AL-Qadisiya Journal

Armed protection is one of the means that humanitarian organizations are forced to use to protect their humanitarian convoys, in cases of extreme necessity, which is called the last resort. Despite the risks surrounding the use of this means in terms of the organization’s reputation and the violation of humanitarian principles, its use has become a reality for many organizations, for various reasons, with the necessity of providing specific conditions for its use.

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of hate crimes, which are among the most serious challenges facing modern societies due to their negative impact on civil peace and social stability. The study focuses on the legal and social aspects of these crimes, including the challenges that legal systems face in proving hate motives and applying penalties, as well as the social, cultural, and economic factors that complicate the situation.
The research aims to offer solutions and strategies to promote tolerance and mutual understanding among different community components, through a comparative study of international and local legislation and an analysis of the effectiveness of these laws in combating hate crimes. The research also explores the role of educational, religious, and media institutions in spreading values of tolerance, and provides practical recommendations that can help formulate future policies to enhance coexistence and limit the spread of these crimes.

The civil service councils in Iraq and comparative countries implement the laws that regulate the civil service, which is the appointment, reappointment and promotion, where the legislation specified the terms of reference and powers of those councils in the promotion of the public employee, in Iraq the theoretical reality contradicts with the practical reality in terms of the entity that undertakes the promotion, but in the comparative countries the bodies identified by the legislation are the ones who undertake it, Promotion is not considered effective until after the issuance of the decision by the competent authority, and the promotion decision is effective from the due date, and for this purpose and for the purpose of redress the employee from the arbitrariness of the administration, legislation has created administrative control to consider those decisions.

Political rights and freedoms can be obtained through parliamentary elections. These rights and freedoms represent the gateway to obtaining other rights and freedoms, and are the means to obtain a democratic system of government and true parliamentary representation. The electoral process ensures the achievement of many constitutional principles that are closely linked to parliamentary elections, such as the peaceful transfer of power and the sovereignty of the people. Therefore, the constitutional legislator is keen to surround the electoral process with guarantees that ensure its integrity from a constitutional and legal perspective. The most important of these guarantees is judicial oversight and supervision of the electoral process as a constitutional requirement that ensures the integrity of parliamentary elections. This task is entrusted to the judicial authorities due to the guarantees of integrity and life available in the judiciary. The judiciary is also the authority originally competent to adjudicate legal disputes, and various judicial authorities participate in monitoring the integrity of parliamentary elections according to the constitutional and legal legislation of the country, such as the regular, administrative and constitutional judiciary.

This topic is of great importance, as the principle of equality has not only been confirmed by constitutional documents, but divine laws and international conventions have also recognized this principle, which makes It deserves attention, especially in the field of taxation. The principle of equality before taxes is of great importance from both constitutional and financial perspectives. From a constitutional perspective, this principle is considered a basic guarantee for taxpayers in the face of the legislator and the tax administration. If either of these two parties violates this rule, taxpayers have the right to force the violating party to respect its constitutional obligations. From a financial perspective, guaranteeing the principle enhances taxpayers' sense of satisfaction and belief in justice, which prompts them to pay taxes in full and without hesitation. On the other hand, arbitrary discrimination between them can lead to a feeling of resentment and injustice, and negatively affect tax justice, which may cause an increase in cases of tax evasion that cause great harm to the public treasury. We will discuss this topic within the framework of two sections. In the first section, we will explain the concept of the principle of equality before tax, and in the second section, we will discuss the requirements of the principle and the exceptions to it.

Iraq suffers from many challenges that have contributed significantly to the acute shortage of Iraqi water resources, and this shortage has worsened into a real crisis that has left clear negative effects on water security in general, and has been reflected in different periods on the ecosystems that water is an essential element for its sustainability, foremost of which are the marshes lands in southern Iraq, represented by the loss of this region as an important water resource and a tourist and economic site, as well as the environmental effects that resulted from the drought, given the dependence of this region mainly on water The two rivers in meeting their water requirements, which have recently declined due to many obstacles, as the water policy followed by the riparian countries with Iraq is the most prominent, through the implementation of their development plans to exploit the waters of the two rivers, contrary to international rules and agreements that regulated the use of shared river water equitably with the need to respect the interests of all countries bordering these rivers, which caused the gradual decline of large areas of the marshes and a water deficit in these areas, which required studying this problem Explain their legal dimensions from the perspective of the rules of international law.

Military actions must have negative effects on various levels, and society has multiple interests that must be protected, perhaps the most prominent of which is the protection of children and preventing the violation of their rights, especially during armed conflicts. Since children are one of the vulnerable classes in society that can be subject to violations due to military events and the resulting scourges of wars, the international will had to have a supportive position that childhood can resort to and overcome its weakness. This is what we have seen through many international events that have striven to ensure the protection of children and spare them the effects of wars and their scourges. Perhaps the most important international measures taken in this regard are the international treaties that address the protection of children's rights during military conflicts, as they contain a legal and contractual obligation that leads to establishing a legal basis that works to protect those rights and prevent their violation during periods of military conflicts.

