Journal of sustainable studies

Leadership is one of the most important qualities, and it varies from person to person, and not everyone possesses it. The importance of a leader is highlighted during crises and problems, as the leader is the primary driver of crisis management and curbing their activity. This is due to the significant role they play in directing employees and assistants and developing plans and strategies to defuse them. In managing crises, leaders rely on a set of appropriate strategies and methods that are consistent with the type of crisis they face. The importance of leadership has become increasingly prominent in the current era, due to the increase in crises and social and administrative problems in all institutions and at all levels. Therefore, the researcher sought, through this research, to identify the role a leader plays in crisis management and the impact of some crises on leadership.

The research aims to know time management and its relationship to hopeful thinking among students of the internal departments. The researcher used the descriptive research method. The research is limited to students of the Department of Life Sciences in the internal departments of the College of Education, Basic Education and Sciences in the universities (Baghdad, Al-Mustansiriya and Al-Iraqiya) during the second semester of the academic year 2024-2025 AD, amounting to (60 male and female students). As for the research tools, it included the construction of two scales: time management, consisting of four areas (planning - organization - guidance - presentation), with (12) paragraphs for each area, i.e. including (48) paragraphs in light of five alternatives, as it was given (5 degrees) as a very large degree, (4 degrees) as a large degree, (3 degrees) as a medium degree, (2 degrees) as a small degree, (1 degree) as a very small degree. As for the scale of hopeful thinking, consisting of five areas (positive thinking, planning, ambition, self-confidence, optimism), with (41) paragraphs in light of three alternatives, which are (3 degrees) for the alternative, which applies to To a large extent, (two marks) for the alternative applies to me to a medium extent, and (one mark) for the alternative applies to me to a small extent. Validity, reliability, and statistical analysis were obtained for the items of the two scales. The data were statistically processed, and the researcher reached the following conclusions: The research sample, students in the Life Sciences Department in the internal departments, suffer from poor time management and lack hopeful thinking. There is no statistically significant difference between male and female Life Sciences Department students in the internal departments in time management. There is a statistically significant difference in favor of females in the hopeful thinking variable. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between the time management and hopeful thinking variables among Life Sciences Department students. The researcher came up with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The study aims to determine the appropriate writing skills among students in the preparatory stage from the point of view of teachers of the Arabic language. The study sample consists of (90) teachers, including (40) male teachers and (50) female teachers at the Directorate of Education in Nineveh Governorate in Iraq. To apply the study, the researcher prepared the study tool represented by a questionnaire of writing skills divided into four fields with (36) paragraphs in the final version).
The results showed that writing skills were mediocre, with an average of (3.12). The objectives skill was the first at the top with an average of (3.20), the skill of teaching methods was the second with an average of (3.18), and the skill of selected topics was third with an average of (3.14), as well as the evaluation skill was fourth in the last with an average of (2.94). The study results also showed differences in written skills in favour of females, and in academic qualifications in favour of (postgraduate studies), additionally, in the experience in favour of (10 years and above). According to the results, the study presented several suggestions and recommendations.

We meant to explain the semiology of dialogue to find out the non-linguistic patterns of gestures, signs and the like, so I chose the book: ((Rawd Al-Rayahin in the Tales of the Righteous)), by Abu Al-Saadat Al-Yafei, because it contained dialogue in the story and narration, so it deserved its statement with the semiological approach. The science of semiology is as a method interested in the study of linguistic signs, signs, gestures, symbols and shapes, in any sense is the science that is concerned with linguistic and non-linguistic formats, it analyzes the discourse by employing non-linguistic patterns to elevate the text to the intended semantics of systematic semiology and not arbitrary.

This research aims to present a study of the active participle structures and their connotations in the Ta'iyyah poem by Da'bal Al-Khuza'i, which is considered the best poem that has been said in mourning for Al-Hussein and his pure family (peace be upon them) throughout the ages and years. The study also includes a clear picture of each formula of the active participle by presenting each structure of the structures through the occurrence of the poetic witness for it and standing on its contextual and lexical connotations that made the words acquire an additional connotation through the morphological structures that those words represented and their relationship to the composition of the meaning and the general context of the poetic verse.

