Risalat al-huquq Journal

The lawsuit is a person\'s request for his right from another before the judiciary, meaning that the lawsuit begins between its parties, which are (the plaintiff and the defendant), and accordingly its scope is determined in terms of persons, subject matter and reason. For practical necessities and reasons, the legislator has permitted the intervention of others in the lawsuit, whether it is an intervention by joining one of the parties, or an adversarial one, so that he demands research for himself in the face of the two parties to the lawsuit. This is contrary to the principle of not being permitted to change the scope of the dispute to enable others to defend their interests. Here, the scope of the dispute expands, and accordingly we have discussed voluntary intervention in terms of its concept, conditions, procedures and effects.

Over the past two decades, the world has witnessed profound transformations driven by the digital revolution, whose effects have been clearly reflected across various aspects of life—particularly in the commercial sphere. The digital store has emerged as one of the most prominent manifestations of electronic commerce, surpassing the traditional store model in terms of accessibility to consumers, diversity of payment methods, and the ability to operate across geographic borders. In light of this rapid evolution, complex legal questions have arisen concerning the legal nature of the digital store, the scope of civil and criminal liability borne by its owner, and the legal status of users and those interacting with such stores.This study stems from a pressing need to establish a clear legal definition of the digital store, identify its distinguishing elements, and differentiate it from other closely related digital entities such as electronic platforms, applications, and websites—especially amid the legislative ambiguity or regulatory insufficiency that still surrounds this concept in many legal systems. The research further explores and analyzes the legal framework governing the creation and operation of digital stores, including both legal and technical requirements, as well as the essential obligations imposed on store owners, particularly with regard to disclosure, transparency, data protection, and compliance with tax regulations.Moreover, the study delves into the legal liabilities that may arise for digital store owners—whether related to the accuracy and reliability of posted information, the user-generated reviews and ratings, or the cybersecurity responsibilities and the protection of consumer data from breaches, hacking, and electronic fraud. This analysis ultimately aims to construct a comprehensive legal vision that balances the facilitation of digital commercial activity with the protection of individual and collective rights of users, in light of the accelerating technological developments and the growing challenges of the digital environment.

First of all, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the quantitative and qualitative criteria in citizenship, their mutual influence, and the impact of each, particularly, on each type of citizenship. It is also necessary to examine the complementary influence between the two criteria: do they work together or separately? Is their existence necessary for the state, or is one sufficient without the other? The target group is either an investor, a skilled worker, or a businessman, in which case citizenship takes on a qualitative economic function. Alternatively, it can accommodate individuals with scientific, technical, or athletic competencies, in which case citizenship takes on a professional and technical function. However, if citizenship aims to rid society of elements among its holders who threaten its security, then citizenship will serve a security function. Its function may expand in another way, by holding states accountable for terrorist acts committed by their citizens across borders. All of the aforementioned functions are accompanied by a social and humanitarian function. This means that the latter function is included in the qualitative criterion in all its functions. Relying on the qualitative criterion means adopting the quantitative criterion simultaneously, but adopting the quantitative criterion does not mean adopting the qualitative criterion.

The importance of administrative decisions lies in the fact that they represent the powers and privileges enjoyed by the administrative body, not the individuals who work there. These decisions have an effective impact on the rights and freedoms of individuals. Therefore, the legislator has granted a set of important guarantees to individuals in the face of administrative arbitrariness and its deviation from the principle of legality, when using these privileges. One of these guarantees is the right of individuals to appeal administrative decisions before the administrative judiciary. This period begins from the date of knowledge of the administrative decisions.
Announcing administrative decisions through the theory of certain knowledge of the administrative decision is considered an official method of this announcement. Considering that these decisions issued by the administration have an effective impact on the rights and freedoms of individuals, the law grants individuals the right to appeal administrative decisions within a specific time period. This period begins from the date of knowledge of the administrative decision, even if they do not receive the official announcement or legal publication of it.

The international watercourse is a watercourse whose parts fall into a group of countries, and because of the transgression by some countries of the rights of other countries, international instruments, including international conventions, jurisprudence, and international jurisprudence have been regulating the use of international watercourses, if their use is subject to a set of controls that the Convention The United Nations International Sewers Act of 1997, including the principle of lawful use, bearing harm and the principle of danger or reporting

The breeder of a new plant variety can obtain temporary protection in the event of infringement on the intellectual property (plant variety) during the period between submitting the registration application and issuing the variety registration certificate, in order to preserve evidence from b he breeder of the new plant variety to temporary protection
eing lost to guarantee the breeder’s right. What is new is that this protection requires the availability of conditions, including the existence of an interest for the breeder, the occurrence of an infringement on the property, and that the owner of the variety himself demands this protection, as he is the one who has the authority to litigate, and thus the competent court can preserve evidence, stop the infringement, and impose a precautionary seizure. To clarify this right, we will divide the study into two sections: In the first section, we will address the definition of the breeder’s right to temporary protection, and in the second section, the forms of temporary protection and the authority competent to issue the protection decision

