Journal of University of Babylon

‎ This study presents a computer program written in Visual Basic software (6.0) to ‎design and operation new technology of water treatment called "Actiflo Water Treatment ‎Plant ", we benefit from the program to discuss and evaluate different environmental ‎factors that affect the design of treatment processes then compute very efficient ‎equations that show the relationship between these factors. ‎

A mathematical model was developed to predict the pollution load of Al-Razzaza lake, which is ‎applied for an assessment of water pollution of the lake. The following parameters of the water ‎pollution have been investigated: hydrogen ion concentration (pH) turbidity (TUR), total dissolved ‎solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH). Periodical monthly and annual pollution variations have been ‎determined, as well as basic tendencies in the evolution of the water quality for the period from years ‎‎2004 to 2007. The analysis focuses on the prediction of total hardness by conducting partial regression ‎analysis to available experimental data, all four parameters were found to exert strong correlation.‎
These mathematical models were conducted by using Data Fit version 8 software. It was found ‎that the total dissolved solids have positive relation with total hardness for all years, which indicated ‎that the best correlation was for year 2004. The statistical results (correlation matrices, models, ‎regression variables, analysis of variance (ANOVA)) show that the relation between total hardness and ‎total dissolved solids to be significantly related for the years 2004, 2006, and 2007, which were, 0.866, ‎‎0.763 , 0.837 respectively, while its 0.682 for the year 2005. The regression model for the year 2004 ‎has the heights coefficient of determination (0.7285), and the lowest (0.497) for the year 2005.‎

The main purpose of this research is to apply a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to the ‎multi-reservoirs release in which various water utilizations are considered. The GA ‎technique, which is an optimization approach based on the mechanics of natural ‎selection, derived from the theory of natural evolution, was carried out through ‎application to the Ilisu-Cizre reservoirs system on Tigris River. The objective functions ‎are: (1) minimize sum of squared deficit for irrigation annually for Cizre project and ‎‎(2) maximize annual energy production from Ilisu and Cizre hydroelectric power ‎plants. The results show that the average flow at the Iraqi boarders is (79-88)% from ‎the average flow when the irrigation release lies in the range (79-82)% from the ‎maximum and the energy production is (52.5-60) from the maximum production.‎

Serikagni Formation (lower-middle Miocene) was studied at four outcrop sections within ‎Sinjar Anticline, Para (the western plunge ),Jaddala, Sinjar, (Southern limb), and Noaniaa (Northern ‎limb) of Sinjar Mountain ,which is part foot hill zone of northwest Iraq. This Formation is composed ‎of Globigerinal limestone, marly limestone intercalated with marl, deposited in quiet deep marine ‎environment. ‎
Mineralogical investigations by using XRD; as well as the Petrographical analyses by using Polaroid ‎microscope were done. Geochemical analyses included the total digestion of the samples for the ‎purpose of analyzing of the major constituents (CaO, MgO and I.R.) ,the secondary constituents ( SiO2, ‎Al2O3 ,Fe2O3 ,Na2O ,K2O , and trace elements ( Sr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Pb ) in the rock samples and of ‎the extract of the soluble residue were accomplished.‎
The calcite is the predominant mineral which is mostly of micrite types as well as spary calcite. ‎Dolomite is observed in some rocks which were formed by the process of dolomitization of micrite. ‎The insoluble residue (I.R.) has negative correlation with the carbonate percentages in the rock ‎formation as observed by the XRD analyses. Clay minerals show low occurrence. The Palygorskite, ‎Montmorillonite and Sepiolite are the predominant clay minerals in Serikagni rocks. ‎
Geochemical differences can be noticed between the limy and marly facies constituting the same ‎formation. Differences are also observed between the geochemistry and mineralogy of the four studied ‎localities such as the relatively more pure limestone in Jaddala and Para sections than Sinjar and ‎Noaniaa sections which indicate the higher percentages of marly limestone. This is believed to be due ‎to the geographic location of these sections within the main depositional environment, as well as the ‎consequences of sea level fluctuation.‎