Amid the rapid societal transformations witnessed in the Islamic world, and the profound changes in social relationships caused by technological and digital openness, there arises an urgent need to reinforce authentic moral values—most notably, altruism. Altruism is considered a core value in the Islamic framework for building a cohesive society .It also challenges utilitarian psychological and social theories. For instance, social exchange theories interpret altruism as an unconditional form of giving that goes beyond mutual benefit and establishes a behavior rooted in cooperation without expecting return.This research aims to demonstrate the role of the Prophetic Sunnah in solidifying this virtue and to examine how social media platforms influence it both positively and negatively. The study includes an analytical comparison between these two sources in their capacity to promote this moral value within the Muslim society. Moreover, the research presents examples of websites and social media accounts that either support or undermine the value of altruism in society .

The study seeks to delineate the notion and significance of health and safety management at the Thi-Qar Oil Refinery, along with its impact on employee development. The research used a descriptive and analytical methodology to get its conclusions, based on personal interviews. A cohort of Thi-Qar Refinery employees was chosen owing to the refinery's significance in supplying various petroleum products to the governorate. The survey indicates a significant population of personnel with varied requirements within the refinery. The research draws significant conclusions concerning staff safety protocols.

This research aims to identify the extent of the impact of the rapid population increase in the city of Baghdad and its reflection in the development of population policies on the reality of services, including (educational and health) services, because of their impact on the social and economic lives of the population. In the study, we relied on the descriptive and analytical approaches, which are based on studying population growth and the significant increase after 2009 until 2022, which were collected on the basis of official estimates. One of the most important results extracted during this period was that the rate of population growth was higher than the rate of development in the field of various services, including education and health in particular. This large increase in population is attributed to natural increase and migration from the provinces to Baghdad, the capital. We also found that educational services suffer from overcrowding in the number of students and a small number of schools, in addition to their poor geographical distribution. and this has been reflected in the level of services. Provided to residents. In addition to developing strategic plans for the future.

The Islamic economy faces challenges in the context of financial globalization, dominated by traditional economic and financial systems based on interest and financial speculation. For example, financial globalization relies on a banking system based on interest (usury), while the Islamic economy prohibits riba and replaces it with mechanisms such as Profit, Participationspeculation, and Rent. This difference makes the full integration of Islamic finance into global markets difficult without compromise. To address these challenges, it is necessary to enhance integration among Islamic financial institutions by establishing a unified Islamic financial market and developing innovative financial instruments that comply with Sharia and meet contemporary needs. It is also necessary to increase awareness of Islamic finance through education and research, and to strengthen cooperation with international organizations to modify financial policies to accommodate Islamic specificities.

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of organizational silence on the strategic decision-making process in the General Directorate of Education in Anbar Governorate. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach in analyzing the data. The study population numbered (1072). A random sample was selected and (180) questionnaires were distributed, of which (162) were returned, and (157) questionnaires were valid for statistical analysis.
The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was the existence of a significant relationship between organizational silence and the strategic decision-making process. The study also presented a set of recommendations, most notably that the Anbar Education Directorate take serious steps and involve all administrative levels in the strategic decision-making process.

This research examines the phenomenon of "displacement" in the poetry of Al-Hussein bin Hamdan Al-Khusaibi, as an expressive and aesthetic tool that reflects the uniqueness of his poetic and ideological experience. The research begins by clarifying the concept of displacement as it appears in modern literary criticism, demonstrating that displacement does not merely mean a violation of linguistic rules, but rather a means of achieving semantic and aesthetic functions. It then provides an overview of Al-Khusaibi's life and the context of his poetic production, highlighting the influence of the esoteric environment and sectarian persecution on his style, which is rich in symbolism and ambiguity.
The research analyzes the types of displacement in Al-Khusaibi's poetry, such as:
• Linguistic displacement: in the use of outdated words, literal symbols, and pseudonyms.
• Semantic displacement: in metaphorical images, esoteric symbols, and semantic paradoxes.
• Syntactic displacement: in the presentation, delay, deletion, and shifting.
• Stylistic displacement: in repetition, the blending of religious texts with poetry, and the diversity of tone and style.
The research confirms that displacement in Al-Khasibi's poetry evolved over time, from reserve in the beginning to boldness in maturity, and finally to profound symbolism in the later years of his life. It also demonstrates that displacement was not merely an artistic embellishment, but rather a means of constructing an intellectual and aesthetic structure that expresses Al-Khasibi's beliefs and distinguishes his poetry. The research concludes with textual examples that illustrate the various manifestations of displacement in his collection.