Achieving a democratic formation, of which electoral districts are one of its tools, requires the availability of the principle of impartiality and justice by the authority responsible for appointing electoral districts, and ensuring the correctness of the methods and factors adopted in the process of classifying them and the results resulting from them, in addition to a commitment to the existence of oversight by a neutral authority supervising the process of classifying them, the electoral districts themselves, with the aim of ensuring the integrity of the constitutional principles necessary for their fairness and not violating them, and this independent body is represented by the constitutional judiciary, which plays a prominent role in activating many of the fair legal principles related to the classification of electoral districts, and this is evident according to its ruling issued in this regard, creating the legal system for the classification process and confirming its rulings.

The constitutions of some countries tended to make the selection of the head of state by the parliament, whether the parliament was composed of one chamber or two chambers, considering him a representative of the people, by carrying out the selection process, which is a set of legal procedures and actions that can be limited to two stages: The nomination stage and the election stage And organizing the procedures for selecting him by Parliament in accordance with the effective Iraqi Constitution of 2005 to clarify the relationship between the President of the Republic and the House of Representatives in Iraq, as well as the role of Parliament in selecting the President of the Republic in accordance with the American Constitution of 1787.

The expansion of criminalization led to the excessive use of criminal proceedings to achieve the state’s authority to punish, and this extravagance coincided with the length of the criminal procedures, so the suffering became two-faced, a punitive aspect caused by this expansion of criminalization, and a procedural aspect caused by the criminal lawsuit, and what is known as the crisis of criminal justice appeared to the Inerface.

The importance of the research lies in addressing the procedures for Stopping an administrative lawsuit and drawing the attention of the legislator to these procedures, since the administrative organization lacks rules that regulate the Stopping of an administrative lawsuit and its procedures in order to assist the administrative judiciary in carrying out ist tasks of redressing the opponents in the lawsuit and achieving the right. Without the presence of these rules.it is difficult for the administrative judiciary to carry out ist work. Even if the legislator had transferred the missing procedural rules to the code of Procedure, because there are fundamental differences between both the administrative lawsuit and the civil lawsuit.
Our research deals with stopping the administrative lawsuit and its forms, then we go back to dealing with the procedures for each of these forms, since the administrative lawsuit is characterized by some specificity, it was necessary for us to clarify these characteristics that distinguish it from the civil lawsuit, since the subject of our research is impossible in ist application to the Civil Procedure Code despite this specificity. And they followed suit the comparative approach in this research was divided into two section.

The position of the Prime Minister represents a corporation, and the ministry in the parliamentary system represents governance in light of the principle of non-responsibility. Therefore, the Council of Ministers is considered the link between Parliament and the President of the country. In addition to that it alone takes the actual authority and itis alone responsiblein front of Parliament.So, the relationship of balance and cooperation arose between the two authorities, and the government emerged from Parliament has of the authority of which dissolving Parliament is the most important.Based on this, it can be said that if this cooperation and balance in the parliamentary system is restricted or disturbed, this system will become disturbed too and will move closer to another system. Accordingly, it will not lead at allto its democratic results.
The development and success of the British experience in the parliamentary system as a form of political system existing in countries around the world led to the adoption of this form in many countries, but the difference in the internal and external environment of these countries has had a prominent and clear role in the success or lack of this form.

International criminal provisions are essential tools in the achievement of international criminal justices rights and to hold accountable the perpetrators of international crimes that threaten international peace and security, Such provisions as genocide، war crimes and crimes against humanity are not merely written texts but are concrete steps towards achieving justice for affected communities in an era of increasing human rights violations and armed conflict, However, the international criminal courts that handed down these judgments require cooperation in order to effectively enforce the judgments. International criminal justice ", where this is the final and crucial stage in the achievement of international criminal justice, such justice cannot be reflected without the implementation of the provisions of these provisions. These courts lack penal institutions as well as their own police force, States and international organizations must therefore cooperate with them both by arresting persons. Or extradite them to the courts or exert political and diplomatic pressure on States to implement these provisions, In this regard, international cooperation faces many challenges, including with regard to national sovereignty, including with regard to political considerations... etc., which causes weakness in the implementation of these provisions.

This research deals with the criteria through which jurisprudence and the constitutional judiciary were legislated, to examine the legal nature of laws complementary to the constitution, and the relationship of these criteria tithe classification of those laws, being considered either as regular laws or laws complementary to the constitution. Then the research investigates the effectiveness of those criteria in determining the nature of laws complementary to the constitution. The importance of determining the legal nature of laws complementary to the constitution comes from the importance of the topics they regulate through direct forwarding from the constitution and in the body of its texts. Among those topics are topics that regulate the work of the legislative authority, topics that deal with the work of the executive authority, topics that regulate the judicial authority, in addition to those texts on rights and freedoms. The constitution often sets the main axes and lines and leaves the matters of its organization and the way of exercising its jurisdiction to complementary laws that determine the conditions and set the appropriate mechanism for the work of those authorities.

