Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

The current research aims to identify first: the effect of the Wilen & Phillips strategy
on the achievement of fifth-grade literary female students in the subject of Principles of
Philosophy and Psychology..To achieve the objectives of the current research, the following hypotheses were formulated: The first hypothesis: There is no statistically significant
difference at a significance level of (0.05) in the achievement of Principles of Philosophy
and Psychology between the students of the experimental group who study with the Wilen
& Phillips strategy and the essential group who study in the usual way. The experimental
design with a post-test was followed for the two groups, and the random cluster method
was used to select the basic research sample, which amounted to 46 female students from
the fifth-grade literary students, with 23 for the experimental group and 23 for the control
group. The researcher was sufficient between the two groups in the variables of chronological age calculated in months, and grades. Principles of Philosophy and Psychology
for the first semester of the academic year (2023/2024 AD), intelligence, and academic
achievement of parents. The researcher prepared74 ( behavioral objectives for the topics of Principles of Philosophy and Psychology in the second part of the curriculum for
fifth-grade literary students. The researcher prepared 18 teaching plans for students in the
experimental group according to the Wilen & Phillips strategy, as well as students in the
control group. In the usual way, two models were presented to a group of judges who supported its validity

The aim of this research is to analyze the content of chemistry books for the second
intermediate grade according to the standards of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, for the
academic year (2023-2024). To achieve this goal, a list was built that includes the standards
of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which must be included in the chemistry book for the
second intermediate grade. After reviewing a set of previous literature, research and studies, the researcher built the standards of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Its initial form
included a set of (45) indicators distributed into three main groups. The list was presented
to a group of experts in the field of curricula and teaching methods, and the final form of the
tool consisted of (41) indicators. The researcher analyzed the content of the second intermediate chemistry book according to the standards of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The
analysis content included (96) pages, and explicit and implicit ideas were used as the analysis contentThe researchers determined the validity of the analysis by presenting a random
sample of the analysis to a committee of supervisors, and they agreed on the validity of the
analysis. The Holiste equation was used to calculate stability. Among the most important
results obtained by the researcher are that the learning and creativity criterion was repeated
(303) times, at a rate of (65.74), the digital culture criterion was repeated (70) times, and
the repetition rate was (15.18), and the professional and life criteria were repeated (15.18)
times. The criterion obtained (88) indicators, at a rate of (19.58), and a number of recommendations and proposals were proposed to complete the research requirements

The current research aims at identifying the fear of pain in the elderly and exploring pain in
the elderly according to the gender variable (males, females). People’s lifestyle changes after
they get older, a case which affects their psychological health. Despite the period of time that
the elderly spent in life of disadvantages and advantages, however, this period is not spent
without responsibilities, pressures, problems, and loss of loved ones and dear ones, and in return the person did not get anything worth this suffering and trouble. Despite the sacrifices,
bearing responsibilities, raising children, and securing the family’s life, during this period an
individual feels a lack of caring and non-existence. Some have feeling of not importance and not
being useful to the family, and some having feelings of fear about their health, especially fear
of pain, which is a nightmare that exhausts their thinking.
To achieve the research objectives, a sample of 200 retirees who reach the age of 63 and
above (males and females) is selected. A scale is prepared based on the behavioral theory consisting of (20) items. After conducting statistical treatments, such as the means, arithmetic
means and standard deviation and using the t-test for one sample and two independent samples, the research results show that the research sample suffers from fear of pain and there
are differences according to the gender variable in favor of males. In the light of the results, a
number of recommendations and suggestions are arrived at.

The aim of the current is to know the level of psychological and emotional self
– efficacy and to Know the relationship between psychological toughness and emotional self – efficacy among Dujail education teachers, the sample of the current research included Dujail Education teachers for the academic year (2023 – 2024). Their
number reached (200), including (94) teachers and (106) schools, The psychological
toughness scale prepared by jassem (2021) was applied to them, which included (43)
items, A five – graded scale for which the apparent validity, construct validity indicators, and discriminatory power of items were extracted using the T-test for two
independent samples, to measure the emotional self – efficacy, the researchers adopted the emotional self – efficacy scale prepared by odeh (2018), the scale consists
of (32) items, according to a five – point scale of response and in a gradual manner,
ln the current research, the apparent validity and discriminatory power of the items
were extracted, the results of the research on the psychological toughness scale revealed that middle school teachers possess psychological toughness, and also have
emotional self – efficacy, the resulted also showed the existence of statistically significant relationship between the scores of the individuals in the research sample in
psychological toughness and self – efficacy Emotionality.