Studying the concept of responsibility is extremely important, as it has an impact on clarifying the center in which the content of responsibility is concentrated, and clarifying the pillar or element that can be considered the basis of responsibility, as the human being lives within a group, and this collective living necessarily requires the existence of relationships that connect the individual with his human environment, and to ensure that these relationships proceed in the right direction, these relationships must be controlled and organized according to specific rules

The aggression constitutes one of the most important works prohibited in international law and the consequences of carrying out aggressive wars and wars, especially the armed responsibility of the criminal state, from there this issue was very important in international law, especially with the increasing work of violence and aggression in the world, and to explain the historical development of the aggression and explain its concept and justifications and the establishment of responsibility for it, and based on the following main question: Is the responsibility of the criminal state for its action in the light International law? And by staging on the legal legal approach and the descriptive approach, we divided the research, a bilateral division. We discussed in the first section theoretical concepts of the aggression and its development, and in the second of its types, effects and the resulting reward, and we concluded in conclusion of some of the results and recommendations, the most important of which are:We concluded to the state that can bear responsibility for the aggression with the civil incision only, which is compensation, according to what was settled by the rules of contemporary international law, but the criminal part of the responsibility of individuals who work in the name of the state as they enjoy the will and discrimination and are able to commit the crime, which cannot be attributed to the state. He was the responsibility of criminal individuals instead of the state’s responsibility as an entity through the international criminal judiciary, especially after the establishment of the International Criminal Court that specializes in the trial of individuals who commit international crimes stipulated in the court’s statute of the court, the most important of which is the crime of aggression and we see that there is an international mechanism that devotes the state's criminal and civil responsibility

Administrative decisions represent the primary tool through which public administration exercises its functions and achieves the public interest. This is achieved by issuing legal decisions that have direct effects on individuals or legal positions. Among the important principles that give administrative decisions a special character and limit their generality is the principle of personal consideration. This principle is one of the fundamental principles related to the manner in which administrative decisions are issued and the definition of their scope of application.
This principle means that administrative decisions may be issued based on personal characteristics related to the person addressed by the decision, whether related to their behavior, characteristics, or qualifications. This distinguishes this category of decisions from other administrative decisions of an abstract or general nature. This consideration has a direct impact on the decision's ability to be delegated or dissolved, and influences the extent to which it can be withdrawn or annulled.

The study investigates how the contractor depends too much on the contract in English and Iraqi law, shown by inflated costs between when the contract was signed and when it started, without considering that the contractor might not fulfil their duties. It also looks at the consequences of relying too much on compensation assessments for a contractor who fails to deliver within the boundaries of the contracting agreement. Excessive reliance restricts the assessment of compensation by requiring the court to deduct the losses incurred due to the contract\'s excessive nature from the amount of compensation owed to the debtor. This is done to maintain the contract\'s economic value and to encourage the creditor to avoid needless expenses that hurt the debtor without benefiting the creditor. The notion of premature contract repudiation was also formed and applied to the contract by outlining its legal basis and components. This idea is a creation and development of English law, and it is based on the contractor\'s earlier violation of the contract for economic reasons, which requires depriving the creditor of the right to specific performance and limiting their rights to rescission and restitution. When figuring out how much the employer should pay for breaking the contract, it\'s clear that relying too much on the situation can lower the amount of compensation, as it\'s usually reduced to ensure fairness and because the contractor must do their best to limit losses and reduce damages. Otherwise, they will be responsible for their carelessness and won\'t get the full amount they expected. We hold him accountable for his negligence if he doesn\'t receive the full or expected compensation.

The obligation of banks to disclose and maintain transparency is considered one of the fundamental principles practiced by banks in accordance with banking customs and the legislative framework. This is primarily aimed at expanding their activities and attracting the largest possible number of clients. At the same time, banks are also bound to maintain the confidentiality of customer-related information and their banking transactions, which constitutes the principle of banking secrecy.This duality presents a core challenge: how to reconcile the obligation of disclosure with that of secrecy. These two obligations are not contradictory but rather complementary, and it is essential for banking professionals to understand the boundaries of each obligation and apply them in a balanced manner without favoring one at the expense of the other.To achieve this balance or integration between the two obligations, a clear understanding of the nature and limits of each is required, both by those working within banks and by the central bank. Furthermore, the central bank must exercise effective oversight over the operations of the banks under its authority, ensuring that confidential information is handled with discretion, while also monitoring the credit activities carried out by these banks.Accordingly, the first section of this study addresses the legal foundations and mechanisms that support the integration of these two obligations. The second section focuses on the regulatory role of the central bank in enforcing this compatibility. The study is conducted in light of Iraqi legislation, with a comparative analysis of Egyptian law, employing a method of legal interpretation and critical analysis of the relevant legal texts.