What is meant by the minister’s responsibility, as a representative of the executive authority, is the result of his failure to fulfill the duties of his job. Whether it is criminal liability as a result of the occurrence of the criminal act, or civil liability due to the damage caused by the minister by his mistake to the state or to individuals. The political responsibility of ministers means that they are considered responsible for their actions in managing the affairs of government before Parliament. The political responsibility of ministers occurs on the occasion of their exercise of the tasks entrusted to them.

Two fundamental ideas govern the determination of international jurisdiction: the notion of national sovereignty and the concept of effectiveness and convenience. These ideas stem from the scholarly and judicial efforts that emerged in Anglo-American jurisprudence and have subsequently influenced legal thought in many other countries. The first idea led to the establishment of the authority that national legislators in each country have to set regulations regarding their national courts' jurisdiction in handling international disputes, resulting in conflicts of jurisdiction among courts in different states. Over time, this conflict evolved into actual disputes in judicial proceedings between states, particularly when the same claim or a related one is brought before two courts in different countries.
This scenario created a need for mechanisms to coordinate between the independent legal systems of various nations, allowing national courts to relinquish their jurisdiction in favor of a foreign court to facilitate coexistence among independent legal systems. Consequently, the relinquishment of jurisdiction becomes a means to resolve conflicts in judicial proceedings brought before two courts in different states, whether through the relinquishment of jurisdiction in cases brought before a foreign court or through the relinquishment of jurisdiction in connection with another claim being heard in a foreign court.

The national security issue is considered one of the most important priorities which many countries seek to protect and not tamper with, due to its extreme danger to host countries especially, the host countries of developing countries. The national security concept has evolve and developed dramatically and has unfamiliar contexts it is not limit to direct military threats but also, has different shapes and images spreading epidemics, threatening community value, or damaging the environment of the host country. The purpose of this study is to shade the light on such vague concept and demonstrate the Iraqi renegotiation policy towards national security threats.
The evolve of the national security concept in one hand, and the concerns of foreign investors of including investment contracts such clause in other hand, lead to create an inverse relationship between this term and the protection of foreign investors this is considered a big challenge facing this concept. Iraq as one of the countries that seeks to develop its economic by attract foreign investors remain as developing country and its economic still engage strongly with petroleum exporting and that may cause economic crises, and also there is no clear mechanism for renegotiation because of un -clarity of law to determine or define the economic crises or strategic industrial. Therefore , this study recommend Iraq to create a clear criterion regarding to renegotiation in bilateral investment treaties concluded between Iraq and other country and also enhance the clarity of law and achieve the balancing between the Iraqi right to facing the national security threats and protect the foreign investors

Commercial data is an important and vital subject regarding the law studies for its great impact on the consumer, as this subject did not get adequate search and studies except very few that was published in books dealt with the intellectual properties to the extent that some of them has only defined it without showing its real importance, compared to other intellectual properties, for which there is a need to give a better overview as it is an important part of the law studies and research and for its correlation with the cosumers daily life, so the effect of those data is directed essentially to protect them, opposite to the effect proposed to other intellectual properties, hence it is essential to disclose it and to relate it to the different laws, especially because there is a law proposal that dealt with it and involved some amendement from the original one, and to show the connection with the other commercial laws. So it is required to study it and to distinguish it from other intellectual properties, showing the commitments connected with it and their impact on the consumers who are the core of its body.

The subject of a lawsuit to stop new works is not an infringement, but rather works that, if completed, would become a violation of possession, as if a person began to build a wall, if it was done to block the light or air on his neighbor’s view, then the neighbor files this lawsuit before the wall is completed, requesting that the construction be stopped, and the judge may, as he sees fit, either order the stopping of the works. In both cases, the judge may order the provision of an appropriate guarantee to guarantee compensation.
The wisdom of the legislator behind this protection is evident in the stability of the apparent legal conditions and not allowing room for rights to be exercised by force or coercion. The law has allowed the possessor three lawsuits that he can file to protect his possession from the assault that has befallen it, or that will befall it, as the purpose of filing these lawsuits varies depending on the type of assault. The lawsuit to prevent exposure is to ward off an assault that did not reach the point of removing the hand, while the lawsuit to recover possession is to ward off an assault that has reached its most severe level.
The basis of this lawsuit is to protect the possession from danger before it occurs, because it is not reasonable to deprive the possession of the protection of the law until the assault actually occurs on it, as our Iraqi legislator addressed it in Civil Law No. (40) Of the year (1951) as amended, in Article (1155), as he pointed out. It has the Procedures Law No. (83) Of (1969), as amended in Article (11) thereof.