This investigation was conducted to study the shrinkage cracking behavior of reinforced high ‎strength concrete (HSC) slabs restrained from movement at their ends for different restrained cases. ‎Reduced scale slab models-2000×2000×100 mm- (which were believed to resemble as much as ‎possible field conditions) were used to study the shrinkage behavior. Two end restrained beams are ‎used to study free and restrained shrinkage cracking. One (HSC) mixture with compressive strengths ‎‎(65) MPa were compared to normal strength concrete (NSC).The experimental observation for end ‎restrained beams showed that; the tensile strain capacity, the elastic tensile strain capacity, the creep ‎strain and the free shrinkage is less than of (NSC). Based on the observations of the slabs, it was found ‎that the cracks did not develop in high strength concrete slabs during 120 days period of drying ‎conditions and the drying shrinkage strain is less than (NSC), also the drying shrinkage strain was vary ‎according to the change of restraint in the slabs. The experimental observation for end restrained ‎beams showed that the free shrinkage at time of cracking was (318 microstrains) and the maximum ‎free drying shrinkage at age 28 days was (350 microstrains). The tensile strain capacity was (270 ‎microstrains) at the crack time (23 day), the creep strain for HSC end restrained beam specimen at ‎cracking was (174.5 microstrains).‎

Hydraulic analyses were carried out on the region located between latitude 32◦ 55′N to 33◦ 20′N, ‎and longitude 45◦ 50′E to 46◦ 15′ covered an area about 1868 Km2.The climate of study area is semi arid ‎to arid. Euphrates, Fatha, Injana, and Mukdadiya Formations rocks are exposed in the study area ‎overlaying by Quaternary deposits. The geomorphologic features of study area are of structural, ‎denudation, fluvial, and flood plain origins. Ground water occurred in two main types of aquifers; the first ‎one is confined aquifer represented by Mukdadiya Formation, the second is unconfined aquifer ‎represented by Quaternary deposits. The direction of ground water flow had been determined from ‎previous study depending on the data of static and dynamic water level gathered from 32 wells ‎represented confined and unconfined aquifers. These data shows that ground water flows from east to ‎west and from north east to south west. Depending on three wells (well 1, well 3, and well 10) and using ‎Theis &Jacob’s methods, well test analysis results referred that the transmissivity and storage coefficient ‎ranged between 90.38 to 3208.5 m2 /day and 1.5*10-4 to 5.5*10-3 respectively. The mean value of ‎transmissivity by approximation method for confined aquifer is 72.28 m2 /day and for unconfined aquifer ‎is 135.41 m2 /day. Hydraulic conductivity ranged between 1.07 to 11.45 m/day for confined aquifer and ‎‎0.103 to 11.34 m/day for unconfined aquifer. Specific capacity ranged between 1.5 to 90.53 for confined ‎aquifer and 2.34 to 240.1 for unconfined aquifer. Specific yield average for unconfined aquifer is ‎‎0.0428.Encouraging productivity of the wells requires study the chemical properties of water to be used for ‎many purposes. ‎

‎ A DC machine has to be tested using MATLAB software simulation for proper fabrication and trouble ‎free operation. From the tests, one can determine the external characteristics needed for application of ‎these machines. In addition, one can find the efficiency, rating and temperature rise of the machine. The ‎current paper suggests simulation models representing developed DC machine experiments in an effort to ‎design a computational laboratory to support and enhance undergraduate electrical machine courses at ‎electrical engineering departments in Iraqi Universities.‎

This paper deals with who to automatic detected the lesion and stenosis grades (calcification type) of ‎body arteries specifically coronary arteries which was blood supply the heart muscles. It was divided to ‎eight levels (1-2 mild stages, 3-5 intermediate stages and 6-8 complex stages) which lead to help the ‎physician to determine the time interval of therapy, type of drakes and catheterization decision. The ‎perceptron algorithms designed in flexible way to allow the physician to choose the thresholds ‎conditions of cardiac CT parameters (LAS, MDS and EAS) according to his opinion and experience. ‎The experimental data get it from 64 slice cardiac system in Medicine City in Baghdad and it’s trained ‎by using Matlab 7.7 program. ‎

