IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

An experiment was conducted during 2001 and 2002 growing season, to study the effect of the location of seed beds on cotton yield as a managing practice to livable with soil salinity. Four seed beds locations were used for sowing the cotton seeds (Coker var.) in furrow irrigated row at Al- Radhwani area. They were topped bed, upper third part, lower third part, and bottom of furrow in Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications.
The results indicated that the sowing of cotton seed in topped bed gave a significant increase on yield of seed cotton, weight of boll / plan, plants length, dry shoots and dry roots.
Increasing of yield of seed cotton follow up the sequence from high to low topped bed > upper third part > lower third part > bottom of furrow. Mean while the results tended to a possibility to use topped bed practice as a one of satisfactory stand of furrow irrigated row on livable with salinity through reducing of salt accumulation near the seeds and roots. Since most of the salts move into the centre of the bed and the shoulders leaving relatively low quantity of salts.

Field study was conducted in salinity experiments station in Al-Tuwetha region, 30 km south east of Baghdad, to evaluate the effect of addition of different sources of organic matter on soil reclamation and redistribution of salts in salt affected soils. Saline ground water and Tigris River fresh water were used for leaching the soils. Results showed that when 10 cm depth of fresh water passed through soil profile, the salinity of the upper 20 cm of soil were decreased by55%. Upon Addition of Corn cob, Peat, or Sheep manure at a level of 2% of the weight of the soil, salinity of soil was reduced by 74%, 78%, 67% respectively. However, Soil salinity was reduced by 61.2%, 56.8%, 55.1% when saline ground water were used for leaching under the same rates of addition of organic compounds. Mathematical equations showed the same trend of salinity decrease when 120 cm depth of fresh water passed through the soil profile. At which the rate of decrease in salinity was the highest (14.35X0.06) under the peat addition, reduced to 14.07X0.060 under addition of Corn cob and it was the least (11.89X0.093) under the manure treatment. However, when 120 cm depth of saline water passed through the soil profile, lowest rate (6.12X0.12) of salinity decrease was found under manure treatment. It increased to 10.77X0.074 under the peat treatment, while the highest rate of decrease in salinity (10.53X0.083) was under the Corn cob treatment. Salts redistribution along soil profile after 120 cm depth of either type of water was more evident under the organic matter treatments irrespective of the type. Amount of salts removed when 0.5%, 1%, and 2% of organic matter addition was 14.2%, 24.6% and 36.0% as an average over the three type of organic matters compared to those of no addition (control ) respectively.

Cotyledons and embryos excised from mature seeds of two soybean (Glycine max L.) varieties Taka 2 and Lee 74 were cultured on modified (MS) medium supplemented with different growth regulators for callus initiation.
Callus was then exposed to different concentrations of salt mixtures, namely NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 in a ratio of 2:2:1 at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 mM added to the culture medium. Callus cultures were exposed to the chemical mutagene Sodium Azide (SA) at concentrations 0, 0.05, 0.5 or 1 mM for 30, 60, 90 or 120 min. Results showed no significant differences between the two varieties in their response to SA. The treatment with SA led to an increase in fresh and dry weight of the callus at (0.05 and 0.5 mM) compared with untreated one.
Treatment with 1 mM was considered as a lethal and 0.5 mM as a sub lethal, therefore the later was adopted to generate variation for a period of 90 minutes. Exposure of callus for 120 minutes resulted in a very friable callus. Callus cultures treated with 0.5 mM of SA for 90 minutes were cultured on modified MS medium containing (0 – 250) mM salt mixtures. Results showed that salt tolerance in callus cultures increased as expressed in callus fresh weight compared with the untreated callus. In a separate experiment, callus cultures were treated with (0 or 0.5) mM of SA for 90 minutes, then grown on MS medium supplemented with (200) mM of salt mixture. Results revealed that fresh and dry weight of calli were higher in SA treated cultures only. SA treated callus combined with salinity treatment was significantly higher than those treated with salinity only.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (zero, 25 and 50 kg/donum) given with sprinkler Irrigation water compared with nitrogen fertilizer (50 kg/donum) added directly to soil as broad cast. All treatments of urea fertilizer divided in to two dosages:
1- One after 45 days from the seeding.
2- The second was in 1/4/2001.
The results indicated that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer improved the production traits in wheat compared with that with no added fertilizer, but the defferences were not always significant However, number of seed/spike from the treatments given N-fertilizer with sprinkler irrigation water was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that with no added N- fertilizer or that from plant , when the fertilizer gave directly.

