AL-Anbar University journal of Economic and Administration Sciences

This research aims to analyze the causal relationship between government health spending and some variables related to health services in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq for the period (2005-2020) using quarterly data and using stability tests that include the developed Fuller Dickie test (ADF), the Philips-Peron test (PP), and the integration test According to Johansen-Jssels, the Echanger causality test. The problem of this study lies in the lack of attention and focus on the health sector and giving the importance it deserves in investment programs and annual financial budgets, which leads to a decline in health services, which prompted this research to know the nature of the causal relationship between government spending and health services in the region As for the methodology used in this study, the theoretical method was used with the quantitative method in obtaining and analyzing the results using the Eviews 10 program. The research concluded that the best slowdown period is the fifth and that the sixth complementarity relationship is the greatest value according to the Johansen-Jassels test, and the causality test showed that the direction of all research variables was reciprocal, i.e. a causal relationship between government health spending and some variables related to health services, including a number Hospitals, the number of hospital beds, and the number of health centers, except for the variables related to the number of doctors and operating theaters, As the relationship was one-way, and government health spending had an effect only on the number of operating theaters, as well as the research showed the absence of a reciprocal relationship between the number of doctors and government health spending. The most important recommendations are to reconsider the priorities of the agreement on the health sector in accordance with the currently available resources in order to improve the general health of the population, and to achieve justice in the distribution of health services.

The aim of the research is to measure the effectiveness of the customs tax in the trade balance in Iraq using methodology Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), Among the most important conclusions reached by the research: The absence of customs protection in Iraq due to the "Iraq Reconstruction Tax" law The absence of customs protection in Iraq due to the "Iraq Reconstruction Tax" law, which used to collect only 5% of all goods imported into Iraq. Contributed to producing negative results on the trade balance that led to a deficit in his accounts, and it showed The results of the unit root tests for the variables the research that the variables for the time series are stable at The first differences, by using unit root tests according to the Dickey Fuller Augmented tests and the Phillips-Perron test which indicates that these chains are integrated. from first class [I~(1)]. The results of the standard model (ARDL) proved that there is a common complementarity relationship and a long-term balance between the variables And the existence of a positive relationship between customs revenues and the trade balance during the period 2004-2018, And that any increase in customs revenues by (1%) leads to an increase in the balance of trade balance by (26.68%), These results confirm the positive and effective effect of customs taxes and their role in reducing imports to record cash surpluses in the trade balance.

Central banks are important in stabilizing the overall level of prices of goods and services as well as achieving some macro-level targets such as growth and desirable employment rates, so developed and developing countries alike have been quick to give their central banks a high degree of independence to be able to perform their functions optimally. And Iraq is one of these countries seeking independence under monetary and economic correction policies after 2003 with the promulgate law No. 56 of 2004, which organized its work in order to provide the Central Bank with the opportunity to perform its functions of drawing and preparing monetary policy in accordance with economic circumstances and requirements independently of political circumstances.

The world has realized the seriousness of pollution, especially in the recent period, resulting from industrial activity as a result of development and the increase in the need for energy due to the increase in population and the need for more production, which negatively affected the environment due to the increase in gas emissions, and thus this matter became a priority for governmental organizations in various countries of the world to think seriously about how to confront this danger that has become threatening the whole world and which is reflected in the problem of global warming. On this basis, this field research came to address the North Gas Company as a case study and the polluting effects of the manufacturing operations in this company in the city of Kirkuk in particular and in Iraq in general. Econometrics was used based on the statistical program (Eviwes10), and the research relied on some lines feeding the production units as explanatory variables, while the dependent variable (the environmental variable) was carbon dioxide (Co2), and the researcher developed a hypothesis that, (there is Negative impact on the environment through gaseous emissions from the researched company), and through that the research concluded that there is a long-term and short-term relationship, and this means that gaseous industries have a negative impact on human health and environment in Iraq in the short term, and then that is transmitted the impact on the global environment in the long term, which is reflected in global warming.

This study aims to measure the impact of foreign trade liberalization on some economic indicators of sustainable development in Iraq for the period from 2004 to 2018, by applying the model of self-regression for distribution periods (Autoregressive distributed lag) to reveal the relationship between the liberalization of foreign trade and some indicators of sustainable development (economic) using the statistical program (Eviews 9) to measure the relationship in the short and long term.
The standard study showed that the liberalization of foreign trade has positive effects on economic indicators of sustainable development represented by GDP and investment i.e. a positive and moral impact for the short and long term as the increase in the degree of economic exposure by (1%) The investment model leads economic exposure to a rise in investment by 385.57 in the long term, while the total external debt model has been associated with an inverse and moral relationship, with economic exposure reducing external debt by 0.204 in the long term.
The most important recommendation of the research is to reduce dependence on the extractive sector and shift from an economy that is based primarily on oil to an economy based on diversification of sources of income and development of agricultural productive sectors, including industrial ones using modern technology methods, and work to find trade and economic policy solutions aimed at encouraging national products so that they can compete with other products in a way that enables them to rely on import goods to avoid distortion of the economic structure and correct the imbalance in (exports and imports.