The present work deals with the influence of iron content and solution treatment on the microstructure ‎and hardness of unmodified and Sr-modified eutectic Al–Si alloys. The castings were produced in cast ‎iron permanent mold and were solution treated at 550 ◦C for 7hrs and followed by artificial aging at ‎‎160 ◦C for 6hrs, i.e., T6-temper. The microstructure changes in the ß-Al5FeSi particle morphology were ‎analyzed. The results indicate that dendrite arm spacing is depended on the cooling rate rather than the ‎chemical composition. An increasing in the iron content leads to increase the hardness either in the as-‎cast condition or after T6-temper. The Sr-modified alloys have higher hardness than unmodified at all ‎Fe-added values. ‎

‎ In this study evaluated the machinability of Cu-Ni, cutting forces, tool wear, chip morphology, ‎and surface roughness. Several factors that affect machinability are work-piece related (mechanical ‎properties, microstructure), tool related (strength, geometry), and machine related (accuracy, force ‎requirements). Forces generated when machining Cu-Ni alloy have been large due to a relatively large ‎contact length along the tool rake face, and reduce frictional forces between the chip and the cutting ‎tools. The depth of cut notching was observed as the wear pattern and both abrasion and adhesion as ‎the wear mechanism for the WC tool.‎
Chips generated using the WC tool showed heat induced burrs occurring regularly along the chip ‎for Cu-Ni alloy, These burrs increased tool wear and deteriorated workpiece surface finish.‎
‎ Microstructure of the Cu-Ni alloy using scanning optical microscopy give poor results due to ‎sample preparation. Although it can be seen some grain growth has occurred for machined samples.‎

Most of the world's energy resources are from the sun's rays hitting earth. Some of that energy has ‎been preserved as fossil energy. Discussions of energy technology have examined the past, present, and ‎future patters of energy production and consumption, turn to a discussion environmental impacts. ‎
The research undertakes calculation for a specified country or region, Hilla city to get comparison ‎of current energy use in, solar radiation, food, and fuel. Random samples were used to measure the food ‎energy consumption by a questionnaire and statistics based on disappearance data from markets; fuel ‎energy from fuel stations. Results show that environmental disruption ratios for energy are Fuel 4, Solar ‎‎992 , and Food 3, the fuel energy consumption is 1,2 times the food, the average person consumes food ‎per day containing 3651.7 calories, and human energy needs are small compared to solar radiation. ‎

‎ The effect of adding SBR to cement mortar was studied experimentally It was added at ‎‎2.5%,5%,7.5% and 10% by weight of cement. The tests which were performed to evaluate the ‎action of this admixture were :flow table, compressive strength , flexural strength , ultrasonic pulse ‎velocity , porosity and drying shrinkage of cement mortar. It was found that the compressive ‎strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity are not affected by the addition of ( SBR) , While the use of ‎‎(SBR) in all concentration causes increase in flexural strength , also it reduces porosity and drying ‎shrinkage of cement mortar .‎

Most studies on self-compacting concrete (SCC) reported in the literature deal with mixture proportioning ‎and characterization of fresh and hardened concrete properties with limited information on the change of ‎workability characteristic of SCC with time. The fundamental objective of this study is to evaluate the ‎effect of time and environmental temperatures on fresh properties (filling ability, passing ability and ‎segregation resistance) and compressive strength of self compacting concrete. In this study, one SCC mix ‎designed according to ACI Committee 237 and mixed under two different environmental temperatures (22 ‎and 43 oC). Fresh properties of self compacting concrete were determined by slump flow, J-ring, column ‎segregation and visual stability index and repeated at intervals of 15 minutes after brief remixing. The ‎results showed that the slump flow and passing ability of SCC mixtures were significantly lost within 30 ‎minutes and beyond after mixing. Except the segregation resistance of SCC increased as the elapsed time ‎was increased. The results also showed that the addition of 0.5% by weight of powders superplasticizer after ‎‎30 minutes, from the end of mixing, brought the SCC mix back to its initial fresh properties and maintaining ‎a further workability period of about 15 minutes. Furthermore, the compressive strength of SCC decreased ‎when the slump flow less than 550 mm.‎