This studies was conducted in the experimental field, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad , Abu- Ghraib, during the fall and Spring seasons 2006-2007 using Desiree cultivar potato seeds, To investigate effect of manures and mulching on the concentrations of N,P,K and growth of potato plant. The first factor inculded either the using of black polyethylene sheet (M1)or without it (M0). The second factor included using of 6 types of organic manure; the first was without organic manure( control T0), The second was chemical fertilizer(T1), the third was sheep manure (T2), The forth was local peatmoss(T3), the fifth was dry Pow humus(T4) and the sixth was liquid Humic acid, In split - plot design with three replicates. Results showed that concentrations N,P and K in leaves were significanty increased in mulching potato plants wth black polyethylene (M1) to reached ( 13.4, 8.0, 14.5 g.kg-1) and (20.5, 12.0, 34.4 g.kg-1) for fall and spring season respectively as compared with the control (M0). This has positively reverse on morphological characteristics
(numbers of stems , height of plants, leaves area) to ( M1 ) compared with (M0) and Treating potato plants with chemical fertilizer (T1) Sheep manure (T2) significantly increased the concentrations of N,P,K in leaves in fall season to reached (14.6, 9.3, 15.5 g.kg-1) and (13.4, 8.7, 15.1 g.kg-1) respectively. As compared with the control (T0) to reached (9.4, 5.5, 12.0 g.kg-1 ) while in Spring season to reached (2.19,1.10, 3.61% and (19.9,10.8, 34.4 g.kg-1)respectively As compared with the control (T0) to reached (16.1,7.1, 27.9 g.kg-1). Results showed significant increases occurred in height of plant and everage leaves area in the interaction between mulching and sheep manure (M1T2) to reached (45.11 cm and 6678.90 cm 2) and (67.88 cm and 10168 cm2) for fall and spring season respectively as compared with the control (M0T0) to reached (39.55 cm and 4621.10 cm2) and 41.88cm and 5023.00 cm2) for both seasons respectively.

Laboratory experiment was conducted according to kinetics criteria on samples of field experiment on silt loam soil(Alluvium) to investigate the efficiency of kinetics criteria in predication of plants response to potash fertilization by utilization potato plants as biological indicator . The study was conducted by soil extraction with 0.0005N citric acid successive extraction for ten times. The period of each extraction was twelve hour and the ratio of extraction was 1:10 according to batch successive equilibrium technique at three periods of plant growth. Five kinetic models were used to describe potassium release. These models include, zero order, first order ,diffusion, Elovich, and power function.
The results indicated that Power function was the best equation to describe potassium status and its rate coefficient . The rate coefficient of potassium release was 0.413 mg. kg-1 .h-1 in the soil before planting & was the asame after harvesting in the control treatment. This value was counting high & above the critical limits which defined by technicians. The high value of potassium release at flowering stage indicated that the soil had good ability to supply the plant with potassium during this stage which have high potassium uptake. Organic fertilizer increased rate coefficient of potassium release significantly while potassium fertilizer decreased it significantly. As nitrogen fertilizer had no effect.

