate load.‎

The purpose of this study is to find hydrodynamic simulations of river water by controlging ‎gates in Shatt Al Arab river. This river is formed by the meeting of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers near ‎the city of Qurna in the south of Iraq, and it pours into the Arabian Gulf. Hydrodynamic simulations ‎give a proper understanding performance and optimize utilization of the gates controlging the water ‎level. Three different sluice gates opening cases simulate the water surface level using HEC-RAS in ‎Shatt Al Arab river. These cases where being studied within two situations of Tide (the highest high ‎water level and the lowest low water level) within the downstream of Shatt Al Arab river. The study ‎also deals with six cases of flow rates in upstream of Shatt Al Arab river. Hec-Ras model is produced ‎by US Army for analyzing river system. This model could simulate steady and unsteady open channel ‎flow. ‎

The need to provide fresh and good quality products during long periods throughout the year lead to ‎the adoption of using greenhouses technology, so protected cropping has become a very popular ‎production system in horticulture especially nowadays in Iraq. Evaluation the crop’s yield, water use ‎efficiency and the irrigation system performance became essential. The main objectives of this research ‎were to evaluate the yield index and the water use efficiency for the cucumber inside the greenhouses, and ‎evaluate the performance of the drip irrigation efficiency inside the greenhouses. To accomplish these ‎goals an experiment was conducted in the field located in AL-Mahawil Township in Babylon province .A ‎set of measurements were recorded daily inside the greenhouses planting with cucumber for two ‎consecutive seasons 2014 and 2015 related to weather parameters, crop evapotranspiration, drip system’s ‎performance, and crop’s production. From the conducted field work inside the greenhouses and the ‎analysis of the field data, the following conclusions were withdrawn: daily cucumber’s crop ‎evapotranspiration was measured using the watermarks sensors, the total crop evapotranspiration for the ‎seasons 2014 and 2015 were: 218.21mm and 281.86mm, respectively. The increasing in the crop ‎evapotranspiration was due to change in weather parameters inside the greenhouses. The cucumber’s yield ‎index for seasons 2014 and 2015 was: 8.87 and 8.53 kg/m2, respectively, which was close values between ‎the two seasons. In this study, the yield index was high comparing with others approaches. The water use ‎efficiency for the seasons 2014 and 2015 were: 23.23 and 18.22 kg/m3, respectively, which were low ‎values comparing with other approaches. The reduction in the water use efficiency was due to the huge ‎quantities of water applied through the seasons. Additionally, the irrigation efficiency for the drip system in ‎this study for the seasons 2014 and 2015 were: 65.8% and 65%, respectively, these efficiencies were low ‎comparing with recommended values. Managing water and schedule irrigation were the main factors ‎affecting on crop’s growth and then on production. Additionally, saving water was important to obtain ‎high irrigation efficiency, best distribution of fertilizers and reduced crop’s diseases.‎

This study aims to obtain the influence of adding Nano metakaolin on some mechanical properties of ‎hardened concrete. Three levels of SO3 in sand were investigated, these levels were (0.27 (reference ‎SO3), 0.5 and 1% by weight of fine aggregate). One level of Nano metakaolin replacements (1 % by ‎weight of cement) were used in this work. ‎
Nano metakaolin and SO3 contents were the only variables among the mixtures. Sulfates had ‎its detrimental effect on properties of concrete. The presence of Nano metakaolin in normal concrete ‎‎(NC) mixes played a vital role in reducing the deterioration due to sulfates action. ‎
The experimental results show that there is an optimum gypsum content in sand (SO3 = 0.5% by ‎weight of fine aggregate) which gives the highest results in compressive strength, splitting strength and ‎modulus of elasticity of NC. As gypsum content increases beyond this limit, the above mechanical ‎properties will be decreased.‎