Fatigue is considered as the most dangerous cause of failure in industrial applications, and many of ‎mechanical parts fail by fatigue. On the other hand, carbon steel is very important material in many industrial ‎applications due to its properties and ability of regulating them by heat treatments, so this research investigates ‎the effect of heat treatments on the fatigue life of carbon steel. The research material is AISI 1015 carbon steel, ‎which is subjected to four kinds of heat treatments, annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering into 450 ‎oC and 650 oC respectively. Fatigue tests were done for the material before and after heat treatments. The results ‎showed that annealing is not largely affects fatigue life, normalizing raises fatigue life into about 40%, while ‎tempering shortens the fatigue life into about 30%. The fatigue life decreases by increasing tempering ‎temperature.‎

‎ Adsorption is as an alternative technology to remove colour from wastewater.‎
‎ In this study, the capable of improving the run time through increasing the effectiveness of ‎adsorption of activated carbon was investigated and assessed with more economical for dye removal ‎from wastewater by using of waste and ecofriendly material as weight ratio to the granular activated ‎carbon fixed bed using continues system. ‎
‎ Two types of experiments were carried out, batch and continuous flow(fixed bed column system) ‎experiments. In batch study, the adsorption data were modeled with Langmuir and Freundlich ‎isotherms, and the statistical analysis was done by using SPSS(V.15) program. The results showed ‎that the Langmuir isotherm model was fitted the adsorption equilibrium data well compared with ‎Freundlich model with favorable type and maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of(25mg/g) ‎and(R2=0.993). ‎
‎ Column experiments carried out with using of glass beads as different weight ratios to the ‎commercial activated carbon (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) at similar operation conditions. ‎
‎ It was found that adding 5% glass beads weight ratio to the activated carbon bed increases ‎operating time of activated carbon-column by 23.5%, while adding 10% and 15% glass beads weight ‎ratio causes the operating time to decrease by about 38.5% and 61.5% respectively and therefore ‎makes the adsorption process not efficient compared with pure(0% ratio) carbon bed. ‎
‎ Avery high degree of correlation of the experimental adsorption rate data was provided by this ‎model suggesting that this model could be used in design applications. ‎

The aim of this study is to improving of CBR value of subbase layers by using waste recycled ‎glass as secondary aggregate. The study work covers four percentages of glass content those are (25, ‎‎50, 75 and 100 %) by weight of total mix, and four sizes of glass those are (3/8, No.4, No.8 and ‎‎(50+200)). The bearing properties of the control and glass mixtures are CBR test. ‎
The study results show that the CBR value is increasing when glass size is decrease and using (17, ‎‎23 and 34%) glass size lower than 0.3 mm had increased in CBR value from 40% to (85, 105 and ‎‎140%) respectively.‎

The experimental research reported is aimed using small quantities of CFRP strips to provide ‎against web or/and flange local buckling for (8) specimens of steel columns . Steel columns with (I) section ‎specimens are made from welding thin plates at their edges between web and flange . The type of ‎strengthen carbon fiber is a unidirectional woven fiber mat of mid strength which is a product of Sika ‎coded as SikaWrap-230C. The CFRP is fixed using a resin Sikadure-330.The study is focusing on the local ‎stability of such members. Many pattern of wrapping are suggested herein. Recommendations have been ‎drawn for the best pattern chosen to obtain the most efficient and economic strengthen pattern. This ‎technique has the potential to correct difficulties associated with existing techniques while being cost-‎effective and causing minimal disruption to the users of the structure. Also formulation of the finite ‎element method used for analyzing the tested columns. The finite element model will be using the ‎experimental load-deflection results of the steel columns. The use of ANSYS-8 to create the finite element ‎model is adopted, the maximum different between experimental results and ANSYS-8 results is 4.8%.‎

