Dijlah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

The current study was done in the farm of animal production department, college of agriculture, Kirkuk University from (1/6/2021 until 1/7/2022), to estimation of genetic parameters for body weight in different periods of Japanese quail that selected for immune responses and fed different levels of dietary L-arginine, by using 750 quail chicks breeding for four generation. The body weight was recorded in three periods, at the sexual maturity (BWSM), at age 90 day (BW90), and 120 day (BW120). Electronic balance was used to record the weight at sensitivity of (0.001) g. Data analysis was conducted using the general linear model method within SAS program to estimate the effect of factors influencing the studied traits. The general weight mean of Japanese quail at the ages of sexual maturity 90 and 120 days was (186, 192 and 201) g, respectively. The current study showed a highly significant effect of the four generations on the weight of birds at sexual maturity, 90 and 120 days. The weight of the birds at sexual maturity was highest in the birds of the base generation. The lowest weight at the age of sexual maturity was in third generation. The weight of the bird was also at the age of 90, and 120 days, the highest weight in the base generation, compared to third generation, which had the lowest weight. The Japanese quail was significantly higher than the males. Also, the weight of females and males differed significantly in the Japanese quail bird, depending on the genetic line that used. The study also showed the presence of positive and high genetic correlations (0.9061) between The weight of the bird at the age of 90 days or the weight at the age of 120 days, and a high and positive morphology (0.9058) between the weight of the bird at the age of sexual maturity and the weight at the age of 90 days.

This study aimed to determine the effect of adding a synergistic mixture of oyster mushrooms and beta-glucan in estimating oxidative stress indicators in the serum of broilers exposed to heat stress. 300 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used and distributed randomly into four treatments. The control treatment (T1) was fed the standard diet without any addition. As for treatments T2, T3, and T4, their birds were fed with the diet added to the synergistic mixture at a rate of 0.5, 1, 1.5 g/kg feed for the starter diet. As for the final diet, the addition was 0.250, 0.5, 0.750 g/kg each of oyster mushrooms and the same amount of beta-glucan for the above treatments, respectively. It was shown from the results obtained that there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of the enzymes SOD, G-PX and the enzyme CAT, and a decrease in the concentration of liver enzymes ALT, AST and the concentration of TBA for the treatments to which the synergistic thread was added, especially at the level of 1.5 gm/kg of feed and did not have any negative effect.

The experiment was carried out during the 2022 growing season in the grape orchard of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University. The experiment included two factors, the first being the Helwani, V1, and Kamali V2 grape varieties, and the second factor was the addition of liquid organic fertilizer (IPH0 PLANT) at three levels (400, 250,0) milliliters. -1 vine, to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on the characteristics of vegetative growth and mineral content. The vines were planted at dimensions of 2 x 4 m. The experiment was designed according to the Plot Design Split system. The experiment included 6 treatments that were randomly distributed in three sectors, as the total number of plants was (36). Karma, the data were analyzed statistically using the SAS program, and the averages were compared according to the least significant difference test (L.S.). D At the 5% probability level, the results showed that adding (400 ml LNR-1) led to a significant increase in the chlorophyll content, the length of the main branch, the diameter of the main branch, the mineral content of NPK.

In this research, an economic study it conducted for an agricultural facility that follows a diversified agricultural pattern in Diyala Province - Iraq. With the aim of measuring investment indicators and risks for a diversified agricultural pattern. The area of the agricultural facility was (17) dunums, of which (10) dunums were a wheat farm, and (4) a dunum was a grape farm, while the area of the calf fattening project was (3) dunums. Several personal interviews it conducted with the facility manager to obtain the necessary data about the facility’s projects, and then that data it classified. The research adopted a quantitative analysis approach through the tabular method and some economic indicators. The average investment costs for the facility amounted to (17546) thousand dinars, of which the investment cost for the wheat farm amounted to (6640) thousand dinars, and for the grape farm (5996) thousand dinars, while the investment cost for the calf fattening project amounted to (4910) thousand dinars. The average total production costs for the facility reached (17993) thousand dinars, including the production cost of the wheat farm (4830) thousand dinars, and the grape farm (2276) thousand dinars, while the average production cost of the calves project reached (10887) thousand dinars. The analysis of investment indicators showed that the recovery period for the capital invested in the facility’s farms amounted to (0.791) years, and the net cash flows amounted to (21402) thousand dinars for all of the facility’s farms. In addition, investment risk analysis indicators showed that the break-even price for the wheat crop reached (264,615) thousand dinars/ton, and for grapes reached (68,437) thousand dinars/ton, while the break-even price for calves reached (14,428) thousand dinars/K.g. While the break-even amount reached (0.660) tons/dunum in the wheat farm, and (1.115) tons/dunum for the grape farm, while in the calf fattening farm, the break-even amount reached (129.607) K.g per calf. It recommended that a diversified agricultural pattern should followed to achieve efficiency in allocating available resources and sustainability of the soil, as well as the need for price support for production requirements, especially seeds and fertilizers. Also recommended that scientific research recommendations should communicated to farmers to benefit from them in applying the diversified farming pattern.

In this research, an economic analysis it conducted for marketing the wheat crop in Baladruz district as an applied model for Diyala Province - Iraq, for the 2023 production season, with the aim of knowing the efficiency of marketing services in the wheat crop marketing operations, especially mechanical services. Through a random sample of wheat producers who adopted mechanical marketing services, the sample constituted (9.7%) of the study population of (411) producers. The research adopted descriptive and quantitative economic analysis to analyze production costs and marketing costs through the tabular method. The analysis of marketing costs showed that the costs of mechanically purifying the wheat crop constituted (35.55%), while the cost of harvesting constituted (32.46%) of the cost of marketing the ton. From estimating the profit function, which included the average profit (R) as a dependent factor, and the selling price of the production (X1), the cost of Production requirements (X2), and marketing costs (X3) as independent factors. It became clear from the analysis that there was a positive effect of both the price of output and the cost of production requirements on the value of profit, while the effect of marketing costs was negative on the value of profit. As measurement of marketing efficiency showed an excess of marketing costs of (11.5%), it recommended that the agricultural extension aspect activated to provide the necessary marketing information to producers in a timely manner. As well as establishing new marketing centers for the wheat crop, and providing adequate storage capacity to accommodate the crop annually. In addition, the need to pay attention to marketing research that is concerned with technical marketing services. In addition to the need to improve the external marketing environment for producers by reducing quantitative and qualitative restrictions on the crop to motivate producers to develop production quantitatively and qualitatively given the importance of the wheat crop in achieving food security.

This study was conducted in the gardens of the scientific departments - College of Education for Girls - Tikrit University for the agricultural season 2022-2023 to study the effect of two varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. (Abaa 99, Adana 99) and different concentrations of humic acid [0, 0.5 and 1] ml) and irrigation periods. Every (25, 35 and 45) days in terms of growth characteristics and gluten percentage. Statistical analysis was conducted at the level of (P≤0.05) and the results appeared as follows. The triple interaction between the lowest variety treated with acid at a concentration of 1 ml and watering every 25 days was superior to the rest of the interactions with the highest values for the characteristics of plant height, number of shoots, relative water, and flag leaf area, which were 104.72% and 40. 72%, 37.63%, and 45.37%. The same interaction also outperformed the qualitative characteristics, which are the percentage of chlorophyll and the percentage of gluten given, and the percentage of gluten is 100% and 10.40%, respectively.