A field experiment was carried out during fall seasons of 2005 and 2006 at the Experimental Station-State Board For Agricultural Research- Abu. Ghraib-Ministry of Agriculture. The objective of this study was to assist the effect of foliar application of Boron on growth and yield of maize cultivar 5012. Five concentrations of Boron (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2mg B.L-1) were sprayed at three different growth periods (stages of vegetative growth, flowering and grain filling) .Results showed significant effect for increase spraying of 1.5mg B.L-1 in autumn 2005 and 2006 of leave area 84.4, 82.5 Dm2 and number of rows per ear 15.3, 16.6 and number of seeds per ear 750.1,589.3 and weight of 1000 grains 305.83, 262.6 g and grain yield 8983,7692 kg/ha. While concentration of 1.5mg B.L-1 gave high significant effect on the length of cob (18.6cm) in autumn 2006. However, growth period showed high significant effects at flowering period on ear length (17.56cm) number of kernels per ear (506.8) and grain yield (6673 Kg/ha) in autumn 2006, and weight of 1000 kernel (286.8g) in autumn 2005. Interaction between spraying boron at different growth period and concentration of boron fertilizer effect significant in autumn 2005 and 2006, The treatment of spraying boron with 1.5mg B.L-1 concentration at flowering period gave significant increase in the leave area 94.3, 89.5 Dm2 and the length of cob 20.76,19.48cm and number of rows per ear 18.0, 16.77 and number of kernels per ear 666.7, 837 and weight of 1000 grains 328.1, 288.5 g and grain yield 9944, 8871 kg/ha compared with control.

A field experiment was carried out during fall seasons of 2005 and 2006 at the Experimental Station-State Board For Agricultural Research- Abu. Ghraib-Ministry of Agriculture. The objective of this study was to assist the effect of foliar application of Boron on growth and yield of maize cultivar 5012. Five concentrations of Boron (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2mg B.L-1) were sprayed at three different growth periods (stages of vegetative growth, flowering and grain filling) .Results showed significant effect for increase spraying of 1.5mg B.L-1 in autumn 2005 and 2006 of leave area 84.4, 82.5 Dm2 and number of rows per ear 15.3, 16.6 and number of seeds per ear 750.1,589.3 and weight of 1000 grains 305.83, 262.6 g and grain yield 8983,7692 kg/ha. While concentration of 1.5mg B.L-1 gave high significant effect on the length of cob (18.6cm) in autumn 2006. However, growth period showed high significant effects at flowering period on ear length (17.56cm) number of kernels per ear (506.8) and grain yield (6673 Kg/ha) in autumn 2006, and weight of 1000 kernel (286.8g) in autumn 2005. Interaction between spraying boron at different growth period and concentration of boron fertilizer effect significant in autumn 2005 and 2006, The treatment of spraying boron with 1.5mg B.L-1 concentration at flowering period gave significant increase in the leave area 94.3, 89.5 Dm2 and the length of cob 20.76,19.48cm and number of rows per ear 18.0, 16.77 and number of kernels per ear 666.7, 837 and weight of 1000 grains 328.1, 288.5 g and grain yield 9944, 8871 kg/ha compared with control.

An experiment was conducted in rabia research centre to study the effect of inducing 0, 10, 20 Kg potassium fertilizer, 10 Kg potassium fertilizer plus 5 Kg Urea, 10 Kg potassium fertilizer plus 10 Kg Urea, 20 Kg potassium fertilizer plus 5 Kg Urea and 20 Kg potassium fertilizer plus 10 Kg Urea per donum on silty clay loam soil, on productivity and crop components, of chick pea variety (510). The result indicated that plant height, productivity per donum, number of horns, number of tillering and first horn height insignificantly increased with fertilizer application with 20 Kg potassium fertilizer+ 5Kg Urea per donum and then decreased because of competition between nutrients. The biomass was increased with fertilizer application with high levels which explained the latent deficiency of potassium. The potash fertilizer application to the chick pea varieties was an emergency task inspite of lab analysis which indicates that available K is high. Because of the high level of available phosphorus in rabia soil. The urea application with low soluble potash fertilizer to soils may resolve the problem of solubility by increasing the mass of root.

Field experiment was conducted at Al Yousfia region in Silt clay loam soil planted with maize (zea mays) using drip and furrow (control) irrigation systems. Two sources of potassium fertilizer (sulfate and chloride) were used with three levels 0, 100, and 200 Kg K.ha-1. Potassium fertilizer was splited into 12 segments for added by means of fertigation for drip irrigation, and broadcasted for furrow irrigation system. Plant samples were taken during plant growth (initial growth, flower and harvest stages) for dry matter K, N, P uptake and grain yield determination. results indicated that Dry matter weight, and plant uptake for major nutrients were higher at drip irrigation. KCl fertilizer showed superiority upon K2SO4 under drip irrigation, while their effects were similar under Furrow irrigating with relatively higher values for K2SO4. Higher yield with a value of 349.53 and 297.60 gm.plant-1 (21.816 and 18.600 ton.ha-1) for maize were found for drip irrigation and furrow irrigation respectively. Positive effect of fertilization on yield component, ear length, weight of 500 seeds, plant height, and stem diameter were found.