The research addresses the concept of legislative stability and its importance in achieving judicial security, which guarantees citizens and litigants the ability to predict justice in the judicial system. The research discusses the role of legislative stability in enhancing legal security, and indicates that stability is not only related to the number of legislative amendments or their topics, but also to the duration of the application of laws and the mechanism for their adoption. Studies also indicate that laws that remain in force for longer periods are more likely to be amended, and that laws that pass a parliamentary majority vote are less likely to change. However, there is no clear relationship between legislative stability and the ideological philosophy of the government or the method of enacting the law.

This study addressed the subject of the legal adaptation of the artificial smart agent, which is a subject of great theoretical and practical importance in contracts concluded through the artificial smart agent program.
The study examined this subject in two directions. The first direction supported the granting of legal personality to the artificial smart agent, while the second direction rejected the granting of legal personality to the artificial smart agent and considered it a mere means of communication through two topics. The problem of the study focused on stating the most appropriate legal adaptation for the nature of the work of the intelligent agents.
The study concluded with a number of results and proposals. One of the most important results we reached is that the most appropriate legal adaptation is to grant the artificial smart agent a digital personality while enjoying a financial liability consisting of a commission added to him from each transaction he concludes for the benefit of the user

Civil liability for damages caused by artificial intelligence devices is achieved as a result of an error on the part of artificial intelligence devices, thus causing damage, and then resulting in a causal relationship between the error and the damage, and civil liability resulting from artificial intelligence damages may be contractual or tortious liability for the damage caused by those devices. On the other hand, the law stipulates compensation for damages caused by artificial intelligence devices, and the main objective of compensation from the civil liability system is to obtain appropriate compensation for the damage that has befallen others, and compensation is in fact the original means of the judiciary in redressing damage, whether this is done by reducing or erasing the damage, Which ultimately leads to the injured party being compensated.

Self-driving vehicle technology relies on artificial intelligence systems or devices to operate. These systems control the vehicle's navigation on roads through their ability to maneuver and make decisions based on the environmental or traffic conditions they sense in their surroundings while driving. They may not require human intervention. These vehicles collectively offer several benefits, the most significant of which is increasing road safety. The use of this type of vehicle will eliminate human error, which accounts for the highest percentage of vehicle accidents worldwide when driving traditional vehicles. However, the use of these vehicles will not be 100% safe on the roads even after they are made available for commercial use. These vehicles might still cause traffic accidents like other conventional vehicles (albeit to a lesser extent), necessitating the identification of the legal basis for civil liability claims and the responsible party if a self-driving vehicle causes injury to others or damage to their property. Since there is no specific legal system or basis for self-driving vehicles providing a clear answer, the study seeks to explore new forms and images of accountability and responsibility for damages caused by self-driving vehicles and to explain the impact of their systems on legal rules. Therefore, it is necessary to address modern theories to determine their suitability for compensating damages caused by self-driving vehicles and to identify the most appropriate model to ensure maximum compensation for traffic accident victims. The advancements reached by these vehicles might render civil laws and even the judiciary unable to determine the responsible party for such damages, given the differences in granting legal personality to these vehicles and holding them directly accountable or considering the person responsible for them as their representative and thereby holding them liable for the damages, as well as the application of strict liability rules. This is what we aim to clarify in our study.

The guarantee in Iraqi law means that a person guarantees what he may damage for things placed in his possession and which are owned by others. Iraqi law has the uniqueness of being unique from other laws in the matter of bearing the consequences of the destruction of money owned by others and placed in his possession. Iraqi law has provided a special system for guaranteeing the hand, so that the hand is a guarantee to this owner of the thing with the intention of owning it. The hand turns from being a trust to being a guarantee hand in the event that the owner of the hand, even without the intention of ownership, has withheld the thing from its owner without having the right to do so or obtaining his consent. The provisions of the guarantee vary between the reasons for it, which vary between legal actions and material facts.

The main role and focus of the work that is assigned to him, which is the responsibility of the real estate boundary stabilizer, is to clarify the boundaries of the real estate area and define them accurately, on the one hand, and on the other hand, he is solely responsible for this matter, as he is knowledgeable and an expert in these technical issues. That is, it is a role that is not given to everyone. An employee unless he has a high level of intelligence and acumen because this role requires the ability to work and his unusual skills due to the damage that results from any mistake of the property boundary adjuster, even if this mistake is simple.
Since the Iraqi legislator did not adequately regulate this issue, which obliged the person determining the boundaries of the property to be more careful and attentive due to his duty. If the person fixing the boundaries commits a mistake, who is the party obligated to compensate the property owner for the damages he suffers due to this error in fixing the boundaries, and the problems related to disrupting the rules of compliance regarding the statute of limitations?