The current research aims to measure the level of strategic direction in a number of Iraqi Airways offices and then to know the role of strategic direction in improving the level of performance of these offices, (10) offices were chosen as a community for the current research, and that the research sample was represented by (45) individuals working in These offices, and the researcher used in his research the questionnaire as a tool to collect data from the offices, and also used the statistical program (SPSs) to reach the results, and the researcher reached an important set of conclusions, the most important of which was the existence of a significant influence relationship between all major and sub variables and that this relationship is significant when ( 0.01), as well as an ART relationship Significant moral framework between the strategic direction and organizational performance of (0.67).

The current research aims to determine the extent of the impact of virtual leadership on university leaders in crisis management in light of the Covid-19 pandemic. And to answer the questions of the problem, the research was applied to a sample consisting of (85) individuals from the University of Anbar, and the questionnaire was relied on as a basic tool for collecting data and information that was processed and analyzed using a number of statistical methods such as the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation, relative importance and analysis regression.
The research reached several results, among which the University of Anbar was able to use the possibility of the technological dimension represented in classifying and storing knowledge in databases to be easily entered and used by the individual in managing current and future crises at the university. As for the most important recommendations, the university administration should take advantage of the nature of the strong relationship between leadership Virtualization in bringing about more positive changes in crisis management in general through the exchange of ideas and information between individuals.

This research aims to determine the extent of the impact of strategic planning as an independent variable and includes its dimensions (message, objectives, strategic choice and strategic analysis) in achieving organizational excellence as a dependent variable and includes its dimensions (innovation, efficiency, effectiveness) in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala, the study sample included administrative levels Senior (assistant general manager, department managers), and middle management (people's managers).

A sample consisting of 45 directors and division officials was selected, but the number of returned questionnaires was (41) questionnaire. The main and sub-hypotheses were formulated regarding the relationship and influence between strategic planning and organizational excellence. The questionnaire was adopted as a measurement tool to collect the necessary data, and a number of Statistical methods using statistical analysis (spss) represented by (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, simple correlation coefficient, multiple regression coefficient, percentage)
The study concluded that all the hypotheses of the correlation and influence between the main and sub-variables are strong and of significant significance. Directorate organizational excellence.

The research aims to identify the extent of the success of the application of technological vigilance in e-learning with statistical significance in the response of the members of a research sample represented by the teachers of the College of Administration and Economics / University of Mosul. The urgent need to adopt e-education to confront the crisis caused by the Corona pandemic (covid-19), and here we ask what is the role of technological vigilance and its impact on the success of e-learning in the research organization, as (94) forms were distributed and the data were analyzed using the (SPSS V-23) program. And testing the research hypotheses, and the research concluded that there is a significant correlation between technological vigilance and e-learning in the researched organization, and one of the most important conclusions reached by the research is that the human resource in the organization has good technical capabilities in the success of e-learning despite the sudden transition to it, and the research presented Suggestions from them The idea of enhancing technological vigilance should be an integral part of the ideas of senior management in the College of Administration and Economics, an approach and Implicitly, there must also be a sufficient desire to achieve this, so that the organization becomes proactive with regard to technological developments and their monitoring

Passion is very important in entrepreneurship, it is the driving passion for entrepreneurship to grow and develop around the world.In this study,we seek to expand the knowledge and understanding of the practice of entrepreneurship by focusing on simulation,passion and creative imitation, which are the most important qualities of an entrepreneur, and are the most important necessary skills that contribute to the success of learning entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurs need to develop them to be successful, in addition to Skills related to decision-making,risk management, problem solving, communication and teamwork.Stimulating creative personality.Business simulation is described as being used by entrepreneurs for the purpose of simulating business management and operation.The simulation replicates other real-world scenarios that have achieved success,thus providing an innovative and contextual entrepreneurial environment.Through a questionnaire,the researcher took (10) youth projects working in Basra Governorate as a model for the study, and used the statistical program Spss.22, and the results showed the relationships between entrepreneurship, creative tradition, passion ,simulationand facilitating skills development,as well as recommendations for future research on the need to support projects financially and scientifically to contribute to encouraging Young people to carry out their own projects to enrich the local economy by maintaining and eliminating unemployment.