Chemical dynamic experiment was conducted to verify the reaction of orthophosphate released from two ammonium phosphates (i.e. MAP and DAP), with and w/o two kinds of amendments (viz, Na4P2O7 and H2SO4) in two calcareous soils (namely, clay and sandy loam) for ten incubation time (0-720hr) at three incubation temperatures 283, 298 and 308 Kelvin (k).
The results confirmed that the Freundlich model was the best for prediction and describing the orthophosphate ion released with high r2 (0.960**) highest t (12.20), and lowest SE.e (0.14). The mean values of rate constant of orthophosphate released were largely enhanced by increased the temperature from 283 upto 308 k, and also it significantly enhanced when using Na4P2O7 as amendment with both test fertilizers. Also the mean values of activation energy (Ea) of orthophosphate were highest with DAP (25.43) and without amendment (22.68) and in sandy loam soil (21.80 kJ mol-1), respectively. It was concluded that monoammonium phosphate with and w/o Na4P2O7 and H2SO4 is the best for hastening release reaction rate of orthophosphate ions in both calcareous soils tested.

The experiment was conducted at private nursery in Babylon governorate during the growing season of 2006-2007. The objective of the study was to investgate the effect of potassium sulphate fertilizer (51% K2O) at dosages of 8 kg /ha-1 and super phosphate fertilizer (46% P2O5) at dosage of 20 kg.ha-1, applied either alone or forgather on vegetative growth, flowers characteristics, and seeds yield.
The experimental design used in this experiment was a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with three replicates. Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at probability level of 0.05 was weed to compare the means of treatments.
Results revealed that K and P had significant effect on improving vegetative growth such as plant height, (cm) stem diameter (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, average number of branches roots per plant, number of flowers per plants and number of petals per flower. Significant results were also obtained in increasing the weight of 100 seed to 2.5gm and total seed yield to 1.768 ton.ha-1 of plants treated with potassium fertilizer compared with control treatment which produced 1.69gm and 0.413 ton.ha-1 for both traits, respectively.
Results also indicated that phosphate fertilizer improved characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth, and seed yield of calendula plants.

Laboratory experiment was conducted according to thermodynamic criteria on samples of field experiment on silt loam soil(Alluvium) to investigate the efficiency of thermodynamic criteria in predication of plants response to potash fertilization by utilization potato plants as biological indicator . The study was conducted by treating 5g of soil samples with number of 0.02 M CaCl2 &MgCl2 solutions which containing increasing concentrations of potassium ions(KCl). The ratio of mixing was 1:10. After shaking & equilibrium, the soil samples were extracted & ions of Ca, Mg, K were estimated in extracts & electrical conductivity was measured. Then the flowing calculations were carried out, ionic strength, activity and activity coefficient , activity ratio, free energy, intensity & quantity curve were drawing & soil buffering capacity were counted at three stages of plant growth .The results indicated that 77% of soluble potassium was active along plant growth. Free energy values at equilibrium before, during and after planting indicated that the soil had high availability of potassium. Values of buffering capacity of potassium indicated that the soil had high ability to escort the variations occurred in the soil. Values of labile potassium indicated that the soil had good ability to release potassium.