The general budget in Iraq suffers from a semi-permanent deficit in it, due to Iraq’s dependence on a unilateral revenue represented by oil revenues (a rentier economy), so the concerned authorities in Iraq had to search for other means to maximize their revenues to eliminate that financial deficit, so investment is among the most important means that The countries of the world resort to it to maximize their revenues to address the deficit by balancing them. For what has been presented, we will show in this research the definition of investment and the most prominent stage in Iraq, and then explain its main objectives, advantages and disadvantages. After that, we explained the role of investment in addressing the deficit of the state’s general budget through compressing public spending and achieving public revenues. We touched on the success of Iraq's experience of investing in the education sector and how that sector contributed to providing the state treasury with funds through the collection of taxes and fees, and also helped to pressure public spending by providing infrastructure and providing job opportunities for the unemployed. One of the necessary and necessary proposals for the success of foreign and domestic investment.

The right to erase digital data, as a new right in legal systems around the world, faces as a result many challenges, some of which result from the objective aspect, such as the legal challenges and technical challenges facing the application of the right, or which result from the personal aspect, such as the challenges that They result from the person himself, or the challenges that result from the private or public successor. These challenges, and with the inevitability of the continued existence of these challenges, must be found in balance between them and the right to erase digital data, and the right most in need of care and enforcement should be determined.

The subject of late civil protection is the creditor’s right to the general guarantee of importance in legal studies. The legislator has placed under the protection of the creditor to preserve the general guarantee that is intended to protect his rights, several means, including those used against the most important debtor, such as non-renewal, and another against the debtor’s fraud, such as a lawsuit for the invalidity of the transaction, and it is called late, since its use is delayed after the creditor’s right is proven and does not prevent the occurrence of the danger, but rather is expected from its occurrence. And its arrangement by preserving the general guarantee did not come first, so that the law grants the creditor, by virtue of the indirect suit, the authority to directly enforce the rights of his debtor on his behalf, not in his personal name, unlike the suit of non-enforcement, which is in the name of the creditor, not in the name of the debtor. And it is required that in order for the creditor to be able to file these two suits, the conditions be met, whether in the creditor or the debtor or the right he uses or the disputed action, according to the type of suit. When these two claims are proven, their effects are established as in a claim with the continued availability of the creditor’s status in it and the absence of cases of its denial, in two directions. The first is when the creditor loses the claim, the ruling issued against him is no argument against the other creditors, and thus every creditor who has met its conditions can file it in his name. However, in the event of winning it, it is decided that the disposition is not enforceable against the appellant creditor, as well as the other creditors who benefit from it. It remains valid and enforceable against its parties and their successors and against those creditors who did not take enforcement measures, whether due to negligence or the lack of fulfillment of its conditions, while the effects of the indirect lawsuit are that the debtor remains the owner of the right for which the lawsuit was filed and has complete freedom over it, and it does not produce any effect with respect to the opponent (the one to whom the transaction was made) and he remains preserving towards the creditor all the defenses that he had to adhere to towards the debtor without his own adherence with the creditor. The judgment issued in the lawsuit does not give any preference to the creditor filing the lawsuit over other creditors, and therefore the judgment does not belong to the creditor alone.

Ideological extremism is one of the most important terms that are circulated in reality, and it is commonly talked about with concern and contemplation، as it was not born of the moment or a temporary symptom that disappears with the disappearance of its cause. It may hibernate at one time and then return at another time to appear, leaving behind woes, sorrow and backwardness. What is most feared about it is its spread and its being affected by the society’s continuous submission to it, or that it becomes something that is inherited from one generation to another in complete darkness and false calm. While this thought is often met at the beginning with rejection or suspicion, like any idea that may arise, it is distinguished by the submission of those who embrace it to the limits of madness and intellectual deviation. It wears any mask that may facilitate its access to minds, so it is permanently settled in them, exploiting any motive that these souls tend toward. It cannot be denied that intellectual extremism also needs, like any other behavior, an environment in which it grows, providing it with all the elements of growth and expansion. These ideas may find minds and increase problems in society and many others, except that We refer to those who adopt the idea of intellectual extremism and seek to spread it by presenting it to people. Every idea is confined within walls if it remains in its environment, but its affliction increases the more it spreads and expands. This is the case of intellectual extremism, which cannot expand and flourish without an industry that develops and markets it to people. Therefore, the research specializes in studying the media, one of the most important goals of which is spreading awareness and culture and advancing society. However, the research will shed light on the civil responsibility of the media that adopts extremist ideas and spreads them and is aware of what it is doing and aware of the effects of this thought on society and the family. Therefore, the research will specialize in understanding, studying and analyzing the civil responsibility of extremist media. The research will be divided according to the need to reach the civil responsibility of the media into two sections. The first section will deal with the nature of intellectual extremism, and its concept and causes will be discussed through it, while the second section will be devoted to explaining the civil responsibility of the media that spreads intellectual extremism, through explaining the pillars of establishing the civil responsibility of the media, and the effects of that responsibility.