A field experiment was conducted during the 2022-2023 agricultural season in one of the greenhouses affiliated with the Agricultural Research Station in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/College of Agriculture/University of Diyala with the aim of studying the effect of spraying calcium at concentrations of 1000,500,0 mg. L-1 and the amino acids arginine and glycine at concentrations of 0, 100 and 200 mg. L-1 each regarding the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cayenne pepper. A factorial experiment was designed within a randomized complete block design (RCBD), the results were analyzed using SAS software, and the means of the traits were compared using Duncan's multinomial test at the 0.05 probability level. The results of the study showed the following: The spraying treatment with calcium at a concentration of 1000 mg L-1 was superior. Yield characteristics represented by the number of fruits (61.21 fruits. plant-1), the weight of the fruit (22.89 g. fruit-1), the yield of one plant (1.389 kg. plant-1), the total yield 1.556 tons-1 greenhouse, and the carbohydrate content of the fruits ( 33.40%), and the capsaicin content in the fruits (27.63 mg. kg-1), while calcium at a concentration of 500 mg L-1 was superior in increasing the fruits’ vitamin C content (9.00 mg 100 g-1). The spray treatment with arginine at a concentration of 200 mg was superior. L-1 in the content of capsaicin in fruits (28.54 mg. kg-1), and glycine with a concentration of 200 mg L-1 is superior to the number of fruits per plant (63 fruits per plant-1), fruit weight (24.85 g. fruit-1) and yield per plant. (1,567 kg. plant-1), the total yield is 1,755 tons-1 greenhouse, the carbohydrate content in the fruits (34.72%), and the vitamin C content in the fruits (9.13 mg 100 g-1).

This experiment was conducted to study some qualitative characteristics of Iraqi Awassi meat and lambs dosed with flaxseed oil in the fields and laboratories of the Animal Production Department / College of Agriculture - Tikrit University for the period from 10/14/2019 to 2/27/2020 this included 12 days prepare the animals before starting the experiment. In this experiment, 12 Awassi lambs were used with an average starting weight of 24.18 ± 3.62 kg and their ages ranged between 5-6 months. The animals were randomly distributed after taking their initial weights and then divided into four groups, each group included three lambs. In this experiment, an individual feeding and rearing system was used in cages. The lambs were numbered with plastic numbers and placed in individual cages (the area of each cage was 1 x 1.5 m) in semi-open pens. The lambs treated with No. (1) were considered a control treatment and were not given seed oil. Linen. The groups were given the addition of (0.06, 0.08,1)% ml of linseed oil, respectively. The concentrated feed was determined on the basis of dry matter at 3% of the live body weight, with hay provided freely as a source of coarse feed, and the percentage of linseed oil was changed weekly. Depending on the increasing body weights of the lambs, all animals are then slaughtered at the end of the Experiment.through chemical analysis of the thigh piece, it was observed that there was a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the percentage of moisture in the second treatment (T2), and the highest percentage of protein in the third treatment (T3), and in the percentage of fat the highest significant increase was in the control treatment. As for the percentage of ash the highest significance was in the third treatment (T3). Results regarding (TBA) showed a significant decrease in the addition coefficients compared to the control treatment.

This study was conducted in the animal field of Agriculture College / Basra University from 10/11/2019 to 10/2/2020, A total of 12 Arabi rams aged 1.5 and > 3.00 years (six rams each) were bought from the local markets (weighted 45 and 65 kg). Rams divided randomly into four groups (three rams each) and were placed in a semi-shaded pens dimensions (4 x 2) M. Before the start of the experiment, rams were dosed pomegranate peels two weeks as introductory period by a gelatin capsule with a high ability to not be analyzed orally, according to the following experimental treatments. Rams aged 1.5 years were divided into two groups (3 rams each), one group with no pomegranate peels and the other was dosed with 100 gm/ day. Rams aged > 3 years were divided and dosed as the rams aged 1.5 years. Ten days after the experiment began, blood samples were taken, as well as semen was collected from rams and repeated every ten days until the end of the experiment. The results showed that pomegranate peels significantly increased the concentrations of FSH, LH and Testosterone hormones of rams aged 1.5 and > 3 years. Cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly lowered by the dose of pomegranate peels.

This study was conducted for eighty days at the Dalmaj cattle station in Wasit Governorate. The study included the use of different levels of anthocyanins to determine their effect on some productive and physiological parameters of dairy cows. Twelve crossbred Friesian dairy cattle (average body weight 370 ± 23 kg) were allotted to feed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three levels of anthocyanin supplementation (0, 200, and 400 mg/kg). additionally. The cows were split into three groups of four for each of the three experimental treatments. The results showed the possibility of extracting anthocyanins from Solanum melongena, which reached an average concentration of 673.056 mg/L. In addition to the ability of the extracted anthocyanins to scavenge free radicals, the antioxidant activity reached 83.12%. Compared to the synthetic antioxidant compound BHT (96.25%), The addition of anthocyanins (400 mg/kg of feed) increased milk production (19.22 kg/d), improved milk components, and reduced oxidation indicators in the blood, as the MDA value reached 1.05 mmol/L.

The experiment was conducted in the fields belonged to Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the 2022 growing season, on Salimi pomegranate trees, three years old, suffering from neglect and lack of care, in order to improve their growth. The experiment included two factors: the first was the addition of organic fertilizer (sheep manure) at three levels (0, 3, and 6 kg tree-1) by different methods, and the second factor was spraying with proline acid at three concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L-1). The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data were analyzed statistically and the means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at a probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the treatment of adding 6 kg of sheep manure per tree in a circular trench around the tree resulted in an increase in the total leaf area, the percentage increase in tree height and stem diameter, the length and diameter of annual shoots, and the percentage of dry matter in the leaves. The addition of the same amount in three pits around the stem of the tree achieved a significant increase in the area of a single leaf. Spraying with proline acid at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 also caused a significant increase in the above-mentioned traits, as well as the area of a single leaf. The interaction treatment between the addition of organic fertilizer at a rate of 6 kg tree-1 in a circular trench around the tree and the spraying with proline acid at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 gave the highest values for the studied vegetative growth traits and superiority on the control treatment.

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at the College of Agriculture, University of Diyala during the 2022-2023 agricultural season to study the effect of foliar feeding with nano- and regular phosphorus fertilizer on the growth and yield of colored cauliflower. The experiment was carried out within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the Split Plot system with three replicates that included 60 Experimental unit. The area of the experimental unit was 2.5 m2. The second factor was the comparison without fertilization, spraying with regular phosphorus fertilizer P2O5 at a concentration of 5 gm l-1, spraying with nanophosphorus (17% phosphorus). concentration of 1 L-1, spraying with nanophosphorus (17% phosphorus) at a concentration of 2 L-1. The results can be summarized as follows: The genetic composition had a significant effect on the characteristics of vegetative growth and yield, as the plants of the Megha genotype excelled in giving the best percentage of chlorophyll in the leaves ( 77.85 g. 100 g fresh weight), while the Di Sicilia Violetti formulation was superior in plant height (113.2 cm.plant-1), and the Fuji yama formulation was superior to the best leaf area ratio (115.0 cm.2.plant-1), and the Megha and Fuji yama formulations were distinguished by the lowest Number of days required for maturity (45.24 and 44.74 days, respectively), and Verde Di Macerata genotype plants excelled with the best average shoot weight and total yield (2.215 kg). CD-1 and 92.32 tons. E-1) sequentially. All foliar fertilization treatments with nano- and regular phosphorus had a significant effect on the characteristics of vegetative growth and yield, and the concentration exceeded 2 gm l-1 with the best percentage of chlorophyll in the leaves (81.89 mg.100 g-1), plant height (95.10 cm.plant-1), and leaf area (116.2 dm2 Plant-1), early yield (55.50 days), average weight of flower stalk (1.945 kg-1), total yield (81.04 tons ha-1), and the effect of the two-way interaction on the characteristics of vegetative growth and yield, as the Megha genotype plants fertilized with a concentration of 2 g excelled. L-1 nano phosphorus for the percentage of chlorophyll in leaves (86.16 mg. 100 g-1), and the plants of the Di Sicilia Violetto formula fertilized with a concentration of 2 g l-1 nano phosphorus excelled at a plant height of 118.7 cm. plant-1), and the genotype plants excelled. Verde Di Macerata fertilized with a concentration of 2 gm.L-1 nanophosphorus per leaf area (135.1 dm2.plant-1), and early plants treated with the Fujiyama genotype were fertilized with nanophosphorus at a concentration of 2 gm.L-1 nanophosphorus in the minimum number of days to maturity (40.17 days). ), while Verde Di Macerata genotype plants fertilized at a concentration of 2 g. L-1 nano phosphorus with the best weight per pink disk (2.606 kg-1) and the total yield (108.6 tons. ha-1).