The aim of the research is to identify teaching practices according to experiential
learning among chemistry teachers from their point of view, to achieve the research
objective. The researcher adopted the descriptive research method and the research
sample consisted of (110) male and female chemistry teachers in middle and secondary schools in the First Rusafa Education Directorate, representing (20%) of the
research community, who were selected randomly. The research tool was prepared,
which was a questionnaire on teaching practices according to experiential learning.
The questionnaire consisted of (26) paragraphs in the axes (planning, implementation, evaluation). The results showed that the general average of teaching practices
for the questionnaire axes was average. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS) was adopted to process the research results. In light of the results, the research recommended (preparing an educational environment that supports teaching
practices according to experiential learning).

The current research aims to know the effect of Jones’ strategy on the achievement of first-year
middle school female students in the subject of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education. In order to
verify the research objective, the researcher put forward the following hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental
group students who studied according to the Jones strategy and the average scores of the control
group students who studied according to the usual method in the achievement test for the Holy Quran and Islamic education. The researcher chose the experimental design with partial control for the
experimental and control groups with the post-test for achievement and analytical thinking skills.
The research sample consisted of (41) female students, with (20) female students in the experimental group who studied according to the Jones strategy and (21) female students in the control group
who studied according to the usual method. They were chosen randomly. The researcher conducted statistical equivalence between the experimental and control research groups in the variables
(chronological age calculated in months, academic achievement of fathers and mothers, and Raven’s
choice of intelligence). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared the following
tool: Test Achievement: The test consisted of (28) objective paragraphs of the multiple-choice type
with four alternatives. Its validity and reliability were verified, and the data were statistically analyzed
using the second test for two independent samples, the Chi-square, the Kuder-Richardson equation
- 2 -, the Cronbach alpha equation, the Cohen equation, the Point-Baserial correlation equation, and
the Pearson correlation coefficient through (SPSS). The results showed that the experimental group
students outperformed the control group students in the variable of academic achievement, and did
not affect the variable of analytical thinking skills. Based on the results, the researcher presented a
number of conclusions Recommendations ,and proposals.

The current research aims to reveal “the effect of using the inquiry strategy on achievement and developing motivation towards learning among students of the Arabic Language
Department in the subject of teaching methods.” The research sample consisted of (86)
male and female students for the two groups. The research was rewarded between the two
groups with the following variables (intelligence test in chronological age, their pre-motivation scale, gender). Behavioral objectives for the scientific subject and teaching plans
were prepared. Two research tools were prepared: the achievement test and the motivation
scale. The achievement test consisted of (50) objective multiple-choice paragraphs with
four alternatives. Its validity and psychometric properties were verified (ease and difficulty coefficient of its items, discriminatory power and effectiveness of false alternatives)
and the stability of its items was found by adopting the Alpha-Cronbach equation, which
reached (0.84). As for the motivation scale, it consisted of (32) items and its validity and
psychometric properties were verified, and the stability of its items was found by the Alpha-Cronbach method, which reached (0.83).
After processing the data statistically, the research results showed:
* There is a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between
the average scores of the experimental group students who studied according to the inquiry strategy and the scores of the control group students who studied according to the usual
method in the achievement test and in the motivation scale towards learning.
* There is a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between
the average scores of the experimental group students who studied according to the inquiry strategy before and after the experiment in the motivation scale towards learning in
favor of the post-average

The focus of the research revolves around identifying “an educational design based on the theory
of the (creative self) in the acquisition of literary concepts among fifth-grade literary students and its
impact on developing their linguistic revolution.” We intentionally chose ((Al -Zubayr Bin Al -Awam High
School for Boys) and then determined the sample stage, which is two sections of The fifth is preparatory school, and our selection is random. The sample number was (59) students, distributed into two
sections. The experimental group was (30) students, and section (B) was represented, while The control
group reached (29) students, and was represented by group (A), but before starting to implement the
experiment, we conducted parity between the students of the control group and the experimental group,
which is (linguistic ability, grades of the previous year, chronological age, pre-linguistic revolution). The
researcher prepared two tools, which are a test for the acquisition of literary concepts. The number of
its paragraphs is (45) items, and the second, the Linguistic Revolution Test, reached (25) items, and the
validity and reliability of their paragraphs were verified. (Ease, difficulty, and discrimination) and the
effectiveness of the (wrong) alternatives. After completing the implementation of the experiment, the
researcher applied the two tools to members of the research sample for the two groups (experimental
and control). After collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher used statistical methods in order to
show the results and concluded:
- There is a significant difference Statistical significance between the average score of the experimental group and the average score of the control group in the test of acquiring literary concepts, in favor of
the experimental group.
- There is a statistically significant difference between the average score of the experimental group
and the average score of the control group in the linguistic revolution post-test, in favor of the experimental group.
- There is a statistically significant difference between the average difference in the experimental
groups scores in the pre- and post-test of the linguistic revolution, in favor of the experimental group.

