Psychological Science

Abstract:
The study aimed to shed light on the importance of national identity as an essential element in rehabilitating Mosul society and developing the tourism aspect in the research area. The research addressed a specific question: “To what extent is it possible to invest in the diversity of minorities present in the city of Mosul in tourism?” National identity tourism contributes to enhancing belonging and pride in the place to which the individual belongs in order to achieve the well-being of society. The research problem revolves around the gradual loss of cultural identity as a result of external influences and some economic and social factors. In her study, the researcher relied on the historical method and the social survey method using the sample method and relied on a purposive sample of (200) respondents, focusing on specialists and workers in the cultural, tourism and archaeological fields and a few general minorities in Mosul society. The data was analyzed statistically through the (SPSS) program. One of the most important findings reached by the researcher is that strengthening national identity in the tourism sector can have a positive impact on tourist destinations and contribute to achieving community well-being and improving the tourists’ experience. Therefore, the researcher recommends the need to direct attention and investment to this aspect, and decision-makers should closely study how to enhance the national identity in tourism in order to achieve stability for the local community and reduce the factors that contribute to their migration and displacement.

Abstract:
During his life, the individual experiences frustrations that prevent him from achieving his goals and satisfying his needs, which creates a state of tension and pressure in him that appears in his responses in search of achieving balance and alleviating the state of anxiety or in defense of the ego. If he fails, he resorts to using defensive mechanisms that may worsen his compatibility, as it is... Frustration is one of the most important factors affecting a person's adjustment, which may transform him from a state of mental health to a state of mental illness. If the individual fails to confront frustration and maintain his balance, he may also fail to choose realistic options to solve the crisis, and considering teaching is one of the three axes in the continuity of building the educational process, and professional frustration and its negative indicators will be reflected in the level of academic, social, and professional performance with his students.
Therefore, the researcher saw that this problem deserves attention and scientific study. The current study aimed to build a measure of professional frustration among teachers of the College of Basic Education, and to know the level of differences in professional frustration according to gender and specialization. The researcher built (a tool) a measure of professional frustration among teachers. College of Basic Education, which in its final form consists of (36) items, after the validity and discrimination of the items were extracted, and then the validity and stability of the scale was extracted using various statistical methods, after the scale was applied to a statistical analysis sample of (200) male and female teachers, which were chosen randomly. From the research community, the scale was also applied to a stability sample of (50) male and female teachers, and the scale was applied in its final form to the final application sample of (180) male and female teachers. The study concluded that the level of professional frustration in general is higher than the arithmetic average, with differences There is a statistically significant difference between the sex variables and in favor of the male sample, and there are statistically significant differences between the two specializations and in favor of the scientific specialization sample. The study recommended that students introduce guidance programs on confronting the pressures of social and economic life, with the possibility of conducting a similar study on students in regular schools and comparing its results with the results The current study .

Abstract:
The aim of this research is to identify decision-making and moral distress, and to identify the correlation between the decision-making and moral distress, among a sample of educational counselors. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted Al-Bayati’s (2017) scale for the decision-making, And it has The scale consists of (28) items. A moral distress scale was also prepared, consisting of (20) items. After the researcher verified the validity and reliability of the two scales, the sample size reached (200) male and female counselors from the six Baghdad districts, Karkh and Rusafa (first, second, and third), which were selected according to the stratified random method. The results showed as follows: The research sample has a high degree of decision-making quality. They also have a low degree of moral distress. There is an inverse relationship between the decision making and moral distress. Through the research results, the researcher arrived at a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
This research aims to investigate the effect of experiential learning on the acquisition and retention of grammatical concepts among second-year intermediate school students. To achieve the objectives of the research, experimental research method procedures were applied, and the experiment was randomly implemented in Al-Shorouk Girls’ Secondary School, and Division (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group that It is taught according to experiential learning, and Section (B) to represent the control group is taught according to the usual method. A test was designed to measure the acquisition of grammatical concepts and consists of (24) items with four alternatives Statistical methods were applied: (t-test for two independent samples, chi-square, and Pearson correlation coefficient). After that, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in testing and retaining grammatical concepts, for the benefit of the experimental group, and through the results of the research, a number of recommendations and proposals were presented.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify death anxiety, identify death anxiety according to the social variable (married - single), and identify death anxiety according to the variable years of service (one year - 10 years) (11-20 years) (21-30 six) among members of the security forces. The current research is limited to the law enforcement security forces affiliated with the Ministry of Interior in Baghdad Governorate for the year 2024). To achieve the above objectives, the researcher built a scale for death anxiety, according to the theory of terrorism management theory, which consisted of (33) items in its final form, after the scale was presented to a group of arbitrators in the field of psychology. Indicators of validity (face and construct) and reliability were achieved in the scale. The reliability of the scale reached (0.926) using the Cronbach alpha method, and the scale was applied to a sample of (400) law enforcement forces, and after processing the data statistically through the statistical package (SPSS), the research reached a number of results, including: Members of the security forces enjoy death anxiety. There are no statistically significant differences between (married and unmarried people, and years of service). In light of the research results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract:
The research aimed to reveal the relationship of emotional aphasia (Alexithymia) to academic achievement among middle school students. The sample consisted of 120 male and female students whose ages ranged from (12) to (14) years. The psychometric properties of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale were calculated, and the results were concluded. There are statistically significant negative correlations between alexithymia and academic achievement. The results also showed that males suffer more from emotional aphasia than females. The results were interpreted in light of the theoretical framework and the results of previous studies, and concluded with a set of recommendations and future research