This study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory at the College of Agriculture, Diyala University, for the period 2022-2023. It aims to identify the role of amino acids and polyamines in increasing the stevioside compound of the stevia plant in vitro. The histological and field experiments included the use of the amino acids glutamine and arginine, the polyamine putyrcine at three different concentrations, in addition to the control treatment, which is 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg.L-1. The results showed that putyrcine gave the highest plant height of 12.6 cm. The arginine at a concentration of 50 mg. L-1 and putyrcine at 150 mg. L-1 gave the highest number of branches reached 2.2 branches. Plant-1. The arginine treatment at 50 mg.L-1 gave the highest wet weight of 0.483 grams, and the treatment at 150 mg.L-1 gave the highest sweetening for all amino acids used. It was the highest for putyrcine, which reached 251.6 micrograms ml, and the lowest sweetening for the control treatment and for all treatments. The highest average content of stevioside in the leaves of the stevia plant was when the plants were sprayed in the field with putyrcine at a concentration of 150 mg.L-1, reaching 462.473 µg ml-1. All experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD)

The present study was conducted in the college of Veterinary Medicine/University of Basrah to evaluate the role of Grape-Flavored Whey Probiotic Beverage that prepared by mixing probiotic isolate (L. acidophilus) and whey in reducing the harmful effect of high cholesterol diet on laboratory rats. Therefore twenty four adult male rats weight 220-280 g were used and divided into four groups(6 for each). Control group (T1) received normal ration and drench with normal saline. The second, third and fourth groups(T2,T3 and T4 respectively) received high cholesterol diet for 30 day and then drenched by normal saline , whey, therapeutic syrup (5 ml) respectively for 30 days. Blood samples were collect and separate serum immediately for lipid profile (Tch,TG,LDL, VLDL and HDL) analysis. In addition , liver enzymes activity (ALT and AST) and renal function indicators were measured. The role of insulin, leptin and adiponectin also evaluated. The results revealed to the role of therapeutic syrup in reducing the values of lipid parameters (Tch, TG, LDL and VLDL) and improvement of LDL levels. The liver enzymes activities showed significant improvement due to administration of therapeutic syrup of probiotics while urea and creatinine appeared non- significant for all groups. Grape-Flavored Whey Probiotic Beverage administration revealed significant decrease in insulin, leptin and adiponestin levels compared with other hypercholesterolemic and control groups. Therefore, Grape-Flavored Whey Probiotic Beverage had ameliorative effect against the prognosis of high cholesterol diet on body physiology.

This experiment was conducted in a field with a breeder (private sector) in Wasit Governorate / Kut District for the period from 1/7/2021 until 1/5/2022. 50 pregnant local Awassi ewes, 3-4 years old, were used in this experiment in order to study the effect of (nZno) dosing. Or (Zno) for local Awassi ewes in some productive and reproductive traits. The ewes were divided into 5 groups, A control group and four treatments, each group includes 10 ewes. The first group represents the control group without any additives. The first treatment dosed ewes with 40 mg/animal/day Zno, the second treatment was 20 mg/animal/day nZno, the third treatment was 60 mg/animal/day Zno, and the fourth treatment was 30 mg. /animal/day nZno. The ewes were dosed with zinc capsules at the beginning of the fourth month of pregnancy on 1/10/2021 until 30/11/2021. The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences in the weight of the ewes for the control group and the first, second, third and fourth treatments at breeding, and at the fourth and fifth months of Pregnancy, birth, and the first three months after birth , A significant increase (P≤0.05) was observed in the birth rate of Awassi ewes according to the different treatments studied, as the birth rate reached its maximum in treatment (2) at 100%, while it was lowest in treatment (1) and the control group, reaching 80% for each of them. Respectively, there were no significant differences between the four treatments and the control group in the percentage of ewe deaths, as it amounted to 0.00% for all treatments and the control group. There were highly significant differences (P≤0.01) between the studied treatments in the percentage of twins, as it amounted to 0.00, 12.5, and 11.1., 0.00, 0.00%, respectively, as the treatments (3.2) recorded the highest percentage of twins, at (12.5, 11.1) %, respectively, and the lowest percentage for the treatments (4, 1) and the control group, as it amounted to (0.00) % for each of them.

The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Basra in the Karma Ali area to study the effect of foliar spraying with different concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 50, 100) mg L-1, and Different concentrations of nano-silicon (0, 37.5, 75) mg L-1, and the interaction between them in vegetative growth, the leaves’ content of chlorophyll and carotene pigments, and the yield of one plant. The results showed that the two concentrations of spraying with ascorbic acid, 50 and 100 mg L-1, were significantly superior in plant height, number of aerial stems, leaf content of chlorophyll and carotene pigments, and tuber weight.The concentration of 100 mg L-1 was significantly superior to the yield of one plant. Also, spraying with nano-silicon at both concentrations of 37.5 and 75 mg L-1 showed a significant increase in all the mentioned characteristics. The interaction between the two factors had a significant effect on all the traits under study, except for the number of aerial stems and tuber weight.

To determine the relative number of components of genetic variation and the forms of superiority interactions by analyzing the average generations of maize hybrids that differ in flowering and maturity times. A field experiment was carried out at the Field Crops Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriyah to estimate the components of genetic action, the genetic and superiority effects and their interactions that control the inheritance of field traits of the selected inbred lines and their resulting hybrids using generation mean analysis. Five pure inbreed lines of maize (ZA17WR, Zi17WZ, ZM74, ZM19, and ZM49W3E) were selected from fifteen inbreed lines with different flowering and maturity times in the spring season of 2019 and were multiplied according to the target (early x early, late x early, early x late, and early x early) in the season the second fall (2019). Genetic analysis was done using scaling test and analysis for the six criteria, according to what Mather and Jinks (1982) mentioned for the traits of number of leaves, leaf area index, The number of days from planting until 90% physiological maturity, crop growth rate, dry weight of the plant, grain yield per unit area, and harvest index. The results of the genetic analysis of the scaling analysis showed a significant difference for the four criteria A, B, C, and D depending on the trait and the difference in hybrids.This was reflected in the significance of the dominant and additional effects and their superior interactions. The first and third hybrids showed a dominant effect and the fourth was additional, while the second hybrid did not show any effect on the trait of the number of leaves. The type of interference was of the doubled type. In the fourth hybrid, the hybrid showed a dominant effect and the type of superior interference was complementary due to similarity Indication of dominant genetic action with non-allelic overlap (dominant × dominant. The reference is to the dominant genetic action with non-allelic interference (dominant).As for the traits of leaf area index, number of days from planting, up to 90% physiological maturity, and crop growth rate, the dominant influence had the greatest role in inheriting these traits. While the second hybrid was unique. In the third and fourth, the additional effect had the largest role in the inheritance of the grain yield trait per unit area, while the first and second hybrids had a dominant effect of the double type, and the third and fourth hybrids had an additional effect of the complementary type. We conclude from the above that host and non-host genetic action controls the inheritance of the yield trait and some traits. Therefore, we recommend using the reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) method.