The research aims to identify the effect of the strategies of discussion sticks and discussion
sticks on the literary achievement of fourth-grade students in the subject of sociology and their
vertical thinking. The researcher used an experimental design with partial control. The researcher
randomly selected the control group representing Al-Siddiq High School, while the first experimental group represented Al-Rif Middle School for Boys. As for High School Al-Jahiz represents the
second experimental group, and the number of members of the sample was (83) students, and
he was rewarded among the students of the three research groups statistically using one-way
analysis of variance in the following variables (chronological age calculated In months, intelligence
test, parental achievement, vertical priori thinking scale( A achievement test was prepared and
verified its sincerity and stability. After addressing the results of the student answers statistically,
using the unilateral contrast analysis and to find out the source of the differences between the
averages, the Toki test was used, it became clear that there are a statistically significant difference between the average score (collection) of group students and for the benefit of the first
experimental group who studied the subject Sociology with the strategy of discussion sticks and
the absence of a statistically significant difference between the average grades of students of the
three groups in vertical thinking.

The current study aims to identify the effect of the reciprocal teaching strategy on
the achievement of chemistry among second-grade female students and their scientific
thinking. The study included a sample of 68 female students from the second-grade intermediate school in Al-Dhariyat Intermediate School for Girls in Al-Karkh II in Baghdad
for the academic year 2023-2024.
The researcher used the quasi-experimental approach, and designed two research
groups, an experimental group studying with the reciprocal teaching strategy and a
control group studying in the traditional way, with pre- and post-application. Equivalence was conducted between the two study groups in the variables of chronological
age - chemistry grades for the second-grade intermediate - intelligence - pre-test for
scientific thinking.
The results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied according to the reciprocal teaching strategy outperformed the students of the control
group who studied according to the traditional method, and that there is a need among
second-grade intermediate students for new strategies that contribute to developing
their abilities in scientific thinking.
The study concluded with recommendations that include the necessity of training
female students on scientific thinking skills at different levels, and encouraging chemistry teachers to adopt the reciprocal teaching strategy.

This research aims to find out (the effect of mental maps in modifying perceptions synonymous with
history concepts among ifth-grade femalet
The researcher formulated the following hypothesis: (There is no statistically significant difference
at the level of significance (0.05) between the average achievement scores of the female students of the
experimental group who study history by adopting the map strategy, and the average achievement scores
of the female students of the control group who study it according to the usual method.
The current research was limited to a sample of fifth grade female students at Al-Huda Girls School,
Baghdad Governorate/Al-Karkh III/Tarmiya District for the academic year (2023-2034), and the number
of fifth grade literary female students for the research sample was (70) students, including (35) female
students who were studied using Mental maps, and the other is a control group that includes (35) female
students who were taught in the usual way .
The researcher rewarded the students of both groups with variables (intelligence test, chronological age of the students, grades in history in the fifth literary grade, and academic achievement of the
parents). In processing the data, the researcher used the following statistical methods: (T-test, Pearson
correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown equation, Chi-square (K2), difficulty equation, discrimination coefficient equation, and effectiveness of alternatives equation), and the results showed that the female
students of the experimental group outperformed the control group. In light of this result, the researcher
recommended emphasizing the use of mental map strategies in teaching history, and in continuation of
this research, the researcher suggested conducting other research on samples in different grades and
other stages of study for both genders .