The moisture induced damage and stripping are two of common reasons of premature failure of ‎flexible pavement. The current research involved an extensive experimental investigation on two types of ‎polymers (Novolac and PVA) as modifiers in order to produce Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB). ‎Different ratios of both additives were investigated for rheological properties of binder and mechanical ‎properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). The rheological properties of PMB were evaluated by penetration, ‎softening point, ductility and thin film oven tests. The mechanical properties of HMA were assessed by ‎Marshall Stability test, Retained Marshall Stability test, indirect tensile strength test, Tensile Strength Ratio ‎‎(TSR), and striping test. The results of tests showed that the Novolac modifier improves the cohesion ‎properties of binder and the adhesion of binder to aggregate. The PVA modifier mainly improves the ‎adhesion of binder to aggregate with less degree of that of using Novolac. Both modifiers significantly ‎improve moisture sensitivity and decrease the stripping of HMA. Also, the results showed that the addition ‎of 2% of Novolac to binder to produce PMB represents the optimum option. The HMA with PMB Novolac 2% ‎improves the Marshall Stability, Retained Marshall Stability, and TSR by 45%, 14% and 44% respectively. ‎The very small amount of these additives compared with mix components and their reasonable price ‎make them a superior and practical solution for premature failure of flexible pavement. ‎

The aim of this paper is to verify of suggestions to upgrade the existing process of wastewater ‎treatment to achieve nutrient removal (phosphorus and nitrogen) from the treated wastewater. The ‎results show that the adding a cyclic anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic condition helped to biological ‎nutrient removal efficiencies. The effluent phosphorus and nitrogen contaminants concentrations were ‎below the maximum permissible concentration under various conditions of flow and temperature ‎except considerable release of phosphorus during summer (July and August) because the sensitivity of ‎phosphate accumulating organisms PAOs to the temperature effect.‎

Traffic congestion is a widely spreading problem through the world. It is mainly observed ‎around intersections in urban areas. In this study, Al-Najaf Hospital (Ibn Blal) intersection has been ‎evaluated because it is considered the congested T-intersection on Kufa-Nafa road. This T-intersection ‎suffers from high congestion especially in the morning peak. This could be due to a lot of centers of ‎activities (trip generation and attractive) on that road such as University of Kufa, four hospitals and ‎other facilities. Although the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 suffers from several ‎shortcomings and limitations, it is used widely in the evaluation of intersections in Iraq. On the other ‎hand, simulation models have been proved to be accurate tools in the evaluation of intersections. ‎Therefore, a simulation model (S-Paramics model) has been used to assess the performance of the ‎current intersection. Then, the simulation model was calibrated with field data. Data was collected ‎from the intersection using video camera installing over Al-Najaf Hospital building. The results of this ‎study show that the developed model clearly mimics the reality. Then, different alternatives have ‎been implemented using the developed model. Consequently, the construction of an overpass coming ‎from Najaf-Kufa road towards Al-Sahlaa road is the best alternative with protecting U-turn. ‎

This paper estimates the sound and flow generated by a turbulent air flow in a duct from the ‎knowledge of mean quantities (average velocity and sound pressure level).The sound excitation by ‎fluid flow through duct can be used to predict fluid behavior. This behavior can be carried out by ‎discovering the relation between sound excitation and fluid flow parameters like Reynolds number, ‎Strouhal number and frequencies of turbulent fluid flow. However, the fluid flow container stability ‎has to be taken in account simultaneously with fluid flow effect on sound generation and propagation. ‎The experimental system used in this work is air flow through subsonic wind tunnel duct.The sound ‎pressure levels of air flows through test section of subsonic wind tunnel (at three air flow velocities2.5, ‎‎7.3 and 12.5 m/s) respectively were carried out experimentally. The sound excitation or generation by ‎air flow throughout the test section of subsonic wind tunnel without any obstruction can't be used to ‎imagine the fluid behavior. To predict fluid flow properties,an infinite cylinder was immersed in order ‎to obstruct the air flow and generate a new source of sound.This case is relevant to a wide range of ‎engineering applications including aircraft landing gear, rail pantographs and automotive side-mirrors. ‎Sound measurements have been taken in an anechoic room at Babylon University. ANSYS program ‎software is used to simulate all experimental results.The experimental and theoretical data that were ‎presented in this paper will give further insight into the underlying sound generation mechanism.In the ‎presented work, the linkage between sound generation and CFD results using thepresented work results ‎and ANSYS simulation results was done.The results discuss the effects of fluid flow parameters such ‎as Reynolds and Strouhal numbers on the sound generation, propagation features and vice-versa. The ‎results are compared with other researchers which give good agreements.‎