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm belong to Rabban A-Safiya company- Aureij site located in south of Baghdad to study the effects of plant densities and four dates of Earthing up after emergence on lodging percent, growth traits and grain yield and its components of sorghum crop (Bihawth 70 cultivar). The layout of the experiment was a split-plot in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The main plots included four treatments of plant densities (53333, 66666, 80000 and 100000 plant ha-1) while sub plots were four dates of Earthing up (control, 4 weeks, 5 weeks and 6 weeks) after emergence, sowing took place in the first half of August 2018. The results showed that the plants density 100000 plant ha-1 showed the highest grain yield (8.715-ton ha-1) and biomass (27.583-ton ha-1), While the plant grown at low density (53333 plant ha-1) gave the highest number of grains per head (4332), weight of 1000 grain (27.600 g) and plant yield (119.540 g plant -1). The date of four week Earthing up after emergence gave the lowest number of grains per head (4043 head-1), weight of 1000 grain (26.875 g), grain yield (7.950-ton ha-1) and biomass (20.517 ton ha-1). There was a significant interaction between plant densities and earthing up, of the most studied traits except for 1000 grain weight and grain yield per unit area. Plant density 100000 plant ha-1 with date of four week earthing up after emergence gave grain yield (9.166 ton ha-1) biomass (28.567 ton ha-1), while the plant density of 53333 plant ha-1 with earthing up date of four weeks after emergence gave the highest average, number of grains in the head (4422 head-1) and yield per plant (124.280 g) .It is clear from this study that the date of four week Earthing up after emergence of sorghum crop (Bihawth 70 cultivar) resulted in a reduction in the number of increased the yield per plant. Also, the increase of plant density led to increased competition among plants for growth factors, especially light, which led to an increase in some of vegetative growth traits resulting in an increase in grain yield per unit area, despite of the decrease in some grain yield components.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of groundwater in Misan governorate by selecting 15 distributed wells in different areas (Ali Al-Gharbi, Ali Al-Sharqi, Al-Tayeb, Al-Musharrah, Governorate center, Al-Battira, Al-Maymouna and Al-Uzair). The physical and chemical properties of water samples were estimated, such as (pH, EC, T.H, Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate). The results were showed variations in the concentrations of ions depending on their locations. Some evidences were used to evaluate the quality of water for irrigation, and it was found that 73.33% of the water samples are within the C4S1 class, which is very high in salinity and not suitable for irrigation according to the SAR standard. The values of % Na were ranged between (26.22-71.04) % and that 33.33% of the water samples were good and suitable for irrigation according to this standard, while 26.66% of the water samples are suitable for irrigation according to the P.S standard. As for the RSC and PI evidences, all water samples are suitable for irrigation. When using the Kelly index, it was found that all water samples are suitable for irrigation except for sites 7 and 14 (Al-Musharrah and Al-Uzair), in addition, 60% of the water samples are suitable for irrigation according to the MAR standard.

In order to evaluate the performance of double-cross maize hybrids in planting dates suitable for fall growing season in the middle region of Iraq, a field experiment was conducted at the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadriya for the fall season of 2022 using double-cross maize hybrids selected from fifteen double cross hybrid maize resulted from crossing ten single hybrids resulting from crossing five inbred lines using the half-diallel method. These included Hybrid 1 = (1×4)(3×5) from the crossing of (ZM49W3E x CDCNS) (ZM43WIZE x ZM19), Hybrid 2 = (1×2)(3×5) from the crossing of (ZM49W3E × CDCN5) (ZM43WIZE x ZM60), Hybrid 3 = (1×5)(2×4) from the crossing of (ZM60 × ZM19) (ZM43WIZE ×CDN5), Hybrid 4 = (1×2)(4×5) from the crossing of (ZM19 × CDCN5) (ZM43WIZE ×ZM60), and Hybrid 5 = (1×4)(2×3) from the crossing of (ZM60 × ZM49W3E) (ZM43WIZE × ZM19), and their comparison with the synthetic variety IPA5018, and testing them under three planting dates: July 1st, July 15th, and August 1st. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four replications arranged in a split-plot design. The main plots included the three planting dates, while the subplots included the five double-cross maize hybrids and the control variety. Secondary yield components were studied. The results of the experiment showed highly significant effects of the third date for all traits, as the date was superior in ear length (21.40), ear diameter (47.42), number of rows in the ear (15.73), number of grains in a row (41.88), number of grains in the ear (659.3), and ear weight (285.4). ). The hybrid(1×4) (3×5) was superior in terms of ear length, ear diameter, number of grains per row, , and ear weight, reaching 20.45, 36.24, 36.49, 540.4, and 232.1Sequentially. The marital response of the hybrids varied according to planting dates and showed a significant interaction for all the traits under study, except for the ear length and the number of rows per ear.

Experiment was conducted in tissue culture laboratory of Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, for the period 2022-2023 to develop callus from the Chinese clove plant (Dianthus chinensis L). The callus was developed from seedlings resulting from tissue culture, experiment was carried out according to design RCD.Parts of a real leaf were grown on MS medium supplemented with the growth regulator dichlorophenoxy acid (2,4-D) at concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) mg.L-1 mixed with Kinin (0.5) mg.L-1. Results of callus induction showed significant differences in the volume of callus at a concentration of 1.5 mg L-1, which gave highest callus volume of 1,550 g. As for wet weight, the concentration of 1 mg L-1 achieved highest wet weight of 1,364 g, while the concentration achieved 2 mg L-1 highest percentage of callus-forming parts.With regard to callus stimulation, it was found that addition of different concentrations of jasmonic acid (0, 25, 50, 75 µmol ) mixed with sorbitol acid at concentrations ( 0, 20 mg L-1 ) gave a significant increase in studied characteristics (wet weight, callus volume, weight dry) as treatment JA2 at a concentration of 25 multiplicationes and SOR2 at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 achieved highest values for studied traits. Some secondary metabolic compounds were estimated from the callus leaves of Chinese clove plant resulting from tissue culture, and their percentages were compared with the use of growth regulators at different concentrations. It was found that adding jasmonic acid at a concentration of 75 multiplication with sorbitol acid at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 recorded best amount of active substances ( Eugenol) , Caryophyllene, Terpinen, Linalool, Pinen) were (63.33, 27.50, 2.50, 2.00, 2.70% ), respectively.

The experiment was conducted during the 2015-2016 season in one of the greenhouses affiliated with the Agricultural Research Station / College of Agriculture / University of Basra / Karma Ali site, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying with aqueous extract of licorice roots at three concentrations (0, 2, 4) g.L-1 in Qualitative characteristics of the fruits, yield and their storability, and a study of the effect of immersion with aqueous extract of garlic at a concentration of 4% and a solution of calcium chloride at a concentration of 4% on the storability of the fruits of the tomato Newton hybrid. The study included two field experiments, the first of which was field experiments, which sprayed the plants with licorice extract at three concentrations and three sprays fifteen days after planting the seedlings, with 10 days between one spray and the next. As for the storage experiment, it was carried out as a factorial experiment consisting of three factors: spraying with aqueous extract of licorice, post-harvest treatments (immersion with aqueous extract of garlic and calcium chloride), and the duration of storage, using a completely randomized design (CRD). The percentage of spoilage increased with increasing duration of storage, reaching (4.68%) at 13°C and reaching (16.28%) at 5°C after four weeks of storage. . The treatment with licorice extract 4 gm.l-1 gave the lowest percentage of damage compared to the comparison treatment for fruits stored at 13°C, amounting to (7.25%). The dipping treatment with 4% aqueous garlic extract recorded the lowest percentage compared to the rest of the dipping treatments for fruits stored at 13 degrees. M° reached (3.7%).