The obligation to guarantee safety is considered one of the most important topics that have occupied the attention of modern jurisprudence and judiciary, as it has become applied in most fields, such as consumer protection and the responsibility of producers, sellers and carriers, as its features and rules have been precisely defined. As this obligation has tried to invade the medical field, we have therefore researched, to what extent is this obligation applied in the medical field? Given that this field has its own considerations because it contains the element of probability that controls the medical work that the doctor cannot guarantee any result, the necessity of applying this obligation in the medical field is logical due to the importance and sanctity of its subject, which is the safety of the patient's body, which is the reason for our choice to study this topic to try to find a kind of reconciliation between the doctor's freedom to choose a specific method of treatment and the patient's right to his safety and protection from doctors' errors and the resulting damages. It should also be noted that the roots of the codification of the idea of the obligation to guarantee safety legally go back to the French judiciary when I see the application of justice standards in contracts.

A collective mark is that mark taken by establishments, whether these establishments are commercial, industrial, or cooperative, with the aim of distinguishing the characteristics that their products, goods, or services have and which those establishments provide, whether for commercial or even non-commercial purposes, such as the mark that some cooperative societies take as their logo, and despite The privacy of this mark. We did not find in the Iraqi Trade Marks and Commercial Data Law any texts specific to it, how to submit a registration application, and who has the right to submit it, in addition to the absence of special texts for special cases of deleting this mark, clarifying how to act and prohibit it. Disposing of the collective mark after its removal from the registers, we hope that the Iraqi legislator will address these loopholes in the law of trademarks and commercial data and give this mark greater privacy

The purpose of the mortgage is to guarantee the performance of the mortgaged debt. If the mortgagee is unable to perform within the specified period, this purpose cannot be achieved, unless the parties to the mortgage contract have concluded a signed agreement between them. Any violation of the provisions of the agreement is considered as the mortgagee bearing the guarantee obligation, except that during this period there is a set of provisions that the contract arranges for its parties.

A harmful act may be committed by a group of people without identifying the direct perpetrator of the harm, so all members of this group are entitled to compensation for the harm, because the certainty that each one of them has in common with the others is their participation in committing the harmful act.
It is worth noting that the theory of certain fate has been adopted by jurisprudence and criminal justice, but within the scope of civil law it has never been proposed, as no civil jurisprudence or civil judiciary has proposed this theory, so it is our turn to present this theory as a solution to the problem under study, especially since the theory that we adopt is based on foundations of justice, legal logic, and Sharia.

Iraqi and Syrian water policies are based on the reality of their available water resources, how to meet the demands for domestic, agricultural, industrial, health and developmental human uses, and the amount of water deficit they suffer from due to the increasing population and their requirements on the one hand, and Turkey’s control over most of their water resources on the other hand.
Therefore, the water resources of each of them are limited and insufficient, and both suffer from a large deficit. They need to develop their water relations and develop their management of water resources and find appropriate solutions through scientific, technical, professional and political cooperation, and explore opportunities for bilateral cooperation aimed at developing water relations between them, by concluding an agreement to regulate the use of shared international waters in a way that serves the common interests of the Iraqi and Syrian peoples.
This research was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the internal environment represented by the strengths and weaknesses of the Iraqi-Syrian water relations, while the second section dealt with the external environment represented by the available opportunities and threats facing the Iraqi-Syrian water relations.

The media plays an important and influential role in shaping public opinion trends and in formulating its positions and behaviors through the news and information provided by various media outlets. A person cannot form a certain position or adopt a certain idea except through the information and data provided to him, which confirms the ability of the media in all its forms and shapes to bring about changes in individual and societal concepts and practices by disseminating knowledge, awareness, enlightenment, forming opinions, and disseminating information and various issues. At a time when the media has become an essential part of the lives of peoples and societies.

The foreign policy of the United States represents a cornerstone in shaping the dynamics of the international system. As a global superpower, the U.S. plays a critical role in managing and addressing international crises, as well as formulating strategic responses to them. Each crisis is characterized by specific causes, drivers, variables, and actors that influence its trajectory, whether toward a single focal point or multiple objectives. Similarly, crises produce outcomes and ramifications that reverberate within the domestic contexts of the involved parties, as well as across regional and global environments. Moreover, international actors often seek to maneuver and control such crises to advance their strategic goals and interests.
Significant global crises, such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict—escalating notably in 2022—highlight the United States' approach to addressing complex security and political challenges. These cases underscore its efforts to safeguard national interests and reinforce its position as a dominant global power.
This study provides a comprehensive examination of U.S. policies toward these two crises, adopting a strategic and analytical framework. It investigates the mechanisms utilized by the United States to counter terrorism and confront Russian expansionism, while assessing the broader implications of these actions on the international system and on bilateral and regional relationships. Furthermore, the study seeks to analyze the underlying factors shaping U.S. crisis management strategies and the extent to which these strategies align with its overarching objectives in a rapidly evolving and increasingly complex global landscape.