As soon as the regime in Iraq was changed from monarchy to republican، the new Iraqi government worked to allow Kurdish leaders to return to the country، appoint important figures among them to high-ranking positions، and involve them in political activities. However، a bitter dispute quickly occurred between the government on the one hand and the Kurds. On the other hand، Iran took advantage of the armed situation and worked to support the Kurdish movement to achieve its interests، and this situation continued until the overthrow of the government of Abdul Karim Qassem، as the new coup leaders tried to win the Kurds to their side، but the latter quickly expanded his demands and this culminated in the resumption of the armed struggle، which He did not calm down despite the Baathists leading a coup in Iraq، so they worked to issue a statement on March 11، 1970، which responded to most of the Kurdish movement’s demands for autonomous rule over their regions. In most of these events، Iran was the main supporter and financier of Kurdish armed activities.

Morphological characteristics are an important foundation for studying cities. Through them, we can identify a city's structure, its urban and planning style, and thus arrive at a general idea of the city's appearance and stages of development. We can also compare it with other cities to understand the differences between them. Therefore, the research sought to study the contrast between the cities of Nasiriyah and Dhahiriya, which differ from each other in terms of the circumstances in which they were established and their time period, which was reflected in the morphology of each of them. It became clear through the research that the city of Nasiriyah was established in a relatively modern urban environment, but it was exposed to economic, environmental and political conditions that confused its planning. Compared to the city of Dhahiriya, which gradually transformed from a small village with a simple morphological structure of an agricultural and pastoral nature into a city with limited planning and environmental and political restrictions, this reveals the need for sustainable urban planning when cities are established, taking into account the changes and temporal developments of each city while preserving its local character.

The Noble Messenger Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) transmitted the Sharia rulings and general principles to his Companions (peace and blessings be upon them), who, in turn, transmitted them to their followers who dispersed throughout the lands after the conquests, until they reached the highest status. They strove to ascertain the truth, even though they differed in their efforts to seek the truth. Their differences were a mercy to mankind.
Among these narrators is the eminent Successor Abaan ibn Uthman (peace be upon him), a model for this research. He (peace be upon him) is considered one of the first generation to be interested in narrating the biography of the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him). He was a jurist and scholar of hadith, and he grew up between two eras considered among the most important and virtuous eras. His era was the era of the Companions and the Followers, which was the early renaissance in embracing the fundamentals of knowledge and understanding their levels, especially the Holy Qur'an and the Noble Prophetic Hadith. I divided my research into three sections. The first section covered the general life of Aban ibn Uthman (may Allah be pleased with him), including his name and kunya, detailing his lineage, which traces his lineage back to the Noble Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him). I also discussed his birth, which historians have differed on, his physical and moral characteristics, and his death. The second section discussed the sheikhs from whom he acquired his knowledge, his students, and those who transmitted from him. I also highlighted the most important features of his era, including political, social, and scientific aspects. The third section included his most important jurisprudential views, which included his views on worship, issues related to transactions, personal status, wills, crimes, and blood money. I also highlighted his role in documenting the biography of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Then came the conclusion, which contained the most important results of the research. If I was correct, then it is from God, and to Him be praise and thanks. If I made a mistake, then it is from myself. May God have mercy on whoever pointed out my mistake so that I could avoid it, for perfection belongs only to God. May God's prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad, his family, and his companions.

The study addressed the evaluation of the efficiency of educational services in Al Nuaimiya District، with the aim of studying the reality of educational services (kindergartens، primary and preparatory schools، and secondary schools) in terms of their efficiency، distribution، and suitability for urban expansion and population growth in this district. As a result of the increasing population and urban development، this is accompanied by a numerical increase in the number of students in schools. Therefore، the study showed that Al Nuaimiya District does not suffer from a shortage of schools، but rather an irregular distribution of students in some schools، while others have a surplus of teaching staff، and some specialties have a shortage of mathematics، physics، and physical education. The number of schools reached (19) schools، and some schools operate a double-shift system، (2،348) students، while the number of secondary school students reached (881) students.