Abstract:
The current research dealt with the variable of negative insistence among middle school students. The objectives of the research are (1- Measuring negative insistence among middle school students) 2- Identifying the differences in negative insistence among middle school students according to the variable A- Gender (males-females) B- Branch (scientific-literary) C- Grades (fourth - fifth - sixth). The research community included all the schools of Baghdad Governorate in a random manner. Research methodology: The researcher followed the descriptive-comparative approach. The research sample was: (362) male and female students. Research tool: The Whiteside & Lynam scale was adopted ( 2001), and the validity of the translation of the scale was conducted. Statistical methods: The research data was processed using statistical methods that are compatible with the nature and objectives of the research through the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Research results: 1- In middle school students, urgency is negative, low, and statistically significant. 2- No. There are differences in gender, branch, and grade, at a significance level (0.05), and the research results were interpreted according to the theory adopted in the current research, and the research concluded with recommendations including: (assigning students to scientific activities, participating in school events, and participating in extracurricular activities such as scientific competitions to raise their level Scientific and psychological level), and suggestions including: (conducting a study of negative urgency and its relationship to emotional balance).

Abstract:
The current research aims to build an educational program to improve moral behavior among middle school students, to determine the effectiveness of the educational program in improving moral behavior among middle school students, and in light of the research objectives, the following hypotheses were derived:
- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of males and females (the two experimental groups) to whom the educational program was applied and the average scores of the control group students on the ethical behavior scale in the post-test. To verify the goal and hypotheses of the research, the researcher chose (Al-Zohour Secondary School for Girls) Al-Furqan Secondary School for Boys was intentionally a place to conduct the experiment in. The research sample consisted of (68) male and female students. Equivalence between the two research groups was verified in the test variables (intelligence, chronological age calculated in months, parents’ academic achievement, tribal moral behavior scale), and the measure was formed. In its final form, it consisted of (60) items, and the researcher built an educational program based on Rest’s theory that included improving (a number of areas of the components of moral behavior).
 There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students on the ethical behavior scale in the pre- and post-tests.
The researcher used a number of statistical methods, including the t-test for two independent samples (t-test) to reward the two groups and to determine the significance of the difference between them, the Cronbach’s alpha equation to calculate the reliability coefficient for the ethical behavior scale, and a chi-square to verify the equality of the two research groups, the t-test for two independent samples, and the t-test for two correlated samples, and showed Results:
1. The two experimental groups to whom the educational program was applied outperformed the students of the two control groups in the post-test with a statistically significant difference, at a significance level (0.05).
2. There is a statistically significant difference between the scores of the two experimental groups to which the educational program was applied on the moral behavior scale (pre- and post-test), and in favor of the post-test.
As a continuation of the current research, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract:
The study aims to know:
1- Academic Tenacity among university students.
2- The difference in academic Tenacity among university students depending on the variables of gender (males -females) scientific specialization (scientific - humanities).
The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students, and to achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the Academic Tenacity scale by (Kannangara et al., 2020). The scale consists of (12) items distributed over (6) areas, namely (academic grit, academic flexibility, and use of personal strengths, self- control, mental well- boing, and mental state). and psychometric properties such as validity and reliability were extracted, as the reliability coefficient of the scale (academic tenacity) extracted using by the test-retest method (0.852) and Cronbach's alpha method the reliability coefficient reached (0.821), and using statistical methods (Pearson correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test for two independent samples, two-way analysis of variance) in analyzing the results and it was:
research sample has academic tenacity, and there are no statistically significant differences in academic tenacity among university students according to the gender variable (males - females), but there are statistically significant differences in specialization (scientific - humanities) in favor of scientific. The researcher recommended some suggestions and recommendations (academic Tenacity).