The study aims to shed light on the concept of \\"al-Irja\\" (delaying or postponing judgment), analyze its key intellectual pillars: theological and political, and uncover its echoes in the thought and behavior of contemporary Salafism. The study attempts to confirm or deny a hypothesis that al-Irja represents a significant response to the issues of excommunication (takfir) and obedience to rulers, and that its influence has extended to an important segment of contemporary Salafi movements. To achieve this, the study employs several approaches: historical, analytical, and descriptive, as needed. The study concludes with several findings, including that al-Irja originally emerged as a political stance and later evolved into an interpretation of faith due to decisive historical necessities. It became a doctrinal school with political implications, infiltrating theological sects, ultimately resulting in a belief system encapsulated in the phrase \\"faith resides in the heart\\" and its related ramifications, such as refraining from excommunicating others. This belief system is a blend of Ash\\'ari and Maturidi doctrines, based on the \\"delaying judgment of the jurists\\" approach, which is consistent with the methodology of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama\\'ah (the People of the Sunnah and the Community). Politically, it emphasizes obedience to rulers and refraining from rebelling against them, even if they are unjust. Despite the interconnectedness of the theological and political aspects of al-Irja, the political aspect has had a stronger presence in contemporary Salafi thought and practices, more so than the theological aspect. This indicates the significant influence of political power on religious cultural authority, which, as al-Ghazali states, \\"rules on the correctness of Islam under the shadow of swords.\\" The Jam\\'iyyah Salafism (a group advocating political quietism) was the primary expression of this influence.

Iraqi-Saudi relations are characterized by being a clear model of the complex pattern of relations that are affected by many factors, determinants and influential issues, which made them characterized by distance, convergence, coldness and competition for long periods. Accordingly, in this research, we tried to address the nature of relations between the two countries during the study period and the most important transformations they witnessed, after reviewing the historical course of relations between them, and then studying the nature of relations after 2003, and reviewing the most important issues affecting them, such as the position on the Iraqi political system, regional crises, relations with Iran, and explaining their impact in determining the pattern of Iraqi-Saudi relations, in addition to presenting a future vision for relations between the two countries through three possible scenes. And according to the present data, the study favored the scene that says the possibility of the continuation of Iraqi-Saudi relations in the same pattern of cautious convergence by the Iraqi side and the containment attempts that the Saudi side seeks in its interaction with Iraq without any noticeable progress or decline.

This research delves into the influence of Iranian regional policy on the political stability of Iraq following 2003. Iran has strategically pursued its objectives in Iraq, recognizing it as a crucial arena for safeguarding its national interests, particularly in light of the American military presence and the rise of terrorism and extremist groups post-2014. These factors have posed significant threats to regional security, with reverberations affecting stability in neighboring countries, notably Iran. Consequently, Iran has actively engaged in safeguarding Iraq's political system by bolstering its security and military institutions to counter the menace of terrorist groups, aligning with its broader regional policy objectives.
Several key conclusions emerged from the study, including:
1. Iraq holds strategic importance within Iranian regional policy, serving as a focal point for securing its national interests.
2. Iran has pursued an interventionist approach aimed at mitigating the political and security vacuums in Iraq, providing support to its political framework since 2003.
3. Iran has actively contributed to anti-terrorism efforts in Iraq by bolstering security and military institutions post-2014, aiming to preserve regional security stability and avert its spillover effects on Iraq's political and security landscape.

The relationship between Turkey and Israel has been mostly fueled by economic cooperation. With Israel being one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world and Turkey having the second largest economy in the Middle East after Saudi Arabia, these two countries have some of the most advanced economies in the region. Turkey is Israel's tenth largest economic partner, while Israel is Turkey's eighth largest trading partner, indicating a significant trade connection between the two countries. Israel has also made significant financial contributions to the Turkish economy, especially in the areas of construction and real estate.
Military cooperation has been an important element in the Türkiye-Israel relationship. Turkey and Israel began working together on military issues in the 1990s, with Israel providing Turkey with the latest military technology and Turkey granting Israel access to its airspace to conduct military exercises. Their cooperation was motivated by shared concern about Iran's growing influence and the danger posed by extremist Islamist organizations such as Hamas and Hezbollah. But due to the deterioration of relations between the two countries, this cooperation has declined recently.
The relationship between Turkey and Israel has been characterized by friction and disagreement over a variety of topics, despite the strong military and economic ties between the two countries. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been one of the main causes of tension. Turkey has been vocal in criticizing Israel's treatment of the Palestinians and has contributed financially and diplomatically to the Palestinian cause. Israel is also concerned about Turkey's developing ties with Iran and its support for Islamic organizations such as Hamas because it considers these organizations a threat to its security.
The changing geopolitical environment in the Middle East has also had an impact on the relationship between Turkey and Israel. Under President Erdogan in particular, Turkey's foreign policy has become more aggressive and has aimed to increase its involvement in regional affairs. As a result, Israel was nervous, viewing Turkey's rise to power as a threat to its regional hegemony. What increases the tension in relations with Israel, which maintains close relations with these countries, is Turkey’s support for Qatar in its dispute with Saudi Arabia and the UAE.