Syncretism Syncretism is a doctrine based on choosing from different or opposing philosophical doctrines some identical ideas, and trying to combine or synthesize them into one coherent opinion. The Stoic philosophy emerged after the death of Aristotle in 322 B.C. This philosophy represents the beginning of the Greek "Hellenistic" era, whose emergence was a clear departure from the philosophical thinking, curiosity, and theory that characterized the "Hellenistic" era, especially with the philosophers of the classical era Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.

The Stoics divided philosophy into three sections: The first section is practical philosophy and its basis is ethics, the second section is the conformity of ethical behavior to reason and its basis is logic, and the third section is logic, and the third section is the ethical logic of reason in accordance with nature; the Stoics worked in a state of consensual mental balance between these three sections; we find their tendency in natural research a consensual tendency between the Ionians, Pheonians, Thothorians, Heracurians, and Chaldeans, and their tendency in natural research is a consensual tendency between the Ionians, Pheonians, Thothorians, Heracurians, and Chaldeans. Aristotle and their tendency in logical research in logical research is a syncretic tendency between Parmenides, Zen Aelius, Plato Aristotle and their tendency in ethical research is a syncretic tendency between Socrates and Alkibi as well as Stoic knowledge was based on a syncretic tendency between Aristotelian and Platonic reason and they tried to reconcile philosophy and practical philosophy Theoretical philosophy works on the knowledge of man about his home and place in the universe and philosophy works to prepare philosophy to achieve a complete preparation for virtue.

Byzantine society was one that sanctified knowledge and considered it sublime. Therefore, from its early days, the Byzantine Empire enjoyed the most important element of civilization, development, and culture: higher academic education, upon which the foundations of Byzantine culture were based. Although the early beginnings of this civilization were purely Hellenistic, the sciences taught at the universities of Athens, Alexandria, and Beirut did not conflict with the emergence of Christianity. Education proceeded in the direction set by the Christian state, in accordance with its theory of distancing itself from paganism. The Byzantine emperors played a major role in reviving schools through their financial and moral support for scholars and the reception of students from outside Constantinople. The schools produced A vast number of philosophers, writers, doctors, law professors, authors, and historians were involved. Academic work oscillated between stagnation and continuity, but the monastic and religious schools proved their worth despite all the circumstances, and continued to operate until later periods.

Arabic language has undergone significant syntactic transformations due to its increased use in digital communication, especially on platforms like Facebook. Users engage with the language in non-standard forms, often departing from classical syntactic norms. This study aims to examine the structure of Arabic sentences in digital texts through an applied analysis of real Facebook posts. It investigates syntactic elements such as ellipsis, word order variations, and code-switching between Classical Arabic and colloquial dialects.
Using a descriptive-analytical method, a sample of (20) actual posts was analyzed within the framework of functional grammar. The results indicate substantial shifts in sentence structure, including fragmentary clauses, hanging sentences, and dense constructions through ellipsis. The data also show an increasing trend of hybrid structures combining colloquial and formal elements.
The study recommends pedagogical reforms in Arabic syntax instruction in digital contexts and calls for the development of computational tools to parse digital texts syntactically. Future comparative studies across platforms are also suggested.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Task-Based Learning (TBL) and Thinking Stimulation on the Acquisition of Historical Concepts among Fourth-Year Literature Students in History. The researcher adopted a partially controlled experimental design (two experimental groups and a control group) with a post-test as the design for this study. In light of the experimental design, the researcher intentionally selected a sample of fourth-grade literary students at the Iraqi Heritage Preparatory School affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of the Third Rusafa to be the field for applying the current study experiment. The study sample consisted of (90) students, including two experimental groups and a control group. Using the random drawing method, the researcher selected Section (A) to represent the first experimental group, which numbered (30) students, who studied the history subject according to the steps of the task-based learning strategy (TBL). Section (B) represented the second experimental group, which numbered (30) students, who studied the same subject according to the steps of the thinking stimulation strategy. Section (C) represented the control group, which numbered (30) students, who studied the same subject according to the usual method. The researcher rewarded it among the study groups in the variables (chronological age, intelligence). At the end of the experiment, the test was applied to acquire historical concepts. The study showed the following results:
1. The superiority of the students of the group The first experimental group, who studied history using the task-based learning (TBL) strategy, outperformed the second experimental group, who studied the same subject using the thinking-stimulating strategy, in the test of acquiring historical concepts.
2. The students in the first experimental group, who studied history using the task-based learning (TBL) strategy, and the second experimental group, who studied the same subject using the thinking-stimulating strategy, outperformed the control group, who studied the same subject using the traditional method, in the test of acquiring historical concepts.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the Venn Diagram strategy on developing reading comprehension among first-year intermediate students. The researcher followed the experimental approach and designed two groups with partial control. The research sample consisted of (68) students at Al-Jundi Al-Basil Intermediate School for Boys, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate / First Rusafa. The researcher rewarded some variables, prepared the necessary objectives and teaching plans, and took into account the opinions of experts and specialists. The research tool was a pre- and post-test of reading comprehension. Ready-made criteria were used for correction, and appropriate statistical methods were employed. The results showed that: (The students in the experimental group, who studied using the Venn Diagram strategy, outperformed the students in the control group, who studied using the traditional method).