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become a popular modulation method in ‎high speed wireless communication. This paper gives the results of a simulation study on the performance ‎of coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system using turbo code (parallel ‎concatenated convolutional code PCCC) with BPSK,QPSK and QAM modulation over Rayleigh fading ‎channel and AWGN channel. The simulation results show that improvement on the performance has been ‎achieved by applying turbo coding to uncoded OFDM system. the simulated programs is carried out using ‎MATLAB programming languages

The aim of this worke, perpetration of (PVA-ZnCl2) composites and study the optical properties of ‎different concentrations of zinc chloride. The samples were prepared by using casting method. The optical ‎properties (transmission and absorption spectra) measured in the wavelength from 200nm to 800 nm. The ‎experimental results showed that the absorbance, absorption coefficient ,indirect energy band gap, ‎extinction coefficient, refractive index and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants are increasing ‎with increasing the zinc chloride concentration‎

‎ This study aimed to investigate the effect of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) addition which considered ‎as a flame retardant material on thermal conducting coefficient of unsaturated polyester resin ‎reinforced by S–type glass fibers (°0) with surface density (550g/cm2) .The effect of different percents ‎of antimony trioxide (10%, 20%) on thermal conductivity was investigated by using Fourier equation ‎to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) for this composite material before and after ‎addition of flame retardant material , where the thermal conductivity value improved from (0.37 ‎W/m.°c)‎‏ ‏‎ to(0.46 W/m.°c)‎‏ ‏after added trioxide at (20%) as illustrated in diagrams . ‎

In this work we study the effect of some electrical prosperities on synthetic rubber reinforced with ‎carbon black diluted in heptanes with concentrations from 0.2% gm/mole to 2.0% gm/ mole in ‎temperatures range (100, 150, 200, 250, 300) 0C associated with amount weight of black carbon 5wt% ‎added to the diluted rubber.‎
The results of electrical properties measurement of Buna rubber reinforced with black carbon show ‎that the electrical conductivity is increased with increasing of concentration and both of molar ‎conductivity and degree of dissociation are decreased with increasing of concentration, the results of ‎effecting of temperatures on electrical properties show for Buna rubber increased with increasing of ‎concentration and these results suggest there is association between rubber and solvent molecules and ‎also there is association between rubber molecules it self .‎

‎ This research aims to study the effect of inorganic flame retardant addition namely antimony ‎trioxide (Sb2O3) on thermal conductivity of advanced composite material consist of unsaturated ‎polyester resin reinforced by S–type chopped glass fibers with density (550g/cm2) . different percents ‎of antimony trioxide (10%, 20%,30%,40%) added to composite material and affect on thermal ‎conductivity by using Fourier equation to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) for this ‎composite material before and after addition of flame retardant material ,where the thermal ‎conductivity value improved from (1.116W/m.°c)‎‏ ‏‎ to(1.22W/m.°c)‎‏ ‏after added trioxide at (40%) . ‎

‎ The study deals with Palaeoecology and Palaeoclimate of Late Quatenary sediments of Dokan district ‎in Sulaymaniyah which Located about (5) Km south west of Dokan Lake.Three Palynological zones were ‎deduced from the pollen diagram which reflect the climatic and ecologic changes througout the Holocene ‎depending on the study of the palynomorphs (pollens, spores). The first zone shows that wet to temperate ‎climate conditions have probably prevailed over the studied area during the early to mid Holocene (9000-‎‎6000)y-B.P. the second zone shows a reduction in the percentages of spores and pollens within the ‎reflecting that drought conditions prevailed over the area probably during the period (6000-4000)y-B.P. ‎The wet climate dominated again during the deposition of the sediments of the third zone, which changed ‎gradually to drier condition up to the present.‎