The study aimed to identify the concept of financial liberation and see the reality of this financial liberation that exists in Iraq, which is represented in lifting financial restrictions and cash flows to and from Iraqi banks and determining the effects that have on the Iraqi economy and the levels of development that result from this financial liberation, and through reviewing the annual reports that Published by the Central Bank of Iraq and studying the basic indicators of financial liberalization. The researcher used statistical tools such as SPSS and E views 12 in order to identify the levels of financial liberalization in the Iraqi economy represented by the indicators of interest rate liberalization, levels of reduction in the legal reserve, the number of foreign banks entering Iraq and levels of reduction In the credit controls for the time period from 2012 to 2020 and the impact of financial liberalization in some areas of financial and economic development, represented by the level of public debt to GDP, the level of budget deficit to GDP, levels of cash flow, the ratio of private credit to GDP, and finally the exchange rate of the dinar The study reached several results and The most prominent of them is that the financial restraint systems have increased by a large percentage and that the levels of financial liberalization are growing and at acceptable rates, but they need to put in place a set of laws and regulations in order to bring acceptable results in addition to reducing the cases of financial distortion resulting from financial liberalization and benefiting from the experiences of developed countries in addition to the experiences of some countries The developing ones, whose experiences in financial liberalization are better reflected on the levels of economic development, add to this the necessity of setting a set of restrictions and controls to ideally control the financial liberalization processes and reap its fruits and avoid the risks that result from it, which is embodied in the forms of smuggling, money laundering and financial corruption.

This research aims to study the relationship and impact between the Supply chain collaboration and the Collaborative advantage of the National Company for household furnishings in Mosul. A hypothetical model was presented comprising the dimensions of Supply chain collaboration, which included Information sharing, Goal congruence, Decision synchronization, Incentive, Resource sharing, Collaborative communication, and Joint knowledge creation tighter with its relationship with Collaborative advantage. The resolution form has been relied upon as an essential tool for collecting data and information using statistical methods to test search hypotheses using SPSS V.24.
Thirty questionnaires were distributed, 28 questionnaires were returned, and the response rate was 93%. In recent years, there has been a need for many companies to open up and cooperate with organizations outside the organization. This has allowed cooperation with partners to ensure that the processing chain is effective and responds to changing market needs. This has allowed me to cooperate with partners to ensure that the processing chain is effective and responds to changing market needs. For this reason, companies have continued to adopt the principle of cooperation in the processing chain to maintain resources for both the customer and the equipped.
This study reached a set of conclusions; there are correlations and impacts between the Supply chain collaboration and the collaborative advantage of the firm under examination. In light of the research findings, some recommendations mainly were: increasing the company's interest in the topics of the Supply chain collaboration and collaborative advantage because of their role in reducing storage costs and improving productivity.

This research aims to determine the role of digital leadership in its dimensions (digital efficiency, digital insight, digital culture, digital strategy) in achieving organizational brilliance in its dimensions (brilliance in leadership, brilliance in service and creativity, brilliance with knowledge) in Iraqi telecom companies (Zain Iraq, Asia Cell, Korek). To achieve the goal of the research, the descriptive analytical approach was used to describe the research variables, and data was analyzed by the questionnaire, which is the main tool for data collection, and distributed to a sample of (102) managers. The data was analyzed using a number of statistical tests available within the two statistical programs (SPSS v.25, Amos v.25). The research reached a set of results, most notably that the digital leadership practices in the researched telecommunications companies play a vital role in the company\'s brilliance, and the companies\' ability to achieve competitive advantage depends on the digital leader. A set of recommendations were presented, most notably the need for the managements of the companies surveyed to pay attention to the digital leadership style in their strategic framework, especially with regard to taking into account the external factors produced by the economic and technological situation and their repercussions on the process of providing services in a better way, and focusing on the organizational brilliance of workers, as it aims to improve their organizational performance.

This research aims to determine the role of strategic engineering in its dimensions (organizational structure, digital leadership, strategic modeling and simulation, and strategic alignment) in promoting organizational sustainability in its dimensions (creativity, quality improvement teams, high performance, efficiency and effectiveness). And to reveal whether there is a significant relationship between strategic engineering and organizational sustainability, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the questionnaire was relied on as a tool for data collection. An intentional sample representing the original community was selected, consisting of (106) individuals from the total research community. In order to process the data, many statistical methods were used, and the results were extracted using the statistical program (SPSS v.25) and (Amos v.25). The research concluded that the practice of strategic engineering in the surveyed Company leads to enhancing organizational sustainability at work, developing administrative work in them, and improving performance through practices that lead to preserving the Company resources and sustainable techniques in the completion of work.