Abstract:
This study aims to shed light on what is digital culture in Iraqi society and to find out the features and characteristics related to it as well as to identify the components of digital culture , its relationship to social security and the pros and cons of it and to know the impact of digital culture on the security of individuals.
The study of digital culture and its relationship with community security involves many paradoxes if the behaviors of individuals and their actions towards social networking sites are taken into account. Digital culture is one of the prominent cultures in various human societies that has brought about significant changes in human lifestyles and led directly to the changes in the ways and means of performing social activities, which resulted in the production of new cultural data imposed by the progress that has been achieved in the scientific field as a result of the technological revolution. This condition formed a real contradiction between the social awareness of the citizen and digital culture, which has formed psychological implications that affect users of electronic devices; they are more prone to anxiety, laziness, lethargy, sleep disorders, as well as inability to think freely.
The current study derives its scientific and social importance from the dimensions of digital culture and its relationship with social security and the extent of its impact on young people in particular in Iraqi society, which requires a scientific explanation that delves into the reasons.
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, we selected a sample of (200) individuals from the people of Baghdad governorate of both sexes, the questionnaire tool prepared for this purpose was applied to them, which consisted of (40) items distributed within the axes, the first related to the preliminary information and data of the study sample, the second and third related to the impact of digital culture on social security and the fourth on the reasons for building digital culture and several other questions, using the field survey methodology, as well as a number of interviews conducted by the researcher with a number of security officials and specialists in social
affairs from university professors, and after analyzing the data statistically, we came to a set of results, the most important of which:
1. The indicators of the item, that promotes digital culture, show the correct interaction between children and youth, that is, (69) individuals from the total sample units, by 34.5% disagree with this paragraph, which believes that the promotion of digital culture leads to the correct interaction between children and youth, followed by (43) individuals from the total sample units and by 22% agree on this paragraph that promotes digital culture, which is the correct interaction between children and youth.
2. The indicators of the item indicate that digital culture contributes to learning programming skills and technology, that is, (61) individuals from the total sample units, with a percentage of 30.5% agree on this item that contributes to digital culture in learning programming skills and Technology, followed by (52) individuals from the total sample units, with a percentage of 26% disagree on this item that digital culture contributes to learning programming skills and technology.
3. The indicators of the item show that digital culture is an effective way to change interaction and improve understanding, that is, (55) individuals from the total sample units, with a percentage of 27.5% disagree with this item, which views digital culture an effective way to change interaction and improve understanding, followed by (43) individuals from the total sample units, with a percentage of 21.5% agree on this item, which sees supplying the Directorate of Civil Status with electronic and remote services.
4. The indicators of the item that promotes digital culture in communication and interaction between different generations show that (66) individuals from the total sample units, with a percentage of 33% agree on this item that promotes digital culture in communication and interaction between different generations, followed by (17) individuals from the total sample units, with a percentage of 8.5% disagree at all on this item that promotes digital culture in communication and interaction between different generation

Abstract:
The research aims to identify the concept of school leadership and its patterns through studying and analyzing modern methods in school administration and leadership, developing and developing leaders, and equipping them with artistic, scientific, and technical skills for the success of the educational institution. The research derives its importance from knowing the role of school leadership and its effectiveness in building and developing students’ capabilities, enhancing their scientific and cognitive perceptions, developing the student’s personality, integrating it, and growing physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally, as well as analyzing the reality of school leaders’ work, their patterns, challenges, and ways to activate their capabilities through modern programs and methods and creating the climate and environment that You feel reassured about your rights and psychological stability. For this reason, a questionnaire was adopted in collecting data, and the study was applied to a purposive sample of (200) respondents. The research reached results, the most important of which are: The study sample was characterized by a set of characteristics and characteristics commensurate with the requirements of the study, as females constituted 66%, while males constituted 34%, and that academic qualification was appropriate, concentrated on holders of a bachelor’s degree, with the presence of holders of higher degrees at approximately 16%. As for the length of service, the percentage of those who They have service from 15 years and up at a rate of 78%. As for the age group, the percentages were between 30 years to 50 years and approximately 80%. School leaders (principal, assistant, counselor) also benefited from the rehabilitation courses, and after that recommendations were presented, the most prominent of which is the need for the leader to meet the necessary conditions to fill this position, as well as behavioral characteristics and standards related to the mental, physical and mental aspects.With the importance of integrity and ethics, management represents science, art, and ethics