Public opinion occupies great importance in the current era, and the scope of conducting public opinion measurements has expanded. This has been facilitated by the emergence of modern means of communication, especially interactive ones. These tools have revealed the need to study public opinion within the digital technological environment, which has been reflected in media studies related to public opinion.
Therefore, electronic media — including news websites and digital platforms — has become more influential on the general public and their orientations. People are surrounded by these means from all sides, as these platforms have become accessible due to the widespread use of the Internet. The successive developments in the communication revolution and in various fields of media studies in general, and public opinion studies in particular, have led to an urgent need to reconsider the types and contents of the topics and issues on which scientific studies and research are based.
Moreover, there are many research areas that have recently attracted the attention of media studies researchers. This requires presenting studies that consider the specificity of the environment in which they are tested, as well as studying non-repetitive topics that address issues of broader concern to public opinion. In this context, the importance of providing a comparative critical analysis of these studies emerges, seeking to benefit from previous studies and the development of the research field of electronic public opinion studies. The events in Lebanon and Palestine are among the most significant events published by electronic media platforms.

It was customary among our early scholars—may God Almighty be pleased with them—to compile an index of their works and publications in various fields of knowledge, in order to preserve them from loss, publicize them, or for other reasons. It is the fruit of their efforts over the years of their diligence and hard work, a record of the opinions and ideas their intellects have produced and their pens have documented, and a useful guide for researchers in their studies and academic research. It is in accordance with the noble hadith narrated from Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him): “Write and disseminate your knowledge among your brothers. If you die, bequeath your books to your children, for a time of turmoil will come upon the people, during which they will find comfort only in their books.” Scholars would sometimes include the titles of their works in their autobiographies, which they wrote, or in the form of a separate index of the books they authored, as Sayyid Hasan al-Sadr did in his index—which was printed and published by the al-Abbas's (pbuh) Holy Shrine. Al-Sadr, may God be pleased with him, answered a question from Sheikh Ismail bin Muhammad Ali al-Mahalati (d. 1343 AH) ( ), and compiled an index containing the names of the books he had authored, arranged it, and concluded it with a mention of his sheikhs.

Tripolitania Political Parties and Their Role in Resisting Colonial Domination (1943-1951). International circumstances enabled Libyan politicians abroad and at home to form various political bodies and parties during World War II. These parties significantly activated political work and spread national awareness. After the war, the Allied forces took control of Libya, and the Libyan armed struggle shifted towards political activity. The research covered defining political parties and Tripolitania, Tripolitanian emigrants' political activity abroad, and Tripolitanian political activity at home, highlighting parties like the Tripolitanian National Party, the Free National Bloc Party, and others. These parties played a crucial role in Libya's struggle for independence, hindered by internal conflicts and divisions.