Abstract:
The research aims to find out The banking sector has a great role in the economies of countries, regardless of their economic system, because this sector is the sector specialized in collecting and employing money, and since banking institutions (banks) get the largest source of financing, which is deposits, they are keen to attract depositors through the income they provide, which is The interest rate on deposits is according to their period, and as banks are accustomed to a banking activity that is summarized by accepting deposits from their owners and granting them interest according to the period of these deposits, but they give investors and businessmen loans with interest that exceeds the interest rate that gives no loud interest and the difference between what is paid and what is received is the interest margin that constitutes The profitability of banks, and the greater the difference between what is paid and what is received, the better the return, and the activity of banks in general is affected by international, regional and local political and economic conditions, and thus the investment movement is affected and the demand for loans decreases in cases of recession and increases in the booms and accordingly affects the profitability of banks. This research aims to deal with the extent of the interest margin contribution to the profitability of banks through a case study of six banks for which data were available for the period from 2013-2017. The most important of them is that the correlation between the interest margin and the profit margin is mostly weak and insignificant at the level of all banks.And the influence relationships between the interest margin and the profit margin are weak and insignificant for all the banks surveyed, and one of the most important recommendations that the research reached was the necessity of obligating Iraqi commercial banks by the Central Bank to maintain a specific level of capital. Iraqi commercial banks must take into account the amount of capital risks that they may be exposed to as a result of doing business that brings them profits.

The current research aimed at using profitability ratios in evaluating the financial performance of the public Company for Medicines and Medical Supplies / Samarra - Iraq to find out the strengths and weaknesses that affect its financial performance, and it also aimed to compare the company's profits in the years between (2017-2019), which are characterized by security stability With its capital in previous years (2014-2016), which is characterized by insecurity, to know the extent of its ability to achieve growth in profits, by answering the main question, can the performance of the public Company for Medicines and Medical Supplies / Samarra - Iraq be evaluated based on the ratios Profitability?
In order to reach an answer to this question and achieve the goal of the research, we relied on the profitability ratios to analyse the financial statements of the company represented by (balance sheet and income statement) during the period from (2014-2019), and the research reached a set of results, the most important of which can be evaluated the financial performance of the public company For Medicines and Medical Supplies Industry/ Samarra - Iraq, depending on profitability ratios, and there is a decrease in the company's performance, which is sometimes due to the impact of security conditions and instability, and although there is a slight growth in its performance, it is far from the level of ambition.

The research aims to know the effect of simultaneous engineering on the dimensions of product quality in the Iraqi business environment, by developing a methodology commensurate with all engineering units working in this environment, and also aims to identify the reality and nature of synchronous engineering with the dimensions of product quality in the textile factory in the city of Mosul The descriptive analytical method was used for the purpose of reaching the desired goals of this research.
A set of hypotheses were tested using ready-made statistical programming (SPSS-V25), after collecting data through a questionnaire as a main tool, as the questionnaire was distributed to workers in the textile factory in Mosul (45) and one of the most prominent findings of the research It is the presence of a correlation (0.726 *) between simultaneous engineering and the dimensions of product quality in the textile factory. In addition, the results of the regression test for simultaneous engineering in the dimensions of product quality indicated an effect between them, as the coefficient of determination reached (R²) (0.690), which means that (69%) of the differences explaining the dimensions of product quality are due to simultaneous engineering, and the rest (31%) are due to random variables that cannot be controlled or that are not included in the regression model at all...

The issue of obtaining the product or service produced as soon as possible for the consumer or customer has always been a priority that has a significant impact on the acquisition of that product and loyalty to the producing company, which calls for the need to focus on production systems that stimulate the adoption of a rapid production cycle while maintaining the required quality and without compromising its considerations in that product, on the contrary by maintaining the best possible quality of the product. QRM, which focuses on producing and delivering products with rapid production processes, had to be studied and analyzed, taking into account the required quality features and observance. The researcher has adopted mosul dam plants to produce electricity to be a field of practical application as one of the companies that produce electricity and have a history of it and workers with a relatively high level of experience, skill and knowledge, which helps in the practical application of research. Check-List examination form was used to obtain data and information from department managers, divisions and some of the 24 experts, analyze this information, and conclusions and then analyze them and reach conclusions, the most important of which was that the application of QRM system should not be at the expense of product quality, but on the contrary, maintaining quality is one of the were made that the researched stations should adopt QRM system features of this system and the necessities of its success. The most important proposals because they have all the ingredients and requirements to apply it while maintaining the quality of their operations and products.