During this research nano alumina particles are used as reinforce material to improve ‎characterization of armor. The work involves use of polyester resin as matrix. The properties obtained of ‎resulted samples showed clearly improvement. Where values show linear increases in hardness from low ‎value 77.3 gf/mm of pure polyester to high value 81.6 of polystyrene - 30 wt % nano alumina. ‎
Values of thermal conductivity greatly influenced by amount of porosity and so on the density of the ‎sample, where pure polyester has low value 0.0661 W/mk of thermal conductivity and polyester – 30 wt % ‎nano aluminapossess conductivity 0.3411 W/mk.‎

In this paper four phase fluidized bed is experimentally built and numerically modeled to ‎study the bed characteristics such as ratio (the static bed height of solid particle / the bed diameter ‎‎(H/D)), air, gasoline , and water superficial velocity. The test pipe for the experimental rig is Perspex ‎pipe with 1 m long and 0.0254 m diameter. The 2D numerical model has been established with Ansys ‎fluent 15.0. Pressure drop equation is found to relate the pressure drop with the bed parameters with ‎deviation of 22%. The Four-phases was represented by air, water, gasoline and solid particle. The ‎results show that the pressure of the bed increases as the ratio H/D increases and air, gasoline , and ‎water superficial velocity increases. As well as the expansion of the bed increases as air, gasoline, and ‎water superficial velocity increases.‎

Rigid pavements provide durable service life and have remarkable application under heavy ‎traffic loading. But, though the rigid pavements have several advantages, it suffers from some ‎disadvantages that are relating with concrete is brittle material. One solution have been carried out in order ‎to overcome this problem is using fibers reinforced to improve tensile strength and provides ductility. The ‎main objective of this study is to investigating the effects of using fiber reinforced concrete (Polyvinyl ‎alcohol and steel fiber) in Rigid Pavements on Compressive and Flexural Properties. The study results ‎shown the compressive strength has been increased by (20%) when adding (0.5%) of Polyvinyl alcohol ‎concrete mixture. While modulus of elasticity has been decreasing by (23%) when adding the same content ‎of Polyvinyl alcohol. On the other hand, the study results show that using steel fiber (1.5%) in concrete ‎mixtures increase compressive strength by more than 145%.However modulus of elasticity slightly ‎decrease. Also the addition of PVA fiber by 0.5% increase of about (51%) in the Modulus of Rupture, ‎while using steel fiber (1.5%) increase Modulus of Rupture by more than (24%).‎

This paper attempts to reduce the penetrability of high performance steel fiber reinforced ‎concrete to chloride ions originating from external sources, by using High Reactivity Metakaolin ‎‎(HRM) as a highly active pozzolanic material, in order to prolong the time to initiation of the steel ‎fibers corrosion and to minimize concrete damage that may occur due to the exposure to chloride ion ‎penetration.‎
According to pozzolanic activity index (P.A.I.), 8% content of HRM was used as a partial ‎replacement by weight of cement with 2% steel fibers by volume of concrete. During the exposure ‎period of 300 days in 4.5% of NaCl solution, the total and free chloride contents (Cltotal, Clfree) with the ‎chloride profiles at the ages of 28 and 300 days were investigated. Also the rapid chloride penetrability ‎test (RCPT), compressive and flexural strengths tests were conducted at the ages of 28, 90, 180 and ‎‎300 days.‎
Results showed that the incorporation of 8% HRM caused a reduction in the (Clfree/Cltota) ratio, ‎the chloride penetration depth and the electrical conductivity with percentages of 21%, 40% and 43% ‎respectively after 300 days exposure to chloride solution in comparing with the mix of 0% HRM. ‎
Results also indicated that the losses in compressive and flexural strengths after exposure of ‎‎300 days to chloride solution for the mix incorporating 8% HRM were by 5% and 5.8% respectively ‎while they reached 9.5% and 11% respectively for the mix without HRM in relation to the ‎correspondent test specimens cured in tap water.‎