Two field experiments were carried out during two agricultural seasons (the spring season of 2021 at the Agricultural Research Station/College of Agriculture/University of Basra and the second during the fall season of 2021 in Wasit Governorate) to study the effect of bacterial inoculum and adding different amounts of fertilizers for some microelements (copper, molybdenum, and cobalt) in The percentage and concentration of elements in mung (Vigna radiata L.) seeds. Two methods were used in the experiment, adding and not adding bacterial inoculum, and a combination of four fertilization combinations of copper, molybdenum, and cobalt (zero + zero + zero, 100 + 50 + 25, and 200 + 100). +50 and 300+150+75 gm E-1) which are symbolized as F3, F2, F1, F0 respectively. A factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications was applied. The results showed the superiority of the method of adding bacterial inoculum (R1) in increasing the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and the concentration of copper, molybdenum, and cobalt in seeds for the two seasons. Likewise, the level of 300+150+75 gm ha-1 (F3) was superior in increasing the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and the concentration of copper, molybdenum, and cobalt in seeds. Seeds for the two seasons, with an increase rate of 19.83 and 12.75%, 57.89 and 55.44%, 22 and 20.52%, 28.72 and 28.72%, 82.83 and 79.68%, and 51.42 and 48.64%, respectively, for the two seasons. As for the interaction between the two factors, the results showed that the combination R1*F3 was significantly superior in most of the elements studied compared to the combination R0*F0.

A field experiment was conducted during the season 2021/2022 in Basrah governorate/ Al-Zubair - Al-Luhais region. The experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, it uses the results of regional climate models to knowledge how climate change effects on the region through the AquaCrop model and repeat the same process for another regional climate model and another scenario to assess the impact using climate projections and analyze the impact of climate change on water resources The results are as follows:
1. The seasonal water consumption under the fixed sprinkler irrigation system reached 717 mm in the Al-Zubair- Al-Luhais region
2. A decrease in the amount of annual rainfall during the two periods (2021-2035) and (2035-2050) amounted to -7.04 and -11.65 mm, and -6.37 and -12.24 mm, respectively, compared to the base period (1985-2005) as an average of climate models (EC-Earth, CNRM-CM5, GFDL-ESM2M) for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively.
3. An increase in the maximum and minimum temperatures of 2.31 and 1.64°C, respectively, during the period (2021-2035) compared to the base period, with a clear increase in temperatures during the period (2035-2050) compared to the base period of 2.63 and 1.87°C for degrees maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively and an increase in both the maximum and minimum temperatures of 2.78 and 1.80° C, respectively, during the period (2021-2035) compared to the base period, with a clear increase in temperatures during the period (2035-2050) compared to the base period, amounting to 3.70 and 2.12° C for the maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively, as an average of the climate model values (EC-Earth, CNRM-CM5, GFDL-ESM2M) under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.
4. The calibration gave a good agreement for most of the approved standards, and the correlation coefficient R2 reached a very good agreement of 0.98. The RMSE gave a good agreement of 0.15. The value of the Woltman coefficient for comparison between the measured productivity and the expected productivity recorded a very good agreement, amounting to 0.96.
5. An increase in productivity in the scenario RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 when comparing the base period with the two periods (2021-2035) and (2035-2050), in addition to an increase in the relative change in productivity with non-significant differences between productivity during the base period and the simulation period, as the highest value of productivity during the period (2021-2035) amounted to 8.22 and 7.68 Ton ha-1 of the wheat crop during the simulation period. The increase in the production rate between the periods (2021-2035) and (2035-2050) compared to the base period was 30.21, 28.48%, 32.87, and 30.64%.
6. Increasing water productivity in the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, and comparing the base period with the two periods (2021-2035) and (2035-2050), highest value of water productivity during the period (2021-2035) amounted to 7.72 and 7.70 kg m3, respectively.

A field three experiment was conducted during the spring season 2021 in Baghdad Governorate/ Independence- Al-Rashdyah District, located at latitude 33˚06 ˉ31˭ north and longitude 44˚16ˉ39˭ east and at an altitude of 37.3 m above sea level during the summer season 2021. Experiments were carried out separately and included three irrigation systems, which are subsurface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and furrow irrigation. Each irrigation system was implemented as a by using Nested-Factorial Experiments Design, where a worker distributed irrigation intervals and three irrigation intervals (2, 4, 6 days) on the main plots, Then the main factor was divided into four replications in which the three levels of organic fertilization (Orgevite) (secondary plots) were distributed (control without addition, 500 kg dunum⁻¹ and 1000 kg dunum⁻¹) randomly, the results were as follows:
1. The highest depth of water added at the irrigation level every 4 days for the sub-surface drip irrigation and furrow irrigation systems was 362.35 and 584.86 mm, respectively, While the highest depth of water added to the sprinkler irrigation system was 507.02 mm when irrigating every 2 days.
2. The sub surface drip irrigation system and the furrow irrigation system excelled without significant differences between them with the highest total yield of pods amounting to 8.45 and 9.02 Ton ha-1 compared to the sprinkler irrigation system with an average of 6.76 Ton ha-1. Subsurface drip irrigation excelled with the highest water productivity of 2.331 kg m-3, compared to the sprinkler and furrow irrigation systems, with an average of 1.337 and 1.546 kg m-3, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of different levels of medium acidity and the addition of Azolla fertilizer on some vegetative, flowering, and root indicators of the Centaurea cyanus L. plant. This study was conducted in the fall season of 2022/2023. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) as a factorial experiment with three replicates and two overlapping factors: the first three levels of pH of the medium, which are 6-6.5, 6.5-7 and 7-7.5 (symbolized as H1, H2 and H3), and the second is four ratios. of Azolla fertilizer, which are 0, 10, 15 and 20% (symbol A0, A1, A2 and A3). The results were compared according to the least significant difference (LSD) test at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the acidity of the medium significantly affected the studied traits, with a level of 7-7.5 recording the highest values for plant height, number of main branches, number of side branches, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, and number of flowers. While the Azolla addition treatment caused significant differences in the studied traits, as the 20% treatment recorded the highest values in most of the studied traits. The interaction between the two factors was significant, and the highest values were in plant height, number of main and lateral branches, number of leaves, and leaf area, in treatment H3A3.

In this research, trends in spatial change of the area planted with fruit tree crops in Babil Governorate were measured, taking the year 1989 as a basis for comparison for the selected years (1989, 2000, 2011, 2022), using remote sensing technology through the analysis of satellite images provided by the Landsat series for periods A long period of time, and the use of many specialized programs in this field, including ENVI programs in its two versions, ENVI 5.3 and ENVI Classic 5.3 and Arc map 10.8, due to the need for them during interpretation, analysis, and drawing digital maps, to represent data for three stages selected for comparison for the years (1989 and 2000) and (2000 and 2011) (and between 2011 and 2022). The results showed a change toward an increase in general in the area of planted fruit trees during the study period and in all directions, with the exception of a decrease in the northeast and southeast directions, which are among the directions most exposed to decrease in Babil Governorate and throughout the study period.

The study was conducted in the field of department of Animal production – Diyala university for the period 1/11/2021 – 12/2/2022. Aimed this study the estimation The growth curve of the offspring was estimated according to the linear and nonlinear growth curve of the square and cubic model and it was noted that the cubic model was the best in predicting body weight , as the coefficient of determination amount 0.974,0.998,and 1.00 for each of the linear , square and cubic models, respectively and the cubic model recorded most accurate in predicting the amount of feed conversion for the offspring was the length of the rearing period of 6 weeks and the coefficient of determination was 0.989, 0.991 and 1.00for each of the linear , square and cubic models respectively.