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify early maladaptive cognitive schemas and their relationship to depression among university students, as well as statistical differences in them according to the variables of gender and specialization, and to identify the correlation between early maladaptive cognitive schemas and depression.
The sample of the current research included (408) male and female students, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted a measure of maladaptive schemas consisting of five domains: the domain of separation and rejection, weak independence and achievement, the domain of defective boundaries, the domain of submission to others, the domain of hypervigilance and desistance based on To his theory and adopt the Beck Depression Scale, the list consists of 21 symptoms that it measures: (sadness, pessimism, past failure, loss of enjoyment of life, feelings of guilt and remorse, feelings of punishment, lack of self-love, self-criticism, suicidal thoughts, crying, irritability and arousal, Loss of interest, hesitation in making decisions, lack of value, loss of energy, changes in sleep pattern, tendency to anger, changes in appetite, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, loss of interest in sex. Based on his theory, the researcher applied the measures to the research sample and after collecting the data and processing it statistically Using a number of statistical methods, including the t-test, exploratory factor analysis, the Cronbach equation, and the Pearson correlation coefficient at a significance level of (0.05).
The research results showed the following :
1. Members of the research community have early maladaptive cognitive schemas.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in the early maladaptive cognitive schemas of university students according to the variables of gender (male - female) and specialization (scientific - humanities).
3. The members of the research community have depression.
4. There are no statistically significant differences in depression among university students according to the variables of gender (male - female) and specialization (scientific - humanities).
5. There is a direct correlation between early maladaptive cognitive schemas and depression.
6. Early maladaptive cognitive schemas contribute to depression.

Abstract:
It aims to find out (the effect of a training program using the reality therapy method in reducing the social undermining of the educational counselor), and to achieve the objectives of this research, the experimental method was adopted to verify the validity of the hypotheses of the current research, as the research sample consisted of (20) counselors who obtained the highest degree on The social undermining scale was chosen from the Wasit Education Directorate. The scale (Flih 2021) was adopted and prepared according to (Duffy et al. 2002 theory), and the training program prepared according to the realistic treatment method prepared by the researcher. They were chosen from the Wasit Governorate Education Directorate and were distributed randomly. Between two equal groups, the program prepared for its application was used on the experimental group, while the control group was not exposed to the training program and relied
The researcher used the realistic treatment method, and the number of sessions reached (12 sessions). It was presented to a group of experts in this field, and they supported the validity of the program and the statistical treatment (Pearson correlation coefficient, chi-square, and Wilcoxon test), and he reached the most notable results. There are no statistically significant differences. At the level of (0.05) between the grades of the experimental group and the control group in the post-test, the researcher came out in light of the results with a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

Abstract:
This research aims at identifying the relationship between honesty - humility and agreeableness of university students and the relationship between the high and low levels of honesty - humility and agreeableness, and the differences in both honesty - humility and agreeableness according to the independent variables (gender, specialization). The sample included 300 students from Baghdad University. Has been used the scale of honesty - humility and agreeablenessaccording to HEXCAO model of personality, The results indicated a positive relationship between honesty - humility and agreeableness and the relationship between high levels of honesty - humility and agreeableness Greater than the relationship between the low levels of honesty - humility and agreeableness as well as the results indicated the absence of differences of statistical significance in honesty - humility according of independent variables, while the differences were statistically significant in agreeableness for the benefit of females, but the differences were not indicative of Specialization variable.

Abstract:
The study aimed to verify the effect of the cognitive-behavioral counseling program in developing the wise use of Internet sites among a sample of university students. The sample of the experimental study consisted of (60) male and female students, including (30) in the experimental group, and (30) in the control group, whose scores were high and above the cutoff on the wise use of websites scale. The treatment program was applied to the experimental group in ten sessions, each lasting 60 minutes, and two sessions per week. Which aims to replace negative thoughts with positive thoughts. The researcher used the t-test for two interconnected and independent samples in statistical analysis. The results of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group, with a statistical significance of (0.05) and in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results of the study, a set of recommendations and proposals was developed

Research Summary
The current research aims to identify the impact of the Moon Attainment Strategy in enhancing archaeological awareness among fifth-grade literary students in history. To achieve the research goal, the researcher formulated two null hypotheses and followed an experimental method. The research sample consisted of 60 students, divided into two groups: an experimental group of 30 students taught using the Moon Attainment Strategy, and a control group of 30 students taught using the conventional (traditional) method. The researcher prepared a set of teaching plans based on the Moon Attainment Strategy and another set based on the conventional method, which were reviewed by a group of experts in the field. Additionally, an archaeological awareness scale was developed and its validity and reliability were verified. The experiment lasted for six weeks.
Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and the results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups on the archaeological awareness scale, in favor of the experimental group.

Abstract:
The importance of soft power lies in its enduring concept, supported by the effectiveness of the mechanisms, means, and methods upon which it relies, which are not limited to a specific aspect. Its impact has extended to all levels and dimensions, whether individual or societal, making it a highly significant element in influencing, utilized by individuals to fulfill their desires, goals, and aspirations on both personal and societal levels. The study aimed to understand the nature of soft power and its prominent areas in youth forums, sports, and according to (culture and arts, sports, media, tourism). The research problem manifested in the spread of some extremist ideas and hate speeches that may affect the promotion of a culture of peace. The study relied on descriptive methodological analysis, employing several statistical tools for analysis (survey, interview, observation), and extracted the results using the statistical program (SPSS v.26). The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a statistically significant correlation between soft power and the culture of peace. In light of the previous results, the study presented some recommendations.