Despite the special and great importance that the laws, especially the Constitution, give to the issue of private property, especially real estate property, as they work to maintain and protect it from any attack targeting it, as it represents the basis of economic and social stability for the individual and the state alike, the state may need at certain times, or under specific circumstances, a property owned by individuals for a period of time that does not require its expropriation It is forced to seize it temporarily, while it remains under the ownership of the individual or individuals, and this is done in exchange for fair compensation for the duration of the seizure.

Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, international covenants, and constitutions of various countries recognize the right of citizens to participate in public life through political engagement, practical reality often hinders this exercise by placing obstacles before certain segments of the population, particularly public employees. This is because a public employee is a citizen, and he or she has the same rights and duties as other citizens. However, he or she is also bound by the requirements of his or her position. This obligation is intensified the more senior the public employee's position, and any violation of this right entails disciplinary action. This is the subject of our research.

The research deals with a matter of great importance and consideration, that the marketing necessity of goods and products in the commercial sphere has become searching for effective means to achieve the marketing process. It found its purpose in advertising, both in its traditional and modern form, which is considered one of the most effective means aimed at informing the consumer audience about goods and services. However, the spread of this means has led merchants to focus on two main aspects. The first is influencing the will of the public and attempting to extract it and thus obtaining goods or services quickly under the influence of those advertisements. The second is the necessity of the success of the advertising process, without regard to the harm it causes, whether at the level of consumers or their counterparts in the traders. This is of course what prompted legislators in different countries to oppose the advertising process altogether, in particular, in order to protect consumers and maintain their legitimate character, starting from the other side of competition The legal status of the person who is the knot of this process, which is reflected in the person of the advertiser, but these legislations were not ideal in their contents, so we conducted the research to determine his legal status in the best way by exposing what he is and the nature of his work, as well as his rights and commitment to end his responsibility, in three investigations. We concluded the study with a conclusion in which we recorded what we find useful results and proposals .

The relations between people are based on social security, especially with the economic development witnessed by various aspects of life, and what threatens this security is several dangers, including the threat of terrorism, which has become a dangerous reality that most societies suffer from in a way that was not before before , as many extremist groups and parties, whether systematic or unsystematic, are seriously concerned to spread terror and fear among members of society to achieve certain goals. This makes it necessary to enhance social and economic security with a set of guarantees that ensure the protection of persons and their financial resources from the dangers of terrorism, so we find that the Iraqi legislator has given those who are exposed to terrorist operations a guarantee of compensation for the damage resulting from them. Hence, insurance had a major role in this scope, especially in confronting and limiting the negative effects of the threat of terrorism, which dictated the need for legislation to intervene to regulate it and take note of all its rules , Every individual can be exposed to the threat of terrorism, whether directly or indirectly. This has made insurance contracts and compensation funds two means of instilling confidence and security in the souls of individuals. It is no secret that these two systems, by protecting the individual in themselves, are likely to motivate him to work productively and effectively without fearing the threats of security risks that time may hold for him.

The concept of due diligence is an ancient concept in international law, having recently gained significant attention in the context of cyberspace, as a promising means of holding states accountable for harmful cyber operations originating from or transiting through their territories, in the absence of a mechanism for attributing the harmful act to the causative party. However, this concept is shrouded in ambiguity in terms of the content, nature, and scope of due diligence It remains unclear whether due diligence is a general principle of international law, a stand-alone legal obligation, a standard governing the conduct of States, and whether there is a specific rule requiring disciplined conduct in cyberspace.
This has created a trend towards applying all or nothing. Either countries have agreed to the obligation to exercise due diligence in cyberspace, or there will be no application of this obligation in cyberspace. Therefore, there is a need to shed light on the essence of this obligation, by asking whether the regional state is obligated to protect the security and safety of other countries from cyber damage By reviewing relevant traditional issues, as well as surveying modern government practices.
We emphasize that whether or not there is consensus on due diligence in cyberspace, there are a range of different preventive obligations already in place in cyberspace, the essence of which lies in a flexible standard of serious conduct that requires states to take serious and acceptable steps to prevent, halt, or address cyber harm.