A global field experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, for the winter agricultural season (2022-2023) to study the effect of fertilization with three sources of organic fertilizer (sheep waste, sheep waste, cow waste), in addition to the comparison treatment and spraying with boron at two levels, in addition to the comparison treatment (50, 100) mg L-1 and the interaction between them in growth and lizard yield according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with twelve treatments and three replications. The results showed the following:
1. Organic fertilizer had a significant effect on all growth and yield traits compared to the comparison treatment, and poultry waste recorded a significant superiority in all the studied traits compared to sheep and cow waste, with an average of (44.00) cm, (641) cm2 leaf -1, (55.80) SPAD, and (5936) ) kg ha-1 for plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and total marketable yield.
2. Growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield characteristics were improved by increasing the addition of boron, as the spraying level (100) mg L-1 gave superiority in plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and total marketable yield, with an average of (42.68) cm2 and (612) cm2 leaf-1. And (52.96) SPAD and (5936) kg ha-1, respectively.
3. The interference factor (poultry waste + 100 mg B L-1) was superior to the other interference factors, with an average of (47.62) cm, (692) cm2 leaf-1, (57.83) SPAD, and (6560) kg ha-1 for plant height and area. leaves, chlorophyll content and total marketable yield.

A field study was conducted in the year 2022 to determine the What is the padogenic distribution of some available elements in the sedimentary soil of Al-Qasim district in Babylon province, which represents the sediments of the Euphrates River. 4 sites were selected covering agriculturally exploited areas for a period of 10 years. The locations of the beds were revealed and their morphology was described. Then samples were obtained and the soil components and some of their characteristics were analyzed. In addition to estimating the available elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and iron, the results indicated that all sites were characterized by the dominance of the alluvial separation, followed by the clay separation, then the sand separation, with a decrease in the values of calcium carbonate and organic matter with depth, while the organic matter was positively associated with the clay separation, and as for the pedogenic distribution of the elements, it was recorded. The study showed that all of the available elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were positively associated with organic matter and clay separation, and negatively with calcium carbonate and cation exchange capacity.

This study was conducted at Animal Production Department/ College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad/ Al-Jadiriyia. From September to November 2018. Twelve glass aquaria with dimensions of 40 cm × 30cm × 30 cm were occupied by 60 common carp fish ( 18± 1 gm mean weight ) randomly distributed into six treatments with replicates ( 5 individuals / replicate ) . Fish fed 3 % of body weight with six laboratorial made diets (1.5mm diameter) supplemented with different percentages of broken rice ( 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 ,60 and 75 % ) with a crude protein ranged 21.15 % - 25.40 % and 47.28 % - 61.09 % carbohydrates. The results of biochemical blood serum tests showed that the T6 treatment was superior in glucose concentration, 162.50 mg/100 ml, while the T1 treatment recorded the highest insulin concentration, amounting to 13.80 mg/IU. Meanwhile, the results of the histological examinations of the fish liver showed the occurrence of bleeding, expansion of the liver sinusoids, and watery degeneration. In transactions T4, T5 and T6.

This study was carried out to understand the effect of hatching egg injection (In Ovo injection)
with the Crude and Nano-Steroidal Extract laboratory prepared of the wild Bacopa Monnieri L. in
some measurements and embryonic tests about 3 days of embryonic growth, as well as, the Some
productive characteristics for the hatched chickens Until marketing, Steroidal compounds were
extracted from the plant with HPLC testing to identify some of these compounds and their
concentration. A 705 hatching eggs from the broiler chicken mothers of the Ross 308 at 0 days was
used in this study, while the eggs were divided into five treatments of a141 eggs /treatment by (47
egg/replicate) and the experimental treatments were as follows: The First treatment (T1) was negative
control treatment without injection, while the second treatment (T2) positive control injects 0.2 ml of
N.S (Normal Saline 0.9%)/egg. The third treatment (T3) injects 0.2 ml of N.S containing of 100 μg of
Nano Chitosan Cs TPP/egg, while the fourth treatment (T4) injects 0.2 ml of N.S containing 100 μg
of steroidal extract /egg. Finally, the fifth treatment (T5) injects 0.2 ml of N.S containing 100 μg of
the Nano-Steroidal Extract on Nano Chitosan (Cs TPP)/egg. The results of the experiment showed a
significant increase (p
in the length of embryo in (T4 and T5) treatments compared to T2 but
the two treatments (T1 and T3) didn’t record any significant differences with the other treatments.
diameter transparent area recorder Significant increase (P<0.01) for (T1 and T5) compared (T2 and
T3) as for T4 didn’t recorder significant difference with the all treatment. (T3, T4 and T5) treatment
recorder a high Significant increase (P<0.01) in the diameter of vascular area compared (T1), while
treatment (T2) didn’t record any significance with the rest of the treatment. no observed significant
difference in measuring (somites) between all treatments. (after hatching) showed a significant
increase (P<0.01) body weight average of the chicken for the T5 treatment and in the total weight live
gain of the chicken for the T4 and T5 treatments and the significant improvement (P<0.01) in the
total feed conversion ratio for the T3, T4 and T5 treatments compared control treatment.
we conclude for this experimental that in ovo injection by Nano-Steroid Extract of wild
bacoba monnieri L with Nano Chitosan containing of (100 μg /egg) before incubation eggs, led to a
significant increase in the length embryo , diameter vascular area at three days of embryonic
development, as well as significant improve in some of the productive characteristics to hatched
chicks during rearing period until the age of marketing.

The study was conducted to determine the effect of organic fertilizer (cow manure) on some growth characteristics of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) cultured in rice fields on an area of 400 m2, 20 m * 20 m. The land was divided into four rice fields. The area of each field was 100 square meters, with equal dimensions of 10 m * 10 m. Each field contained a trench 50 cm wide and 80 cm deep, which served as a refuge for fish. The Jasmine rice variety was planted on lines with dimensions of 30 cm. Fish with an initial weight of 100 g were cultured densely. 1 fish/m2 using four parameters:
T1 Adding organic fertilizer (cow waste) without providing fish feed, T2 Adding organic fertilizer while providing fish feed, T3 Not adding organic fertilizer while providing fish feed, T4 Not adding organic fertilizer and not providing fish feed, the fish were weighed every 14 days. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences (p≤0.05) in terms of total weight gain and daily growth rate, as treatment T2 outperformed the rest of the treatments, followed by treatment T3, which outperformed treatments T2 and T1, respectively. As for the rate and efficiency of food conversion, the results of the analysis showed Statisticians did not record significant differences (p≤0.05) between treatments T2 and T3. In light of the above results, it can be concluded that it is possible to implement common carp farming in rice fields in Iraq using organic fertilization and supplementary feed, without adding pesticides or chemical fertilizers.

A field study was conducted to determine the impact of pollutants and oil waste resulting from the Al-Waha oil field (Al-Ahrar District) and the impact of these pollutants on areas near the field (study areas). Soil samples were collected from four locations, three of which were southeast of the field, 500 meters away from the field and denoted P1, 1,000 meters away, denoted P2, and 1,500 meters away, denoted P3. The fourth sample, the control sample, was from an area far from pollutants, which is Al-Hassan Al-Askari area in Kut, symbolized by P0. Samples were taken on (11/11/2022) from a depth of 0-15 cm. After determining the soil texture for each area, its chemical characteristics were studied and some heavy elements (lead and cadmium) were estimated. The amount of pollution resulting from the oil field and its effect on these characteristics was noted through the results obtained, as it was observed that the electrical conductivity values increased from 15.7 decimeters m - 1 at P0 to 78.9 decisiemens m-1 at P3 and an increase in the concentration of positive and negative ions, as the sodium concentration increased from 45 mmol L-1 at P0 to 511 mmol L-1 at P3. Likewise, the concentration of lead increased from 33 ppm at P0 to 427 ppm at P1, and cadmium increased from 0.96 ppm at P0 to 23.59 ppm at P1.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the effectiveness of some biological stimulation agents, such as the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus sp. the Trichoderma viride fungus and its filters, treated and untreated with heat, reduce the infection of rape plants with blight disease caused by the fungus Alternaria barassicae, which is transmitted through seeds. The results of the study showed that the stimulating biological factors and their filtrate, treated and untreated with heat, have a high inhibitory capacity towards the growth of the pathogenic fungus in the P.D.A. culture medium, as the zone of inhibition for the Trichoderma viride fungus and its filtrate, untreated and heat-treated, reached 100%, 81.14, and 67.33%, respectively. While the antagonistic ability of Bacillus spp. The rates for the untreated and heat-treated filtrate were 100%, 93.58%, and 86.84%, respectively, and it reached 100% when using the P. fluorescence bacterial filtrate and the untreated and heat-treated filtrate which reached 90.22%.
As for the pot experiment, the factors led to the stimulation of systemic resistance and the emergence of significant differences between the percentage of infection and its severity between the treatments and the treatment of the pathogenic fungus. The best treatment was the addition of the bacteria P. fluorescence, as the percentage of infection (%) and its severity reached 0.00%, followed by the treatment of the bacterial filtrate. It reached 1.33 and 2.27%, respectively, while in plants infected with the pathogenic fungus it reached 36.67 and 53.40%, respectively. Treatment with chemical and biological stimulation compounds also improved the rates of some production indicators and some vegetative growth indicators

