magazine of college Administration&Economics for economic & administration & financial studies

This study investigates the role of legal liability in shaping consumer trust and behavior within Iraq's e-shopping landscape. As e-commerce continues to grow in Iraq, understanding the factors that influence consumer engagement is critical for fostering a secure online shopping environment. The research explores how perceptions of legal protections affect consumer trust and subsequent purchasing behavior. Utilizing a structured questionnaire distributed among Iraqi consumers, the study analyzes responses through various statistical methods, including structural equation modeling. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between perceived legal liability and consumer trust, which in turn influences purchasing decisions. This study underscores the importance of developing comprehensive legal frameworks to enhance consumer confidence in e-commerce. It offers valuable insights for businesses and policymakers aiming to create a trustworthy online shopping experience, ultimately contributing to the growth of e-commerce in Iraq. The implications of these findings extend to recommendations for tailored marketing strategies and
collaborative efforts to improve consumer awareness of legal protections, fostering a more robust e-shopping ecosystem in the region

The current research aims to identify the levels of human resource flexibility among employees in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, the Administrative and Financial Department, as well as to analyze the relationship of influence between human resource flexibility and adaptive performance in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. In order to achieve the research objective, the researcher designed a chart that clarifies the nature of the relationship between the research variables. The research also relied on the descriptive analytical approach. In order to verify the research hypotheses, it was applied in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research to a sample of employees at the upper and middle administrative levels, amounting to (75) individuals. To collect information, a questionnaire was designed, and for the purpose of analyzing the data, each of the tools represented by (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and relative importance) was used. A number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which is that human resource flexibility is a major variable in raising the level of readiness for adaptive performance of employees within the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Based on the statistical analysis, the adaptive performance variable obtained results that reflect a high level of consensus among workers about its importance. Therefore, the researcher recommends that the Ministry enhance the flexibility of its human resources by granting authority and paying attention to the human and social aspect, while emphasizing the exchange of experiences and bearing responsibility, so that it can attain the level of maturity for the level of adaptive performance, which will help it take proactive measures and solve problems in innovative ways..
Keywords: - Human Resources Flexibility - Adaptive Performance - Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

This study aims to identify the level of practice of organizational citizenship behavior and discrimination Organizational performance, as well as identify the impact of organizational citizenship behavior across dimensions, namely, (a spirit of tolerance, altruism, civility, awareness of conscience, voluntary participation) in performance excellence Organizational across dimensions, namely, (satisfaction of stakeholders , resource utilization, efficiency of operations, continuous improvement, responsibility towards the local community). The study used the resolution as a way to collect data from all the faculties of the University of Babylon of (18) College and study population included all the deans and heads of academic departments in the college's (88) and Dean Reese section.
The study used statistical methods by statistical program (Spss, 7.20). And reached a number of conclusions fleshed no relationship to the impact of organizational citizenship behavior in Organizational achieve outstanding performance, was presented a number of recommendations including an emphasis on the importance of organizational citizenship behavior in achieving excellence Organizational Performance in the surveyed university faculties