The rule of justice and protection of legitimacy principle are lofty goals aimed at by all legal and judicial systems. Which requires that judicial decisions be free from defects and flaws. This cannot be happened except by providing space for reviewing these decisions and ensuring their veracity. By allowing these decisions to be appealed by the parties to the lawsuit. Appealing administrative decisions is not less important than filing a lawsuit. There are many decisions issued by the court to facilitate the litigation process until it reaches the final stage, which culminates in resolving the dispute and ending the case with the issuance of a judgment. The appeal against it shall not be submitted separately, but must be submitted with the final decisions. In many cases, the effects of appealing a final judgment do not extend to a non-final decision, and thus the desired goal of appealing a final judgment is lost if the purpose of the appeal is the non-final decision. Therefore, this study examines the possibility of appealing non-final decisions, which are rather preparatory decisions. Their purpose is to prepare for the issuance of a final judgment in the case.

There is no doubt that the world is witnessing many profound transformations as a result of the rapid growth in electronic networks, which has led to the emergence of new forms of relationships and various activities. Modern information and communications technology has brought about a comprehensive revolution in all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural, military and security life. In contrast, cyber risks have increased as the dominance of communications and information technology over public life has increased, so we have become facing real challenges through the Internet in its various forms. On this basis, the development of the concept of cyber warfare in light of the development of information technology, where the challenge of cyber security can be considered the highest challenge to national and international security, considering that cyber threats cross national borders, in addition to the fact that these cyber attacks represent a serious challenge to the rules of international humanitarian law and have occupied a wide area of national and international interest, especially in light of the rapid technological developments in the world of communications

The idea of establishing BRICS began in September 2006, when the first ministerial meeting of the foreign ministers of Brazil, Russia, India and China was held on the side-lines of the United Nations General Assembly meetings in New York. The group was originally called BRIC and held its first summit in 2009. On April 14, 2011, the third summit of the group was held in China. South Africa officially joined the group, which then became BRICS Group.This group includes 5 countries considered to have the fastest economic growth in the world, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The word (BRICS) in English is an acronym that includes the first letters of the names of these countries. Over the years, BRICS Group has become one of the most important economic blocs in the world, due to the growth figures that the countries of this bloc have achieved. This has made it the focus of attention of many other countries. The BRICS group is a rather loose group. It is not a political or economic alliance, nor a trading bloc, but it coordinates together to influence basic trade agreements. What it does successfully is that, despite the fact that these five countries are very different from each other, they often look for the minimum common denominators that bring them together, including those issues related to increasing their voice in world affairs. The rise of the BRICS group shows the continuing dissatisfaction with Western-dominated institutions, and the increasing interest of countries in joining the BRICS group highlights the cracks in the Western-led international system. The BRICS group aims to enhance its role as an economic alliance with a set of advantages that qualify it to compete with the (G7) which consists of the United States, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Japan. In line with the main objectives for which this group was established, BRICS aims to be an entity seeking to create a state of economic cooperation between the five countries as well as a counter- balance in the global economy, which would contribute to the creation of a bipolar global economic system. This is expected to collectively dominate the global economy by 2050. BRICS is often seen as a counterweight to the G7 and aims primarily to challenge Western dominance of the global economic system, which includes institutions such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The expanded BRICS group would represent a diverse group of countries with different political systems that share a common desire for a more balanced global system. The group also calls for reforming international financial institutions and the need for a more stable and diverse international monetary system, with BRICS leaders proposing the creation of a common global currency to move away from reliance on the US dollar.

The issue of the jurisprudential differences of the Islamic schools of thought regarding the titling will in general and the will for the murderer in particular has long cast a shadow over researchers and specialists in the field of Islamic jurisprudence as well as on jurists of positive law because of the problems and profound differences it raises between the five Islamic schools of thought: Al Imamiya, Al Hanafi, Al Maliki, Al Hanbali, and Al Shafei, some of them permitted the will to the killer in absolute manner, and others permitted it in an exceptional manner according to conditions, while the will to the killer was not permissible occording to othrrs. With this difference, the researcher believes that the subject of the will to the killer needs more research and study in an in-depth manner.
Therefore, I wanted to research it and explain these differences in the validity of the will to the Killer, and explain the position of the Iraqi legislator compared to some Arab legislation, such as Egyptian law and Syrian law.
Accordingly, I divided my research entitled “The Jurisprudential Differences of the Islamic Schools of thought regarding the Validity of the will to the Killer” into three requirements.
I devoted the request to defining murder and the murderer linguistically and terminologically, and I devoted the second requirement to explaining the will to the Killer according to the five Islamic schools of thought, while the third requirement was devoted the will to the Killer in positive law.
We concluded a conclusion in which we explained the results and proposals we reached through the research.