This study evaluated air pollution in some selected major intersections in the city of Hilla, (the ‎intersection of Bab Al-Hussein Street - forty, forty-Intersection - the Assembly, the intersection of the ‎mother - a rare district) under the influence of traffic, especially after the indiscriminate increase in ‎traffic volume without taking into account the capacity those intersections and the lack of possibility ‎to accommodate such a large volume of vehicles. Has been field measurements at those locations in ‎times of major traffic to any peak times have been measured following air pollutants (Total ‎Suspended Particulates (TSP), the concentration of lead, sulfur dioxide, SO2 carbon monoxide CO). ‎Have shown that measurements that more intersections are subject to contamination is the ‎intersection of Forty - the Assembly has been observed that air pollution levels are higher than allowed ‎in Iraq, where the highest concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (1630 micro gram / m3) and ‎lead (3.3 micrograms / m3) and for SO2 0.066ppm , CO 42ppm. while the proposed national specified ‎‎(350 micrograms / m3 for Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), and 1.5 micrograms / m3 for lead and ‎‎0.1 ppm for SO2 and 35 ppm for CO, respectively.‎

‎ The search is deal with surface hardening for fatigue test samples from mean carbon steel by ‎Oxi – Acetylene tourch with three type of (Carbide , Balance , Oxide) bonfire , & by limite surface ‎hardening time for samples.The fatigue test is produce (Rotating bending type) on samples at constant ‎capacity stresses . From results appair that the hardening by carbide flame for the metal surface lead ‎to improvement fatigue strength , also reduce the effect of torsional vibrations as resulte to increase ‎metal density by prosses of gas carbonized , therefore , the ratio of dynamic deflection to static ‎deflection is decreased .Also appair that the hardening or cutting by oxide flame lead to decrease ‎fatigue strength &fast failure for metal. ‎

‎ Nowadays the science of disasters and times of crisis management it is considered one of the ‎important sciences allover the world, and it is considered one of the common subjects which need ‎grate efforts and importance, and give it the needed important which demand, the continuous ‎research which demand to find the best methods which can evaluate and develop the disasters and ‎times of crisis management, to suit what all the countries suffer from the natural as well as ‎environment.‎
‎ This research aims to show the significance of the disasters management as well as the times of ‎crisis in general, and to evaluate the statement especially in Iraq, According to achievement for the ‎basic function of management operation (planning, organizing, directing, controlling), in addition to ‎limit the positive and negative points in it during the whale analysis managing system in all elements ‎and to find out all the problems and the defects in every element, trying to treat them correctly to ‎serve the disasters management in the future. ‎
‎ In order to satisfy this aim, data collection have been made from information that has been ‎obtained from some literatures about disasters as well as the times of crisis management, in addition ‎to other information that has been obtained from field survey for the directories of the civil defense in ‎the middle AL-Furat zone of Iraq, along side collective and personal interviews with specialist related ‎to this natural disasters and times of crisis resulted from the war operations and terrorism. ‎
‎ Results of data analysis have showed have many weakness in the current system for the times of ‎crisis management, due to the worse current state, and it assured the results of field survey which ‎showed us more clarity the places where the weak points in the management function, especially in ‎planning and organization functions, including the absence of the heavy saving weapons as well as ‎the engineering specialist staff and depend upon from the other services departments, because of the ‎local roles and the management of the departments in the government.‎
‎ The final approach was a bunch of conclusion and recommendations such as; providing the ‎directories of the civil defense with the heavy saving weapons besides available trained specialist ‎engineering staff to defend the disasters and times of crisis. Moreover set incentive skim for the related ‎members of the directories of the civil defense, in order to encourage them to continuous work to ‎defeat the unnatural circumstances which the country passing by as well as the developed countries in ‎the world in order to overtake the disasters in all its fields and to decrease the damages in spirits as well ‎as possessions. ‎