Islam, with its teachings and rulings, has addressed the motives for crime, and closed the doors and paths leading to it when it laid the foundations of a virtuous society, and decided on strong social systems that created a united and cohesive society that strengthens each other, so there is no difference between one citizen and another except in piety, and Islam, although it decided on freedoms in society, restricted them within the framework of laws and legal controls to protect society from the aggression and deviation of those freedoms or misguidance in its direction, especially since the systems of Islam have addressed all aspects of individual life, through organizing the relationship of the individual with his Lord, and the relationship of the individual with the other individual, as well as including social aspects, such as the relationship of the individual with society and the state, and then the relationship of the state with other states, and thus Islam has laid the foundations of legitimate politics with its teachings, which in turn has contributed effectively to formulating the foundations of good governance that manages the public affairs of the Islamic state in a way that ensures the achievement of interests and the prevention of corruption within the limits of the Sharia and its comprehensive principles.
Islam, as the seal of the heavenly messages and legislations, has come with well-founded rulings and complete and sublime systems in their purposes, fulfilling the requirements and needs of people and groups and suitable for them in all times and places. It is the legislation that came with the foundations of building the Islamic society to be an ideal society in which there are no factors and causes of crime because every individual in it enjoys freedom, security and justice, and enjoys the love and appreciation of all his Muslim brothers to reciprocate with love and loyalty. It is a society whose relationships among its members are based on piety, so everyone seeks to please God, so it has become like a single body, if one of its members complains, the rest of the body responds to it with wakefulness and fever.

During the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), there were nine mosques in Medina, and the first school was established there in 622 AD. The idea of establishing schools and learning in them spread like wildfire. In Cordoba in the eighth century, there were hundreds of schools, and by the late ninth century, almost every mosque had an elementary school for both boys and girls. Boys began their elementary education around the age of six, as did some girls and slave children, except for the wealthy, who had private teachers. Education was free or very inexpensive, making it accessible to all. In the early lessons, students memorized the ninety-nine names of God and verses from short surahs, studied the Quran carefully, and added arithmetic. By the tenth century, education had extended to the teacher's home, indicating that schools were gradually developing. This development occurred first in Persia. In 1066 AD, the Seljuks established the Nizamiyya Madrasa, named after its founder, the vizier Nizam al-Mulk al-Baghdadi. This was the first private school with a separate educational building attached. Generally speaking, schools were established since the early days of Islam, and teachers were paid salaries. Schools were built in large numbers, and their founders paid great attention to the beauty of the building. Each school had a courtyard and multiple halls used for lessons, meeting rooms, or prayer rooms, in addition to individual living rooms and fashion rooms. The state or the ruling caliph exercised a degree of oversight over education, and teachers were required to obtain prior permission to practice their profession.

This research addresses the topic of energy therapy from an analytical and critical purposive perspective. It reveals the philosophical and spiritual roots of this practice, which originates from Asian pagan beliefs. It relies on the idea of vital energy, which allegedly flows through the human body and affects physical and psychological health. This approach evolved to be presented as a therapeutic and developmental model, before being integrated into Islamic rituals as a means of spiritual purification and contemplation. This constitutes an innovation in religion and a clear violation of the objectives of Islamic law. The research demonstrates that this integration violates the established methodology of worship, leads to a distortion of the meanings of servitude and monotheism, and contradicts the goal of preserving religion from innovation and doctrinal confusion. It also violates the rules governing legitimate medical treatment, which require proven benefit, both legally and physically. It falls under the category of deception, fraud, and deception, due to its lack of valid legal and scientific evidence. By presenting and critiquing practitioners' doubts, the study concluded that contemporary energy therapy, while seemingly developmental or curative, is inherently fraught with alien doctrinal concepts and unacceptable metaphysical philosophies. These concepts distort religious understanding and distort the foundations of monotheism. This requires a response and warning against its practice or promotion, in order to protect religion, reason, and the soul.