The security apparatus undertakes numerous tasks and requires a number of personnel, weapons, and equipment to carry out these security tasks, which include maintaining security and order within the country. Many errors may occur during the performance of security duties, including personal mistakes.
Among them are security facility errors, as individuals or employees working in security facilities commit serious personal errors that do not represent any connection to the security facility. Thus, the security employee is responsible for those errors and bears legal,
But this is not an easy matter, as personal errors within the work of the security facility are intertwined with other errors, both functional and other, and there are legal standards to differentiate between them. Personal errors have elements, including aggression, awareness and discrimination, which are material and moral elements. As soon as an employee commits them, responsibility is established and he bears legal responsibility for that.

This study examines how far-right political parties in Europe gather support from people. The research will investigate the parties' methods to get more followers and voters. These parties often talk about topics that worry people, such as immigration, problems with national identity, and economic difficulties. The main objective of this research is to understand how these political groups turn social issues into votes. However, the study focuses on several important factors that help these parties succeed. Economic problems like unemployment and inequality between social classes play a big role. To conduct this research, the study uses two different approaches. First, it analyses the language and messages that these parties use in their speeches and campaigns. Second, it examines voting data from elections to see how successful these parties have been. The findings show that these parties are successful because they know how to turn general dissatisfaction into electoral support. They use social media networks and closed online communities to spread their messages.

Digital rights are an diverse essential and important part of human rights, and have gained increasing attention from the international community. Various international entities have shown significant interest in recognizing and organizing these rights, while promoting freedom of access to the internet and obligating countries to take necessary measures to ensure the fulfillment of digital rights. Additionally, countries aim to create an environment that enables individuals to enjoy these rights.International cooperation has seen efforts to establish documents that recognize digital rights, with the United Nations playing a pivotal role in this regard, leading a major international movement to ensure global recognition of these rights. Although the legal frameworks provided in human rights instruments are theoretically sufficient to protect digital rights, practical application has shown that some countries have restricted these rights for various reasons, taking advantage of the idea that rights may be limited when necessary. However, some countries are working to align their national legislation with international standards to ensure protection of digital rights.
This study aims to define the concept of human rights and digital rights, highlight the characteristics of these rights, and examine the defensive mechanisms related to the digital transformation of currencies. It also discusses international instruments that have mandated the protection of digital rights and addresses the challenges facing them in this field.

The contemporary world is witnessing rapid advancements in artificial intelligence technologies, leading to the deep integration of these systems into various fields such as healthcare, transportation, industry, education, and public administration. This progress has contributed to enhanced efficiency, accelerated performance, and more accurate and objective decision-making. However, the growing reliance on artificial intelligence has also led to the emergence of harms resulting from the conduct of these systems, whether due to technical malfunctions or autonomous decision-making. Consequently, compensation for damages caused by artificial intelligence has become a legal issue requiring thorough theoretical analysis and systematic legal grounding, in order to ensure the protection of injured parties and to strike a balance between technological advancement and the imperatives of legal justice.

Smart contracts are a revolutionary technology in contract automation, enabling automatic execution of terms and conditions without the need for intermediaries. Smart contracts contribute to increased efficiency, reduced costs, and minimized errors. However, smart contracts face technical, legal, and security challenges. It is necessary to develop and improve this technology to enhance its use in various sectors.

The obligation of banks to disclose and maintain transparency is considered one of the
fundamental principles practiced by banks in accordance with banking customs and the
legislative framework. This is primarily aimed at expanding their activities and attracting the
largest possible number of clients. At the same time, banks are also bound to maintain the
confidentiality of customer-related information and their banking transactions, which
constitutes the principle of banking secrecy.This duality presents a core challenge: how to
reconcile the obligation of disclosure with that of secrecy. These two obligations are not
contradictory but rather complementary, and it is essential for banking professionals to
understand the boundaries of each obligation and apply them in a balanced manner without
favoring one at the expense of the other.To achieve this balance or integration between the
two obligations, a clear understanding of the nature and limits of each is required, both by
those working within banks and by the central bank. Furthermore, the central bank must
exercise effective oversight over the operations of the banks under its authority, ensuring that
confidential information is handled with discretion, while also monitoring the credit activities
carried out by these banks.Accordingly, the first section of this study addresses the legal
foundations and mechanisms that support the integration of these two obligations. The second
section focuses on the regulatory role of the central bank in enforcing this compatibility. The
study is conducted in light of Iraqi legislation, with a comparative analysis of Egyptian law,
employing a method of legal interpretation and critical analysis of the relevant legal texts