Studying the future of Russian-Israeli relations in light of global transformations since 2023 is one of the intertwined and complex topics, as it affects the structure and interactions of regional and international systems. Russian-Israeli relations have fluctuated since the establishment of the Russian Federation in 1991 until 2024, depending on global variables. The Russian military intervention in Crimea in 2014 and Syria in 2015 represents an event that changed the nature of relations between the two countries. This period witnessed an increase in military, security and intelligence coordination, especially in Syria, in addition to the convergence of views between the two parties on the issue of combating terrorism. However, this matter collided with a number of determinants, the most prominent of which revolved around the Russian position on the Palestinian issue, in addition to the influence of the Iranian and American variables, which affected, in one way or another, decision-makers in both countries.
The study concluded that the scene of the development of Russian-Israeli relations is the most likely in the immediate and short term, based on the common interests that have brought the two countries together relatively, especially in limiting Iranian influence in Syria, in addition to the cultural and societal rapprochement between Russia and Israel, given that most of the population of what is known today as the State of Israel are of Russian origin.

Since ancient times, human groups have witnessed conflicts among themselves, and the causes of conflicts have varied, but its results and the humanitarian, social, economic, and security impacts it leaves behind remain a matter of interest to scholars and stakeholders alike. Conflicts involve multiple parties. There are internal conflicts, external conflicts, and between two or several parties. There are also many reasons that push parties to engage in conflicts, and we have discussed the most important reasons and allegations as justifications for the conflict. It is extremely difficult to pinpoint a specific reason for the conflict, as many reasons for entering into the conflict may combine and overlap. Since we have considered the conflict in Sudan as a model for our study, we have considered and divided the causes of the conflict into internal and external. How did some external parties contribute to causing the conflict to prolong it, extending their hands towards the will, sovereignty and entity of Sudan, with the help of internal parties? What are the repercussions of the conflict on the Sudanese interior, as well as its effects on the regional and international environment? We include the most important scenarios that could occur or be expected, as well as a conclusion with the conclusions of our study.

In this research, we addressed the importance of One of the most important principles of international humanitarian law is the protection of civilians and the defense of their rights in times of peace and war, including refugees who are forced by circumstances to leave their regions or countries in search of safety and a comfortable life, considering that international humanitarian law is one of the branches of public international law, as this international protection derives its legal framework from the texts of international agreements and declarations, as well as international law and general principles of law.
From this important standpoint came the idea of our research, in which we addressed the importance of the refugee issue in the contemporary international community and its impact on international peace and security, as well as the importance of the role played by international organizations, especially the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in providing international legal protection for them through humanitarian assistance to millions of people, whether they are refugees or internally displaced persons within their countries, as a result of the noticeable increase in the number of refugees in the world, especially in the Middle East region, of which Iraq is a part, due to the large number of conflicts and wars, and the serious human rights violations that accompanied them.
The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the refugee issue in the international community has importance and impact on international peace and security, and that the 1951 Convention is considered the basic law for the protection of refugees, as it guaranteed a set of rights and legal guarantees for them, if this is considered a violation of the law on asylum, and the rights of refugees stipulated in international agreements.

The overlap in trade relations and the differential dependence of countries on each other either for the acquisition of natural resources or the need for access to large markets for the disposal of their goods, may have led to the emergence of a pattern of economic dependency that is tempting to use it for political purposes as a trade policy. Some countries find themselves obliged to follow political pressures for the weakness or lack of alternatives, while others face the problem of finding cheap and viable alternatives in order to get rid of the pressures of these demands. Economic dependency does not succeed in turning into a political weapon in all circumstances, because the need for security and fear of threats can make submission to the demands of the security provider superior to submission to the demands of the commodity provider, since security itself has become a commodity.

The Iinternational System based on (rules) is, in reality, a purely American-Western industry, which was created to preserve the legacy of Western control and secure the interests of the capitalist system. In theory, I want these rules to regulate international relations and govern the behavior and orientations of other countries of the world (East/South). So that any departure from it will confront the entire west militarily, security-wise, politically and economically.
The United Nations and its institutions (the Security Council) were entrusted with implementing the appropriate resolutions, and thanks to the United States’ hegemony over the United Nations, especially after the end of the Cold War, it became part of the system of “defending/preserving” its interests and asserting its supremacy, which resulted in a frightening rise in the adoption of “blatant duality.” , deception and lying, forgery and falsification, contradiction between the advertiser and the hidden) to damage international relations.
The United States and the Western powers were unable to make the Al-Aqsa flood (the Gaza war) a small matter with limited impact, even in the West Asian region, but the ray of its influence reached the entire world, and it became a global humanitarian and human rights issue. On the other hand, we find an established axis of non-state actors who may form a pole in the field of transformation towards a new international order that is not controlled by the West alone.