In this work, an innovate system is designed and implemented to manage solar street lighting ‎units which are distributed in urban. The designed system overcomes wireless sensor network's ‎essential drawback used to automate these units. This drawback is represented by multi-hops ‎networking technique. The system constructs from several clusters, each one is represented by single-‎hop topology of Wide Area Network (WAN). Each cluster has three type of nodes namely: lamppost ‎stations, local station, and optionally master station. All designed stations are attached to SX1272 ‎modem from Semtech company in order to establish the WAN. This module provides ultra-long ‎transmission range up to 1.4 Km with high interference immunity. The system tested practically in ‎real urban environment. It gives an excellent results with respect to maximum communication range ‎and monitoring of vital operation parameters related to solar panel and other unit equipment's. In ‎addition, the system performed on/off command to controlling lamp. During the test period, the ‎designed system was very efficient in a manner it enabled operator to identify the possible system ‎malfunctions and increase solar lighting units lifespan, reduce maintenance costs consequently it ‎ensures the continues the service from these units.‎

This paper dealt with heat generating in a beam structure model subjected to small vibrations to ‎know the viscos elastic behavior under heat and vibration. The model first computed coupled thermal – ‎structural interaction. The results obtained from this analysis of the model treated by the finite element ‎method to calculate amount of heat generation in the material. A transient heat transfer analysis then ‎simulated the slow rising temperature in the beam using these heat source terms. ‎
The model has been constructed from two blocks, the first block from Aluminum while the second ‎block made from β –Titanium. The model was constrained from one side, while the other side free, so ‎vibrations that occur along the model. These vibrations led to heat generating, so yields that residual ‎stresses through the model. The result obtained represented in curves which give good agreement with ‎international published researches

‎ In this work the critical pressure due to buckling was calculated numerically by using ANSYS15 for ‎both stiffened and un-stiffened cylinder for various locations and installing types , strengthening of the ‎cylinder causes a more significant increase in buckling pressures than non reinforced cylinder . The ‎optimum design of structure was done by using the ASYS15 program; in this step the number of design ‎variables 21 DVs. These variables are Independent variables that directly affect. The design variables ‎represented the thickness of the cylinder and( height and width of 10 stiffeners). State variables (SVs), these ‎variables are dependent variables that change as a result of changing the DVs and are necessary to ‎constrain the design. The objective function is the one variable in the optimization that needs to be ‎minimized. In this case the state variable is critical pressure (CP) and the objective function is the total ‎‎(volume) of the structure. The optimum weight of the structure with reasonable required conditions for ‎multi types of structure was found. The result shows the best location of stiffener at internal side with ‎circumferential direction. In this case the critical pressure can be increased about 18.6% and the total ‎weight of the structure decreases to 15.8%. ‎

‎ The ceramic industry has been concentrating on the reduction of energy usage during ‎manufacturing because of serious global environmental problems and cost. In this research, we have ‎investigated low-energy processing techniques for ceramic components.‎
‎ The samples were prepared by mixing zirconia with glass (soda lime glass) in different percentages ‎by using powder technology. The samples sintered at 1100 ºC. The following mechanical properties ‎‎(compressive strength and hardness) and physical properties (density and porosity) were calculated for ‎all samples. The results show the increasing of compressive strength, hardness and density with the ‎increasing of added percentage of glass to the samples. Also it shows the decreasing of porosity with ‎increasing of added percentage of glass to the samples.‎
‎ This study shows the ability of sintering ceramic powders have high melting point, by mixing it with ‎ceramic powders have low melting point, by gathering from the liquid phase (glassy phase) which ‎interpenetrate between the grains of the ceramic material that cause to increase the bonding and ‎strengthening of the samples.‎

This research aims to study the effect of adding steel fibers on the mechanical properties of ‎concrete. Steel fiber has a very significant effect on concrete because it delays the propagation of ‎micro cracks that generate due to loading on concrete members such as beams and slabs, therefore ,it ‎increases the strength of concrete. The steel fiber was used in this study as a percentage of the volume ‎of concrete. Mix proportion was 1: 2:4 (cement: sand: gravel) by volume for all mixes and using 0% as ‎‎(control mix),0.1 %,0.2%,0.5 % and 1.0% of steel fibers, these ratios leads to increase the compressive, ‎tensile ,and flexural strength of concrete, where the improvement in flexural strength was significant.‎