Artificial intelligence, through its programs, has enabled the ability to speak, listen, see, taste, move, learn, fly, and perform all other activities. This enhances interaction with humans and provides services, experiences, and production with intelligence and development, which in turn enhances and meets human needs for innovation, especially in the field of artificial intelligence. Several technologies have been developed, including those that describe the immense capabilities of creating innovation and development using artificial intelligence. Therefore, this research discusses "The Legal Personality of Artificial Intelligence Innovations Between Granting and Restricting." The opinions of legal scholars and researchers have varied between supporters and opponents of granting artificial intelligence innovations legal personality. The most prominent two terms used by opponents in their arguments against granting legal personality to artificial intelligence innovations are "spirit" and "autonomy." There is a division among supporters between creating a new personality, attaching it to the legal personality of a juridical person, and personifying intelligent innovations by attaching them to the legal personality of a natural person. Each approach is criticized after reviewing their arguments, and the system of responsibility is determined in case of material damages resulting from the actions of intelligent innovations. As for the position of the Iraqi legislator, we concluded that artificial intelligence innovations remain under the umbrella of objects. We reached the importance of granting artificial intelligence innovations a limited and restricted legal personality, which can be recognized through a series of procedures starting with paying a prior insurance, regulating a registry in the Supreme Judicial Council and the Ministry of Justice, and recording all information related to artificial intelligence innovations subject to registration.

The Federal Court of Cassation holds an exceptional status within the judicial system of the state. It is regarded as the pinnacle that crowns the pillars of justice and the highest authority in the judicial hierarchy. Some consider it a council of sages, composed of an elite group of judges who combine extensive experience, legal knowledge, mastery of legal sciences, profound legislative understanding, and analytical and deductive abilities. The judges of this court were not chosen by chance but through distinguished professional careers marked by achievements that demonstrate their competence to occupy this grand institution. They are the guardians of legal wisdom and custodians of the balance between public and private interests. The esteemed status of this court and its judges imposes a duty to serve as the optimal instrument for balancing public and private interests, safeguarding societal rights, and protecting the rights of the accused and the convicted. This is achieved by addressing legislative gaps in legal texts through the mechanisms of jurisprudence and interpretation, enabling the court to fulfill its role in achieving criminal justice. It is inconceivable for the court to abstain from performing the role assigned to it by criminal legislators, which empowers it to oversee the proper application of law by lower courts, rectify their rulings, and establish correct legal principles in disputed matters. It also clarifies criminal texts—both punitive and procedural—to solidify legal opinions in accordance with the Federal Court of Cassation’s interpretations. This compels individuals to align their conduct with the official interpretations of the optimal legal system, thereby reinforcing the rule of law and societal stability.

The attractive nuisance doctrine is an exceptional legal principle that aims to expand the scope of civil liability to protect children from the dangers lurking in places or objects that arouse their curiosity and tempt them to approach them. This theory arose in the Anglo-American legal system as a response to the shortcomings of the general rule regarding the liability of the possessor for unauthorized entry into their property. It created a legal solution that imposes a preventive obligation on the owner or possessor when special circumstances related to the attractiveness of the object and the seriousness of negligence in its maintenance exist. A comparative analysis has revealed that this theory is not alien to Islamic jurisprudence, which recognizes the principle of liability upon the occurrence of damage whenever there is a failure to take precautions, especially when it concerns vulnerable groups such as children. In Arab civil laws, the theory remains uncodified explicitly, despite the existence of some general provisions that may be interpreted in light of their content, as is the case in the Iraqi Civil Code in several instances, including Articles (202), (204), and (207).By presenting judicial applications and jurisprudential principles, it becomes clear that attractive harm represents a modern trend toward establishing preventive protection in the law, contributing to achieving a balance between the sanctity of property on the one hand, and the right of others to protection from unforeseen harm on the other. It is recommended to adopt a legislative or judicial framework that explicitly codifies this theory in Arab civil laws, in line with developments in contemporary life, enhances child protection, and enshrines the principle of justice.This type of harm raises several legal issues related to the possibility of compensation, the extent to which it is considered legitimate or foreseeable harm, and whether the injured party bears responsibility for their unnecessary presence in a place of danger. Attractive harm also poses a challenge to the traditional concepts of causation and direct harm, necessitating a reconsideration of some rules of civil liability. Based on the above, this research seeks to study attractive damage as a modern form of damage in civil law, by defining its concept and conditions, reviewing the legal and judicial position on it, and analyzing the extent of the possibility of compensating it in light of comparative legislation, especially Anglo-American law and Iraqi and French civil law.

The technological revolution has led to the emergence of blockchain applications, which allow contracts to be concluded between various parties without the need for an intermediary or third party. These contracts are characterized by their self-executing nature. However, despite the advantages offered by this technology, it faces several challenges at the contract formation stage—such as the difficulty in determining the legal capacity of the contracting parties due to their anonymity, and its reliance on cryptocurrencies, which are not legally recognized in many jurisdictions. At the execution stage, it is difficult to identify the responsible party in the event of a breach of contract, and applying traditional evidentiary rules to such contracts presents additional legal complexities

Plastic surgery is a sensitive medical specialty that requires high academic qualifications and specialized technical study, as well as strict adherence to medical ethics standards. Given the widespread popularity of this profession, it has become important to highlight the cases in which a physician may be held criminally liable for errors that may occur during plastic surgery.