To evaluate the effect of fertigation, an yield quality of tomato a field study was conducted in Berjesia experiment station at winter season 2006-2007 in sandy loam textured soil classified as Typic quartiz pasament . Split-Split Block of RCBD Design was used to study fruit quality response to soil moisture 0.1 and 0.2 bar (main plots). Methods of N application (fertigation, broadcasting and ½ fertigation + ½broadcasting) as sub plots and Nitrogen levels 100, 200, 300 kg N ha-¹ as sub-sub plots.
Results indicated the significant effect of adding N levels using different application methods on tomato fruit quality. Fertigation significantly exceeded other methods at water content 0.1 bar. Adding N up to 300 kg Nha-¹ improved of tomato quality components. Also using fertigation increased percentage of total solids 5.45% acidity 0.55 % and vitamin C 20.30 mg\100 ml of tomato juice.
The level 200kg N ha-¹consedered the optimum level for tomato growing drip irrigation in desert soils to avoid loss of N fertilizers by leaching on the basis of the results obtained in this study. Applying 200 kg N ha-¹ in drip irrigation with soil moisture of 0.1 bars are recommended for tomato production in desert soil in Basrah.

The experiment was conducted at Al-Rabii Date Palm Station /Zafaraniah/ Baghdad , between 1/10/2005 to 31/12/2007.
Research included offshoots of Al-Zahdi cultivar under two irrigation systems (drip and surface). Different quantities depending on Class A pan with different irrigation periodes. Study water consumption and the effect on offshoots growth were considered. Results show that drip irrigation Compered with surface irrigation decreased with quantity at level (40,120)% Class. I was also found that irrigation quantity in 120% class (A) with two days recorded highest percentage to reach 81% of planting offshoots under drip sytem. while surface irrigation treatment recorded 80,40% class (A) in period irrigation between 10-15 days showed the Towest degree in planting offshoots.
I was found that irrigation quantity of 120% class (A) under drip irrigation system for (4) days records highest degree in number, longest , shortest leaf (12,118,3,33) cm respectively, while treatment 40% class (A) for two days records lowest number, longest leave (3,65,18) cm respectively The total water consumption for most sutable irrigation treatment in the first year was 3086.4 ml and the second year 3063 ml, so the total consumption for this treatment period was 6488.4 ml. The crop factor for this treatment was found.

Field experiment was conducted during 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 growing season to test the effects of four amounts of irrigated water viz 200, 300, 400 and 500mm (control) and two sowing dates viz 15 November and 15 December on yield and yield coponents of wheat cultivars Abu Graib3, Iba 95, Hasimia and Babylon 113.
Results revealed that grain yield significantly reduced by 27.3, 19.6 and 7.2% in the first three treatments respectively than control treatment(500mm)in the first saeson and 26.1,18.6 and 7.9% in the second season.Grain yield reduced by 5.4,3.6% in the second sowing date than in the first sowing in both season respectively. Abu Graib3 cultivars gave higher mean grain yield than other test cultivars while Alhashimia gave the lowest mean grain yield under all the treatments which had been studied.
The present study revealed that possibility of saving 20% of water amount with grain yield reduction about 7% of control treatment(500mm) when sowing started at November 15.This amount of water can be used for cultivation of additional area.

A field experiment was carried out during Autumn-2006 in Al-Karma region (60 km East of Al-Anbar province center). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of irrigation scheduling and adequacy on water use efficiency and some growth and yield parameters for the species Zea mays L. var. IPA 5012. The experiment included three treatments namely; Io, I1 and I2. The Io treatment received (800) mm irrigation water depth as a total seasonal consumptive use and in which, The farmer who decides the time and the amount of the irrigation water application. Both I1 and I2 treatments have received the same amount of water depth which was (600) mm as a seasonal consumptive use in different scheduling. Whereas the I1 treatment in which plant was undergone to relative moisture stress at vegetative growth and flowering stages, and received enough water irrigation at germination and maturing stages. While the I2 treatment in which plant was undergone to relative moisture stress at germination and maturing stages and received enough water at vegetation and flowering stages. Thirty plants for each treatment were randomized selected from the begining, middle and ending of the furrow to measure and calculate the rates of plant height, root depth leaf area, leaf area index, plant dry weight, ears, grain yield/plant, and yield efficiency. Also, water–use efficiency was calcaulated for all treatments.
Result showed that the I2 treatment was overcome significantly on the I0 and I1 treatments in all the growth and yield parameters menstioned above except the ears. Since this character is not influenced by environmental factors. this confirms previous research which is considered as a character highly correlated with genotype.
Result also indicates that about 25 percentage of irrigation water can be preserved under the condition of the experiment by following a proper scheduling.