The chemical pesticides have an adverse effect on the human health and environment, Its necessary find alternatives naturally organic compound safe and non-toxic of natural plant extract to control the green disease that caused by Trichoderma longibrachiatum that infect oyster mushroom causing Large economic losses for this crop. The organic compound was manufactured using the ethanoic alcohol of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza spp), the cinnamon plant (Cinnamomum spp), and lime by using the dried powder of each plant with the lime. and the resulting concentration was concentrated and applied at a concentration of 2% against the green mold caused by the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. Field experiments showed an increase in the number of fruiting bodies, the amount of yield, and an increase in the biological efficiency of the culture media, which confirms the dual role of the organic compound in suppressing the pathogen and promoting the growth of oyster mushrooms. These results indicate this compound as an effective and sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides in controlling green rot disease.

This study conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity of Ganoderma lucidum extracts against Fusarium oxysporum isolates, a significant pathogen affecting potato crops. Eighteen F. oxysporum isolates were identified and isolated, with three specific isolates' nucleotide sequences registered in the NCBI Gene Bank with accession numbers Mw292595, Mw292596 and Mw292597. The antifungal assays revealed that the Ganoderma lucidum culture filtrate, particularly at 50% concentration, significantly inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum isolates F.o1, F.o2, and F.o3 by 53.00%, 44.50%, and 39.30%, respectively. Phenolic and alkaloid extracts derived from the mushroom substrate also exhibited substantial antifungal activity, with the most potent effects observed at a 5% concentration, achieving inhibition rates up to 49.67%. Field trials corroborated the in vitro findings, with the phenol extract treatment improving plant height, tuber mass, and count, indicating the extracts' dual role in pathogen suppression and plant growth promotion. These results conclude that Ganoderma lucidum extracts could serve as an effective and sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides in the management of Fusarium wilt in potatoes.

A field experiment was conducted in sandy clay mixture soil at the Research Station of the College of Agriculture - Anbar University to study the effect of the type of tillage and soil mulching on some soil characteristics, water consumption and broccoli yield, this experiment was designed according to the design of splinter panels with three repeaters consisting of two factors: the first is three-level tillage (zero tillage, minimal tillage and conventional tillage) and the second is three-level mulching (no coverage, polyethylene and reed). Broccoli seedlings were planted on 15/10/2022 and service operations were conducted for the crop and the experiment continued until the plant was extracted on 1/3/2023, the moisture and salt distribution, the percentage of sodium adsorption, water consumption, ready water and water use efficiency were measured, it was observed that moisture foci formed when zero tillage and when not mulching and mulching with polyethylene after depth 0.25 m and after the distance 0.15 m at mid-season, A significant decrease in the salt content of the T1M1 and T2M1 treatments was obtained at 0.10-0.15 m at 1.6d M and 0.10-0.20 m at 1 dB M-1 respectively , It was noted that there was a decrease in the percentage of adsorbed sodium when conventional tillage and zero tillage amounted to 16.67, and there was a significant decrease when mulching with polyethylene, as it amounted to 0.69, with a significant decrease of 42.48%, the highest value of water consumption was observed in zero tillage, followed by conventional tillage respectively 175.8, 158.1 mm, and the highest value of water consumption when mulching with polyethylene and reeds amounted to 167.6 and 154.9 m with significant increase rates of 26.68. 17.08%. The highest ready water at the T0M1 treatment was 12.77% based on volume, conventional tillage and reed mulching in the flower yield, wet weight quotient and biological yield outperformed 53.13, 152.24, 99.11tons ha-1 respectively,compared to the comparison treatment,the minimum tillage at the water use efficiency of the flower yield, wet weight quotient and biological yield outperformed the rest of the treatments with an increase of 98.9, 40 and 40.6% respectively A decrease in the efficiency of water use of the flower yield was observed when mulching, as the percentage of decrease was 8.04, 27.9% when mulching with polyethylene and reeds, respectively, and an increase in the efficiency of water use for the wet weight and biological yield when mulching with reeds, as the increase rate reached 57.5 and 45.5% respectively.

The experimental panels were fertilized collectively with triple superphosphate fertilizer (21% P) at a rate of 35 kg P ha-1 (Ali, 2012), while nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea (46% N) was added at a rate of 50 kg N ha-1 (Ali et al., 2014), divided into two applications: the first at planting and the second at the beginning of flowering. Planting was done on 3/11/2021 by manually sowing seeds in rows at a depth of 5 cm with three seeds per hill, then thinning to one plant per hill after plants reached the two-leaf stage. Crop management services including irrigation, weeding, and fertilization were performed as needed, and harvesting was conducted upon signs of maturity. The study results showed the following: The New Zealand variety excelled in individual plant yield, achieving the highest average of 70.56 g plant-1. This variety also outperformed in other traits such as grain weight (161.47 g), 100-seed weight (152.50 g), and number of seeds per pod (3.62 seeds pod-1), with a total plant yield of 6.27 tons ha-1. On the other hand, the Spanish variety excelled in the number of pods per plant with 17.69 pods plant-1. There was a significant interaction between plant densities and varieties. The local variety excelled in seed number per pod at density D2, reaching 5.33 seeds pod-1, while the Spanish variety excelled at density D1 in the number of pods per plant with 19.47 pods plant-1. The Dutch variety outperformed at density D1 in individual plant yield (90.13 g plant-1), pod length at density D3 (16.60 cm), and total yield at density D1 (9.01 tons ha-1). Plant density D2 excelled in seed number per pod (3.91 seeds pod-1), pod weight (194.05 g), and dry plant weight (731.85 g plant-1. From this study, it can be concluded that: Plant densities D1, D2, and D3 differed significantly in the studied traits. The New Zealand variety is suitable for the prevailing environmental conditions in the central region at the study site, especially due to its superior total seed yield of 6.27 tons ha-1, attributed to its performance in yield-related traits such as pod number, seed number per pod, pod weight, and 100-seed weight.