Given the growing importance that states attach to water resources and the disputes arising from the use of international rivers, numerous agreements have been concluded to regulate their exploitation. These agreements emphasize the peaceful resolution of disputes, including judicial settlement, which is the focus of this research. However, in practice, such judicial mechanisms often prove weak and insufficient due to their optional nature and reliance on the consent of the disputing parties. A state may refuse to recognize the jurisdiction of the relevant court, leading to a legal vacuum that escalates international tensions. This raises the core issue of the research: the need for a more effective mechanism, specifically questioning whether the UN Security Council can establish temporary international courts to resolve such disputes. The study is divided into two sections: the first discusses the threat to international peace and security posed by river disputes; the second explores the legal framework for international court intervention. The conclusion affirms that the UN Charter provides the legal basis for such courts, urging states to support their establishment.

The collection system, in its electronic form, is one of the modern systems that the Iraqi government introduced into its institutional work, as the Iraqi Council of Ministers Resolution No. 23044 was issued on this occasion. According to it, all parties were obligated to work according to the tax system in its electronic form through a bank account or points of sale, and work according to this was encouraged by decisions, including increasing points of sale in most governorates of Iraq. In addition to the relevant authorities providing education to know about this system and how to work according to it, in addition to seeking to monitor and reduce the threats that may affect electronic banking and electronic transactions in general.

This research deals with the issue of the effects of partial cancellation of an administrative decision, which is one of the legal means that the judiciary or administration resorts to to address defects that may affect a specific part of the administrative decision without prejudice to the rest of its parts.The goal of cancellation here is to cancel part of the decision.While maintaining the balance between the principle of legality and the stability of legal positions This type of cancellation is an effective means of reducing the negative effects that may result from a total cancellation, especially if the decision includes correct parts that meet the regulatory conditions and contributes to protecting the acquired rights that resulted from the correct parts of the decision.It also avoids the administration from reissuing the decision again in its entirety.One of its most important legal effects is to re-correct the legal position of the person affected by the canceled part, and open the way for him to demand compensation if there is damage. Partial annulment also reinforces the principle of proportionality in judicial oversight, as it takes into account the extent of the error without harming the public interest.The research concluded that partial annulment is a flexible tool that helps consolidate administrative justice and achieve a balance between authority and fairness, with a recommendation to expand its application and clearly include it in administrative legislation

The law has given great importance to the stage of forming the contracting contract, and its care for its implementation is no less important, because the contractor who commits himself to another aims, through his entry into the contractual relationship, to obtain a consideration for what he has committed to, which requires the two parties to strive to implement the contract, because the principle of contracts is to strive to implement them in accordance with the principle of good faith. By the expiration of the contract, or the expiration of the contract, we mean the termination of the contractual relationship between the two parties to the contract before the desired purpose of the contract is achieved.
If the employer seriously breaches his obligations, the creditor/contractor may request the termination of the contract. Serious breach means a breach that affects the spirit or essence of the contract, destroys its essence, or cuts the sensitive nerve, i.e. a breach of the main obligations of the contract. If the employer commits an error in the contract and the descriptions we mentioned apply to him, this is justification for terminating the contract and the perpetrator is obligated to compensate for direct damages, whether expected or unexpected

This research examines the international relations of the Islamic Mali Empire, one of the greatest Islamic kingdoms in West Africa during the Middle Ages, which reached the height of its power between the 13th and 14th centuries AD. It sheds light on the empire's emergence under the founding king, Sundata Keita, its administrative and religious development, and its golden age under Mansa Musa.The research highlights the prominent roles played by Mali's rulers, particularly Mansa Musa, in strengthening the empire's position on the Islamic and international scene. His famous journey to Mecca in 1324 AD marked a turning point, reflecting the empire's wealth and its close connection to Islamic centers in North Africa and the Middle East. The research also discusses the significant impact this journey had on consolidating cultural and diplomatic relations, bringing scholars and builders to cities such as Timbuktu and Gao.
The research also examines the most important kings who ruled the empire and their role in preserving or weakening the unity of the empire, including Mansa Wati, Mansa Abu Bakr II, Mansa Magan, and Mansa Suleiman. It also discusses how Mali's international relations began to decline amid the weakening of the central authority and the rise of rival powers such as the Songhai Empire.
Finally, the study confirms that Mali was not just an economic power based on gold, but also a center of Islamic civilization in Africa, linking the depths of the African continent to the Islamic world, and contributing to the spread of Islam, cultural exchange, and diplomatic interaction between peoples.
Research is a window into the spread of Islamic civilization in Africa