The goal of the current research is to “analyze the content of the computer textbook for the intermediate stage
with the concepts of artificial intelligence and its applications.” The researcher identified the problem of his research,
which centered on: (the lack of compliance of the computer curricula for the intermediate stage with the concepts of
artificial intelligence and its applications), and the importance of its details and the need for it became clear by stating
the importance of each of the following: (Content analysis, curriculum, textbook, computer book, middle school, artificial intelligence concepts, and applications),
The researcher reviewed several previous studies and the researcher also formulated a theoretical background
for the main research requirements. To achieve the research goal, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical
method by adopting the content analysis method and took scientific procedures within this method to determine the
research community and its sample represented by the computer books in the middle school (first and second stage),
which It reached (249) pages, and the content analysis newspaper was also adopted as a research tool. It included indicators of the concepts of artificial intelligence and its applications,
The validity of this tool and its suitability to the requirements of the current research was verified by presenting
it to several experts in the field of computers, teaching methods, educational psychology, and measurement and evaluation.
The tool consisted of (4) areas of artificial intelligence concepts, and (3) areas of artificial intelligence applications. After applying the tool and processing the data statistically using the Cooper and Holsti equation, percentages,
and frequencies. The results reached that were focused in the areas of artificial intelligence concepts are the field of
“physical computing.” (53.02%), followed by the field of “data analysis and structuring” with a rate of (32.8%), then the
field of “artificial intelligence programming” with a rate of (8.05%), followed by the field of “machine learning and deep
learning” with a rate of (6.04%). While the field of “cognitive science applications” within artificial intelligence applications in the computer textbook for the intermediate stage received a percentage of (46.6%), followed by “interface
applications” with a percentage of (43.3%), followed by the field of “robotics” with a percentage of (10%).
Based on the research findings, the researcher presented several conclusions, including that middle school computer textbooks contain varying degrees of indicators related to AI concepts and applications at varying levels.
The researcher also presented several recommendations, the most prominent of which is adopting the concepts
of artificial intelligence and its applications when developing the curriculum of computer science for the Intermediate
stage, and he presented many proposals. Including the analysis of the curriculum of computer textbooks for the high
school.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the content of the Physics book for the third stage in light of
the standards of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS),and the extent to which
these standards are included in ( Physics -Chemistry) subjects.In order to achieve this aim, the analytical
descriptive method was adopted and the research community was identified for the Physics book for the
third stage.The content of the book was presented as a sample of the research, and the questionnaire was
presented to group of experts in order to determine the appropriate standards for evaluating the natural
sciences book for the third stage in vocational education schools. After reviewing the arbitrators’ opinions
and answers ,the researcher prepared the AAAS standards which consisted of (5) standards and(31) indicators .The apparent validity of the research tool(AAAS standards ) was verified depending on the arbitrators’ agreement rates which exceeded (80%).Then the process of analyzing the content of the book was
carried out by relying on the explicit and implicit idea as a unit of recording and by repetitions as a unit of
enumeration. The analysis validity was verified by presenting it to a group of arbitrators and experts.Also
the stability of the analysis was calculated by using Cooper equation in agreement with other analysts and
with the researcher.The stability values for the Chemistry subject reached (96.9),(91.9),(91.7) and (84.2)
respectively,while the values for the Physics subject was(97.8),(93.4),(89.2) and (83.2).The results of the
research showed that The AAAS standards had an uneven distribution throughout the chapters of the book.
They also showed the inclusion of the first main standard, compatibility between the main ideas and the
content,prevailed all other standards.On the other hand,(Physics) came in the first place with the extent
to which the AAAS standards were included with a number of occuarance (499) while (Chemistry) came
second with a number of (194) It can be said that the Physics textbook for the third stage does not include
the AAAS standards as required.It requires greater efforts to achieve the conditions that must be met in a
good textbook.Due to this,I came up with several recommendations and requirement

The aim of the current research is to identify:
1. Perseverance among university students.
2. Cognitive flexibility among university students.
3. The nature of the correlation between perseverance and cognitive flexibility among university
students.
4. Differences in the correlation between flexibility and cognitive flexibility among university
students.
The researcher adopted the perseverance scale prepared by (Salman, 2020), and the cognitive
flexibility scale (Al-Qara Lucy, 2018), and after extracting the psychometric properties of the two
scales, the researcher applied the research scales to a sample of (400) male and female students from
Al-Mustansiriya University, with (200) males and (200) females, and after analyzing the data using
appropriate statistical methods, the research reached the following results:
1. Al-Mustansiriya University students enjoy perseverance.
2. Al-Mustansiriya University students enjoy cognitive flexibility.
3. There is a statistically significant correlation between perseverance and cognitive flexibility
among Al-Mustansiriya University students.
4. There are no statistically significant differences in the correlation between perseverance and
cognitive flexibility among Al-Mustansiriya University students.
In light of the results of the current research, the researcher developed a set of recommendations
and proposals

The current research aims to analyze the Arabic language book for the sixth preparatory
grade in the light of the learning patterns of Uzble. In order to achieve this, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach and identified the research community in the Arabic
language book for the sixth grade of preparatory and was appointed by the content of the book,
and to build the analysis of the researcher prepared a list of the main and sub -learning patterns
of Uzble after seeing a set of studies and literature reached (9) sub -patterns Distributed to
two main patterns and was presented to the group of experts and arbitrators specialized in the
field of curricula and teaching methods, the Arabic language, educational and psychological
sciences, general teaching methods, and some Arabic language teachers, then analyzed the two
words by relying on the unit of the idea as a unit in the book analysis of the Arabic language
as well Analysis using the Cooper equation, and in agreement with external analysts and with
the researcher and a self through time, and among the most important results reached by the
researcher reaches the total number of repetitions of learning patterns for Uzble included in the
content of the book (334) repeatedly and their distribution was varying in the first and second
parts of In order to include learning patterns for Uzble in it, as their repeated (185) repetitions
were from the total number of repetitions, while the first part was ranked second with the
extent of inclusion of the amended knowledge Bloom levels where the number of repetitions
reached (171) and in light of the research results a number of recommendations and proposals
were presented