A field experiment was carried out in soil columns during the spring season of 2021 at the research station of the College of Agriculture/ Tikrit University, for the purpose of studying the effect of compaction stress and the soil gypsum content on the growth and yield of millet. The experiment included two factors, the first was soil content of gypsum and included 96, 163, 218 and 264 and 371 gm kg-1. The second was compacting the soil to apparent densities of 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5,1.6 and 1.7 mega gram m-3. The compacted soil columns were planted with millet (panicum spp) at a rate of (5) Seeds in each column on 7/6/2021, and I thinned the plant to (3) plant in each column. To study the effect of compaction of soils with different gypsum contents, with the aim of determining the critical limit for the degree of compaction of gypsum soil on root penetration, growth, and yield of millet. The millet crop was planted and the experiment was irrigated based on the evaporation basin, and the amount of water added to each column was calculated until the crop was harvested on 11/5/2021. The level of compaction (1.2) mega gram m-3 gave the highest average plant height (45.3) cm, dry weight of roots (2.40) g pot-1, and grain yield (3.00) gm pot-1. When compaction increased, these characteristics began to decrease, and the level of compaction was recorded as (1.7). mega g m-3 .The lowest average was (28.70) cm (1) g ace-1 (1) g ace-1, respectively. Excess gypsum had a negative effect on the growth characteristics and yield of millet plants, as soil with a gypsum content of (96) g kg-1 gave the highest average plant height (39.80) cm, dry weight of shoots (25.60) g per pot-1, and grain yield (2.60) g. Pot-1, while the soil with gypsum content (371) g kg-1 gave the lowest average of (35.80) cm, (22.40) g pot-1, and (1.70) g pot-1.

Abstract:
A laboratory experiment was carried out at the research station of the College of Agriculture / Tikrit University, for the purpose of studying the effect of compaction stress on the physical properties of different soils with their gypsum content. The experiment included two factors, the first was compaction of soils with a gypsum content of 96, 163, 218, 264, and 371 g kg-1. To the apparent densities of 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7 Mg m-3, some physical properties of each gypsum soil were estimated after compacting it to the aforementioned apparent densities, which included the moisture description curve and soil resistance. for penetration, shear stress, saturated water conductivity and porosity. The results showed the following: the compaction stress increased from the shear stress values, as the bulk density of 1.7 Mg m-3 gave the highest average value for this characteristic, reaching a value of 113.3 kg cm2, with a percentage increase of 233, 121.54, 80.35, 32.22, and 12.02% compared to the compaction levels of 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 and 1.5 Mg m-3, respectively. The results also showed an increase in the resistance of the soil to penetration with an increase in the level of compaction, and the 1.7 Mg m-3treatment gave the highest average of 0.130 kPa cm2 compared to the bulk densities of 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 Mg m-3, which gave values of 0.007. and 0.018, 0.04, 0.059, and 0.094 kPa cm2, respectively. Also, increasing the level of compaction had a negative impact on the values of water conductivity, as the density 1.2 Mg m-3 gave the highest average of 0.125 cm min-1, while increasing the compaction above this level gave an average of 0.045, 0.015, 0.007, 0.005, and 0.002 cm min-1 for bulk densities 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7 Mg m-3, respectively. Compaction stress led to a reduction in the total porosity of the soil, as the lowest value of porosity reached 0.328 at a bulk density of 1.7 Mg m-3, then it began to increase gradually as the bulk density decreased to the extent of 0.525 at a bulk density of 1.2 Mg m-3. The critical limit of porosity at the bulk density of 1.5 Mg m-3 was 0.417, 0.412, 0.408, 0.403, and 0.396 for soils with gypsum content of 96, 163, 218, 264, and 371 g kg-1, respectively. Increasing the gypsum up to 218 g. kg-1 led to an increase in the shear stress and soil resistance to penetration with an average of 79.80 kg m-2 and 704.42 kPa cm-2, respectively, while both properties began to decrease when the gypsum was increased above this level. The gypsum content of the soil did not significantly affect the water conductivity values of the soil, as the soil with a gypsum content 264 g kg-1 gave an average value of 0.035 cm min-1, while the soil with a gypsum content gave 371 g kg-1. The average was 0.034 cm min-1, and the treatment with gypsum content 163 cm min-1 recorded the lowest average, amounting to 0.028 cm min-1.

Abstract:
A study was conducted on AL-Dijila River within the boundaries of Al-Kut city for a period of 10 months. Eight sites (sections) were selected along the river, starting from AL-Dijila regulator, with a distance of 1000 meters between each site. The longitudinal section of the river was divided into 8 vertical sections along the river channel, starting from the gates of AL-Dijila regulator 300 meters from its source.Water samples were collected from the river starting from July 2022 until April 2023 for conducting physical and chemical analyses of the river water. The results of this study are as follows:Turbidity values for AL-Dijila River water for the studied sections ranged from 7.6 to 12.2 NTU. The highest turbidity level recorded was 12.4. NTU in April 2023, while the lowest was 8.9 NTU in July 2022.Temperature values (T) in AL-Dijila River water samples for the studied sections ranged between 11.97 to 25.67°C.Electrical conductivity values in AL-Dijila River water for the studied sections ranged from 0.84 to 1.06 ds.m⁻¹.pH values in AL-Dijila River water for the studied sections ranged from 7.52 to 7.79.Total hardness (TH) values in AL-Dijila River water for the studied sections ranged from 195.77 to 268.25 mg.L⁻¹.Total dissolved solids (TDS) values in AL-Dijila River water for the studied sections ranged from 539.73 to 676.27 mg.L⁻¹.Dissolved cations in Dijila river water samples varied for calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, respectively, with concentrations between 41.6–76.8, 20.88–65.28, 54.74–91.31, and 2.34–4.29 mg.L⁻¹. Dissolved anions in Dijila river water samples ranged between 82.72 – 236.79 , 31.2 – 75 , 158.4 -207.36 MG. L-1 for chloride bicarbonate and sulfate, respectively.

Abstract:
A field experiment was carried out in one of the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture - Baghdad University - in autumn season 2018-2017 To study the effect of two factors, the first is sources of organic fertilizer In a quantity of 30 ton h-1 With four sources O0 (without adding) O1 (cow residue), O2(maize shells) O3(sugar cane) And O4 (Nile flower) and the second factor included the application three level of the mineral fertilizer M0 (without adding) M1 (120 kg N + 60 kg P + 200 kg K) M2 (240 kg N + 120 kg P + 400 kg K) in the growth and yield of potatoes, the experiment was layed out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication, At maturity, plant height, weight of one tuber, yield of one plant, and total yield were measured data statistically analyzed and compared the averages of treaments were compared using the less signification difference test(LSD) at the level of probability 0.05. The results indicated that Interaction of organic fertilizer and mineral fertilizer treatment M2O1 was obtained the highest values of the study parameters,The height of the plant is 91.46 cm, the average weight of one tuber is 169.93 g tuber-1, the yield of one plant is 1069.99 g tuber-1, and the total yield of tubers is 57.06 ton h-1. The treatment of organic fertilization (cows) was out per formed other than treatments of sugar cane, maize shells and Nile flower.

Abstract:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding Lycium barbarum extract to drinking water on some reproductive characteristics of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). A total of 270 chicks aged one week old of brown-colored quail were used in this study. The birds were divided into six treatments (45 for each). For T2, T3, T4, and T5, 400 mg of Lycium barbarum extract from leaves, fruits, stems, and roots were added to each liter of drinking water. While, (T6), 400 mg of a mixed extract of Lycium barbarum's leaves, fruits, stems, and roots was added to the drinking water. The control treatment (T1) was without addition. The LH and FSH hormone levels in the serum of males and females of T2 and T3 were significantly higher (P≤0.05) compared to other treatments. There was a significant increased (P≤0.05) in the testosterone hormone in the serum of males of T2 and T3 compared to other treatments. On the other hands, there was a significant increased (P≤0.05) in the estrogen hormone in the serum of females of T2 and T3 compared to other treatments. There was a significant increased (P≤0.05) in the seminiferous tubules diameter and germinal layer thickness in the testes of T2 and T3 compared to other treatments. While there was, also a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the seminiferous tubules lumen diameter of T2 and T3 compared to other treatments. There was a significant increased (P≤0.05) in the number and diameter of ovarian follicles in the ovary of T2 and T3 compared to other treatments. It can be concluded that the leaves and fruits of Lycium barbarum extract improved the reproductive characteristics of Japanese quail.