After the emergence of artificial intelligence technologies, which are one of the features of the industrial revolution, their emergence was accompanied by many problems that occurred or could be expected in various aspects of life, and the use of this technology led to the ability to act autonomously without the need for humans, which makes it difficult to control the actions of this technology, which made it face a legal and religious responsibility, so it became necessary to determine the legal responsibility arising from the use of artificial intelligence technologies, and with the shortcomings of the provisions of the law for this modern technology, the trend must be towards the provisions of Islamic law and jurisprudence, and the application of their provisions, as we find that many religious institutions and their men are preoccupied with the issue of artificial intelligence, and limits must be set that respect the moral aspect, and commitment to using this technology and taking rulings towards Islamic law and its provisions, and working hard to achieve human interests, and employing them in Islamic sciences and their impact on religious values and teachings

lamaa kanat aldawlat la taeish bimaezil ean alduwal alakharaa , adaa dhalik alaihtikak fima baynaha tarat waltaeawun waltaeamul taratan akhraa , wahadha bidawrih adaa ala darurat wujud aishkhas yumathilun dualahum ladaa alduwal alakhraa , sawa' lihimayat masalih dualihim aw muatinihim fi alkharij aw lihali alkhilafat alnaashiat ean dhalik fazahr altamthil aldaayim , wabiaizdiad eadad alduwal aizdad eadad almumathilin watanawaeat wajibatuhim , walamaa kanat mahamu almabeuthin kabiratan wakhatiratan tujib manhahum alhasanat alqadayiyat alati tahul dun tadakhul aldawlat almufadin ladayha bimahamihim , lidhalik aistaqara altaeamul alduwaliu ealaa manh almabeuth aldiblumasii tilk alhasanat , faja'at alaitifaqiaat alduwaliat litanzim hadhih alhasanat lasiama aitifaqiat fiyinaa lilealaqat aldiblumasiat lieam 1961 waitifaqiat fiyinaa lilealaqat alqunsuliat lieam 1963 waitifaqiat albaeathat alkhasat lieam 1969 .

New harm is an important legal topic that is gaining importance in light of the development of modern legal systems. This concept refers to damages that do not appear immediately after the harmful act occurs, but rather manifest after a period of time as a natural consequence of it, making it a pressing topic of discussion in many legal fields. In civil law, harm is considered one of the fundamental concepts that give rise to civil liability, as the harmful act causes harm to others. The traditional division of harm was limited to two types: material harm and moral harm. However, with the development of legal jurisprudence, a broader division was adopted that includes financial harm, physical harm, and moral harm. From this standpoint, it has become necessary to consider the concept of new harm, whose impact extends into the future and reflects harms that may appear after a period of time. One of the main legal issues related to new harm is compensation for damages that appear after the issuance of a criminal judgment. If the criminal judgment includes a civil component, the judge decides on compensation based on the damages proven at the time of trial. However, new damages may emerge or existing damages may worsen after the issuance of a final judgment, raising questions about the possibility of claiming additional compensation for these new damages. This research discusses the legal basis for claiming compensation for new damages after the issuance of a criminal judgment. It also addresses the validity of a final judgment in the event that new damages emerge after the issuance of the judgment, and the possibility of claiming supplementary compensation in the event that the amount of damages not calculated at the time of the initial judgment increases. In this context, the question arises about the possibility of filing a new lawsuit to obtain additional compensation despite the finality of the criminal judgment. Furthermore, the research discusses the effect of the statute of limitations on the right to claim additional compensation. The research presents a legal examination of legal exceptions that may allow the injured party to obtain additional compensation if new damages emerge after the issuance of the final judgment. This research focuses on the need to restore the balance between the principle of full compensation, which aims to fully redress damages, and the principle of the validity of final judgments. If new damages arise that were not taken into account when the initial judgment was issued, the injured party may file a new lawsuit to obtain supplementary compensation that achieves a balance between the compensation received and the new damages.

This study provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the case of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, who was brutally assassinated inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. The study is based on a precise and detailed review of the legal and diplomatic frameworks surrounding the international investigation into this horrific crime. It dedicates extensive space to presenting the investigative procedures conducted at the international level, focusing on the fundamental and complex challenges that faced these investigations, which often hindered reaching the complete truth and achieving the desired justice. The study also presents an analytical vision of the results that emerged from these investigations and proposes strategic recommendations aimed at enhancing international cooperation in confronting such sensitive cases. The study emphasizes the necessity of making radical updates to international legal frameworks to be more flexible and effective in dealing with emerging challenges. Additionally, it highlights the importance of developing technical capabilities thatpport international investigations, contributing to revealing facts clearly and transparently. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of promoting and protecting human rights worldwide to ensure that such grave violations against humanity are not repeated.