Field experiment was conducted at Al Yousfia region in Silt clay loam soil. Corn crop was planted. using drip and furrow (control) irrigation systems. Two sources of potassium fertilizer (Sulfate and chloride) were used with three levels 0, 100, and 200 Kg K.ha-1. Potassium fertilizer was splited into 12 segments added by means of fertigation for drip irrigation, and broadcasted for furrow irrigation system. In addition, nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers were added as plant required. Sequential Botassium extraction from soil after planting and fertilization was done using citric acid 5 x 10-4 M (12 times) to evaluate potassium release according to kinetics equations. (zero order, first order, diffusion, Elovich and power equations). Accumulative Botassium released under drip irrigatin was higher than that under furrow irrigation. Similar trend was found for both types of fertilizer, and the 2nd level of KCl gave higher values of potassium release. Power function, parabolic and Elovich equations well described potassium release process among other equations, but power function is the best according to correlation and standred error .

A sample area of 70000 hectares in gypsiferous soils of upper Tigris Terrace at Salahaddin governorate located in the eastern of Tiger River between Samarra and Al-Dour regions.
The goal of this study to investigate on Boron content in the surface irrigation water (Tigirs river) and underground water (wells water) which have been used to irrigate crops in the area and its effect on soil boron content and behavior in the irrigated area for relatively long term.
The results have shown that the concentration of boron in the surface irrigation water was relatively low (0.08 mg B.L-1), and this irrigation water is suitable for irrigating all agriculture crops. Meanwhile the result of investigation on boron in underground water showed that the concentration of boron was relatively high (0.51-1.93) with an average of 1.04 mg.L-1, and this concentration is sufficient to supply most of the crops with their requirement from boron. In the same time this level of boron perhaps has negative effect on the sensitive crops to boron.
The boron content in irrigated soils have shown an increase with increasing of boron in irrigation water. The average boron content in uncultivated soils was 0.340 mg.L-1.
However, the average boron content of the soil irrigated with Tigris water was 0.587 mg.L-1. This indicated the accumulation of boron in soil with time with an increase of 73% in boron. Moreover the average of boron in soil irrigated with underground water was 1.937 mg.L-1 which was 470% more than the boron in uncultivated soil.
Kinetic experiments showed that boron release from soil increased at the first 24 hrs and this mechanism of boron release became slower with the rest of time.
On the bases of the results we do not recommend using fertilizer containing B in these areas, particularly to the crops irrigated with underground water.

A field experiment was conducted at AL Berjesia experiment station, Basarah province, south of Iraq during winter season of 2006-2007. The soil of the experiment was sandy loam and classified as typic quartiz psamment. Split- split plot arrangements in RCBD design was used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of tomato crop to three factors i.e soil water content under various tensions (0.1 and 0.2bar), nitrogen levels (0,100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-¹. and of N application methods (complete fertigation, 1/2 fertigation and 1/2 broadcasting and Complete broadcasting). So to recommend a new and effective method of tomatos var (Hutoof).
Nitrogen application methods were significantly increased the total yield of tomato fruits. Fertigation on complete with 0.1 bar significantly increased this character compared with 0.2 bar. The highest yield of 32.78 ton ha-1 was obtained under 300 kg N ha-1 with no significant differences with 200 kg N ha-1 which gave 30.44 ton ha-1. This highest yield was attributed to the highest values of yield compenents i.e 16.69 fruits plant, 68.2g fruit weight and 5.59 cm fruit diameter.
Tomato yield at 300 kg N ha-1 increased only 2.25% more than 200 kg N ha-1 and their was no significant differences in all studied yield compenents.