The study was conducted in Iraq at the Morning Institute of Fine Arts for Girls in Karbala.
- The current study aimed to identify...
- The researcher used the quasi-experimental approach with a post-test for the experimental and control study groups.
The study sample consisted of (37) female students divided into two groups: an experimental group (18) students who studied the reciprocal teaching strategy, and a control group (19) students who studied the traditional method. The two groups were equivalent in terms of extraneous variables during the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024).
The researcher prepared a post-achievement test tool after verifying the validity and reliability of the tool.
The study results indicated statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the average scores of the students in the two groups, in favor of the experimental group.
Based on these results, the researcher presented some urgent recommendations and future proposals on this topic.

Reference is one of the elements that many researchers in the field of textual studies have been interested in, and it is considered.
Reference is one of the most important means of achieving cohesion and coherence in a text, by connecting the links between the sections of a passage, or connecting the different sections of the text. It is one of the criteria that plays a major role in demonstrating the adequacy of the text, in addition to its contribution to the formulation of phrases and their coherence on the verbal side, taking into account semantic coherence. Some scholars consider it one of the linguistic alternatives that constitute an important aspect in creating textual competence, and the latter is: formulating the largest amount of information by expending the least amount of means . Reference is a phenomenon that no language is free of, and this is the reason for scholars\' interest in it. \"Language itself is a referential system .

The Quran Karim was revealed according to a system and relationships between God Almighty and His servants. The command is one of the many relationships mentioned in the Holy Quran. Commands can be either obligatory or based on meanings derived from the context. This research has been limited to three meanings: supplication, guidance, and permission. Without expanding on the rest of the rhetorical meanings that may be understood from the matter, such as wishing, incapacity, threat, and settlement, etc., this is due to my desire to focus on these three meanings because of their clear presence in the Qur’anic text. The diversification in meaning came according to the contexts of the speech and the difference in the intentions of the speaker, and my study was with the analytical rhetorical method, so the research was divided into three axes after a summary, introduction, conclusion, and a list of sources. The introduction, "Terminology in the Research Title," comprised three sections, addressing the title and terminology of the thesis. The research concluded that stylistic deviation from its original meaning is one of the most important aspects of eloquence, as it reveals the flexibility of the Arabic language and its ability to express the most precise meanings and subtlest intentions in the most concise and eloquent terms.

The study aims to identify the effectiveness of teaching cluster questions on the achievement and attitudes of fourth-grade literary students in the subject of History of Arab-Islamic Civilization. Two null hypotheses were formulated:
1.There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of students in the experimental group studying the subject of History of Arab-Islamic Civilization using cluster questions and the average scores of students in the control group studying the same subject using the traditional method in the post-achievement test.
2.There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of students in the experimental group studying the subject of History of Arab-Islamic Civilization using cluster questions and the average scores of students in the control group studying the same subject using the traditional method in the scale of attitudes towards the subject. The sample consisted of (60) students. The researcher used the experimental research method. The research tools consisted of a post-achievement test with (40) items. The first instrument was a multiple-choice item, and the second instrument was a scale of attitudes towards the subject, which consisted of (30) items. The validity of the two instruments was determined using apparent validity and their reliability using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest. After statistically analyzing the research results, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the achievement test in favor of the students in the experimental group, as well as a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the scale of attitudes towards the subject in favor of the students in the experimental group. The researcher concluded that teaching using cluster questions is more effective than teaching using the traditional method in achieving history achievement and measuring students' attitudes towards the subject. The researcher recommended the necessity of training history teachers on modern strategies, including the method of teaching using cluster questions. The researcher suggested conducting further research on other educational levels and other variables.

Discourse analysis looks at the way language is influenced by the speaker’s identity, age, social class, background, and relation to the interlocutors, and, conversely, how these identities, classes, backgrounds, and relations are reflected in language. This qualitative study aims at investigating the influence of manipulation and power on controlling the minds of other people. The model adopted in the analysis of the data of this study is van Dijk’s (2006a). Additionally, the strategies of Positive-self presentation and Negative-other presentation are investigated with respect to the use and abuse of power. The main focus of this study is on the use of the personal pronouns ‘I’ and ‘We’. The data of this study are Donald Trump’s speech on January 6, 2021 right before the Capitol attack by Trump’s supporters as published by The Associate Press. The study reveals that different strategies can be used to manipulate and control the minds of people especially by powerful people or those who are in powerful positions just to impose their ideologies.