The design of a flexible pavement requires the knowledge of the material properties which are ‎characterized by stiffness and fatigue resistance. The fatigue resistance relates the number of load ‎cycles to failure with the strain level applied to the asphalt mixture. The main objective of this ‎research is the evaluation of the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures by using two types of fine aggregate ‎having different percentages. In this study, two types of fine aggregate were used natural sand (desert ‎sand) and crushed sand. The crushed sand was replaced by natural sand (desert sand) with different ‎percentages (0%, 25%, 75% and 100%) by the weight of the sand (passing sieve No.8 and retained on ‎sieve No.200) and one type of binder (40/50) penetration from Al-Daurah refinery. The samples of ‎beams were tested by four point bending beam fatigue test at the control strain mode (250, 500 and ‎‎750) microstrain while the loading frequency (5Hz) and testing temperature (20oC) according to ‎‎(AASHTO T321). The experimental work showed that fatigue life (Nf) and initial flexural stiffness ‎increased when control strain decreased for asphalt mixtures. Acceptable fatigue life at 750 ‎microstrain was obtained with asphalt concrete mixtures containing 100% crushed sand as well as ‎asphalt concrete contained 25% natural sand. The asphalt concrete contained 100% and 75% of ‎natural sand exhibited high fatigue life at low level of microstrain (250). The main conclusion of this ‎study found that best proportion of natural sand to be added to an asphaltic concrete mixture is falling ‎within the range (0% and 25%) by weight of fraction (passing No.8 and retained on No.200) sieve .‎

The present study is an attempt to assessment the water quality of Al-Kifl river within Al-‎Hindiya city in Iraq for irrigation purpose. The total length of study reach was about 9 km, water ‎samples were collected from three stations along the reach through two seasons, wet (January-‎February-March), and dry (July- August) during year 2015. The samples were test for EC, TDS, PH, ‎Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, HCO3-, SO4 and Cl- parameters. According to irrigation water quality guidelines of ‎Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the salinity, specific ion toxicity and miscellaneous effects ‎problems were under the categories "slight to moderate" hazard for both seasons, While there was no ‎infiltration hazard. Also, pH value and sulphate concentration were within accepted rang. The model ‎of irrigation water quality index (IWQI) which developed in Brazil by Meireles et al. (2010) was used to ‎evaluate the river water for irrigation, and values were found within the range (70-85) which classified ‎as low restriction limit. Water in this category should be used in the light texture or moderate ‎permeability soils and sodicity problem can appear in heavy texture soils.‎

Regenerative medicine focuses on using biomaterials as three-dimensional (3D) porous ‎scaffolds, specifically designed to mimic the nature of host tissue and hence to promote cell growth ‎and tissue regeneration. 3D bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds are one of the most frequently studied ‎types of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering because of their excellent bioactivity and potential for ‎stimulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis. For such purposes, porous 3D 70%SiO2-30%CaO bioactive ‎glass-ceramic scaffolds with three different pore sizes and identical porosity are used in present study ‎to investigate In vitro, the effect of pore size on the degradation rate of scaffold which is achieved ‎through examining changes in the composition of the immersion solution(SBF, simulated body fluid), ‎and to investigate the action of released ions from the bioactive glass-ceramic scaffold during soaking ‎process on osteoblast cells ‎
The results confirmed that all three scaffolds behaved in a similar manner and the ions release ‎from the three scaffolds were of comparable concentration, which may be attributable to the identical ‎porosity for all the scaffolds in addition to the using static immersion which delays ions diffusion. The ‎pH of culture media increased from 7.6 to 8.2 after one day soaking. The optical microscopy images ‎demonstrated that high ion concentration (Si, Ca, P) in the culture medium could have a negative ‎effect on the cells and induce cell death, while low concentration of ionic dissolution products induces ‎osteoblast proliferation in dilute culture medium.‎