This study was carried out to assess irrigation water quality which was obtainable at Al-Tharthar area western of Iraq. Water samples were collected from five wells at the region addition to Tharthar canal water as one sample monthly from every source within one year. These samples were chemical analyzed and some properties calculated, according to accredited analysis and measurement methods, after that these waters were classified and assessed according to geochemical characteristics.
The results showed significant effect for electrical conductivity values with different examined water source. The Tharthar canal water and 60% of wells water were fall within simple to moderate problem water when we used them for irrigation in comparison to 40% of wells water which were classified within severe problem water when its used for irrigation, the difference between wells in this property refer to the difference in their location respect to Tharthar lake. Winter season demonstrated lower values for this property in comparison to summer season which was recorded higher values. Sodium absorption ratio estimation for all irrigation waters in the area were showed that fall within excellent class and for all examination seasons. depending on food and agriculture international organization guide waters of all sources fall within no problem class regarding to there effect on soil permeability. The differ in electrical conductivity of water to be reversed also at same direction on soluble cations and anions concentration. however toxic effect for these waters to plants , the results were showed that have simple to moderate problem when its used for irrigation regarding for sodium to all sources except 40% of wells waters which were severe problem especially when its used in sprinkle irrigation systems also chlorine ,bicarbonate, nitrate and boron effect were showed differ in there problems if we used them for irrigation ranged between no problem and increasing problem, Water pH study was showed its fall within suitable range for irrigation.

Visual Interpretation of Landsat-2- MSS and spectral reflectance curves, with digital unsupervised classification techniques were used to study the gypsiferous soils, other soils and soil conditions at Salahaddin governorate with an area about 2500 km2 situated between 34º 35¯ – 34º 25¯ N and 44º 10¯ - 43º 45¯ E. Thematic mapper (TM) data from Landsat-6 were analyzed by computer assisted of unsupervised classification. The results indicated that application of remote sensing technology to delineation of soil types and conditions was feasible quick timely and accurate. The results of digital classification indicate the presence of the following land covers: Water bodies, soils, vegetations, sand dune and salts accumulation. The results of reflectance showed the relation between land quality and soil properties of the surface horizons and reflectance data. This study showed a high capability of using remote sensing (digital analysis) in soil survey to identify gypsiferous soil and delineation with reduces time and cost.

Petroleum hydrocarbons are one of the most important pollutant spilled to the main body of water in the Tigris River. The present study included the measurement of physical, chemical characteristic and oil hydrocarbons concentration and involved the selection of four stations of the river passing through Baghdad city from May 2003 to April 2004.Water temperature ranged from 14C during January and February 2004 in all stations to 29C during August 2003.Turbidity measurement ranged from 52.71+7.18–116.594 +16.74 NTU. Seasonal changes in turbidity showed significant differences. Values were high during January and April (raining period) and lower June, July and August. Electrical conductivity did not show seasonal changes during the study. Conductivity ranged from 754.722 + 11.34 to 1515.83 + 7.54 µs/cm. Results showed seasonal fluctuations is pH values. A higher pH value was recorded during November (8.79+0.14) and the lowest were during May7.6 + 0.13. Dissolved oxygen were lowest in station 2(7.57 + 0.19) mg/l and highest in station 1(8.77 + 0.17) mg/l. In addition as significant difference were found seasonally. Oxygen was highest during January (9.95 + 0.13) mg/l and lowest during July (6.95 + 0.23) mg/l. There was no regular pattern for both Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The range of COD was 8.76 + 0.46 – 132.98 + 14.89 mg/l and that for BOD was 1.77+0.12–27+2.97 mg/l. Concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in these four stations indicated that it ranged from 0 to 54.3 + 3.23 mg/l. Seasonal changes in concentration of the petroleum hydrocarbon was highest during January 2004(46.08 + 10.16) mg/l and lowest during August 2003 (8.41 + 2.78) mg/l.

The location of this work was in the farms of agriculture collage –Abu-Ghraib area west of Baghdad city in silty clay loam soil to study the effect of soil moisture and plowing depth on practical productivity, fuel consumption, total push force, and field efficiency.
The treatments included two levels of soil moisture 12 and 17% and three depths of plowing 13, 17 and 21cm. Randomized complete block design with three replications and LSD (0.05) was used to compare the means of treatments at 0.05.
The results showed that under 17% soil moisture reported increasing of practical productivity (0.606ha/hr) and field efficiency 82.862% with least fuel consumption 23.136 L/ha, total push force 2234 kg.f. While depth of plowing 13cm reported increasing of practical productivity 0.657 ha/hr and field efficiency 89.754% with least fuel consumption 16.174 L/ha, total push force 1742 kg.f.