Ur Journal for Human Sciences

This study explores the topic of "Strategies of Influence in the Lebanese Civil War: Analyzing the Armed Conflict in the War of the Camps between the Amal Movement, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and Hezbollah (1985–1990)" as one of the most pivotal phases in the trajectory of the Lebanese Civil War, during which local, regional, and international dimensions intertwined in an unprecedented manner. The War of the Camps represented a complex armed confrontation that went beyond direct military engagements, reflecting a broader competition over influence and political representation within both the Lebanese and Palestinian arenas. The conflict occurred in the aftermath of the collapse of previous political and military balances, especially following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and the subsequent withdrawal of the PLO from Beirut. In this context, Lebanese armed factions like the Amal Movement emerged to fill the resulting political and security vacuum, particularly in Shiite-majority areas in the south and the suburbs of Beirut. Amal played a central role in attempting to assert control over Palestinian camps, under the pretext of preventing them from becoming military bases or safe havens for forces opposing Syria's presence in Lebanon. This led to open confrontation with the PLO, which sought to reestablish its footing in Lebanon. Hezbollah, as a rising force aligned with the Iranian-Syrian axis, also became involved in the conflict, albeit at times indirectly. The war thus became an expression of a multi-level strategic struggle, where sectarian, regional, and international dynamics intersected. The conflict had significant repercussions on Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, who were caught between the front lines and the political-military reckoning. This research aims to analyze the dynamics of the conflict through the lens of the strategies of influence employed by the three parties, assessing its impact on the course of the Lebanese Civil War, the Palestinian cause, and regional power balances. It also highlights Syria's role in shaping the course of events, extending beyond the local character of the conflict.

northwest of Basra Governorate. Its coordinates are located between latitudes (30.45.29) north and two arcs of length (47.55.46) east. It is bordered to the west by Al-Muthanna Governorate and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to the east by parts of the city Basra, to the south, Kuwait, and to the north, Dhi Qar Governorate, as shown in map (1). It was found through the research that the wheat plant responded to the data of the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, groundwater, and climatic data, especially in its thermal limits and the values of soil analyzes at which it can grow at temperatures in Growth season ranges from 7°C to 22°C This is the period that wheat needs to reach maturity. The yield of a dunum reached (650-850) kg, with an area of (2000 dunums), representing a percentage of (62.5%) that contributed to treating areas of desertified lands in the northern Zubair desert

The study aimed to identify the degree to which the teaching staff at Imam Al-Kadhim College practice 21st-century skills in teaching academic courses. The study sample consisted of 61 faculty members, representing 85% of the total population. To achieve the study’s objective, the researcher developed a scale for 21st-century skills, which consisted of 40 items distributed across three domains: learning and innovation skills, digital literacy skills, and life and work skills. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the tool, it was applied to the study sample. The results showed that the degree of practicing 21st-century skills by the teaching staff at Imam Al-Kadhim College in teaching academic courses was at a moderate level. The researcher recommended the necessity of incorporating 21st-century skills into the curricula of academic courses in Iraqi universitie

Public health has received significant attention in Iraqi law, and has been considered one of the most important issues researched and studied by scholars throughout the ages. Anything related to it poses a serious threat to all people. Therefore, the legislature has described it as a public danger. It harms the general public, whether individuals or even groups, and because members of the group are more clearly identified, we therefore want it to be protected in the public interest. Due to the seriousness of the Thai threat to public health and its abundance, and the legislator's desire to limit it, it has been addressed under Penal Code No. (11) of 1969, Law No. (1) of 2010 (final), and Environmental Protection Law No. (27) of 2009 (final).

The Quranic readings have a lot of importance and great benefits, especially the voice guidance, which greatly enriches the Quranic performance and recitation from a great sense of hearing and hearts as much as it directs the interpretation of the verses and enriches them with understanding and reflection, so it is necessary to know the meaning of the readings and their number and what is the benefit of directing the Quranic reading according to its reading faces, and the statements of scholars who interpret and guide them in each face.

Turner's poetry captures trauma survivor fragmented, time and memory-blending experiences. The present paper reveals the deep sense of temporal collapse and psychological fragmentation that characterizes trauma in Turner's poetry. It provides a clear reflection on the long-lasting effects of war on the individual. Turner treats war as an unclaimed, ever-present experience in his poetry. The study uses Cathy Caruth's trauma theory from Unclaimed Experience (1996) to analyze how war trauma and temporal displacement are represented in Brian Turner's Phantom Noise (2010) collection. This theory will help to examine how soldiers and civilians negotiate the disconcerting terrain of hybridity and displacement in different times and places, shedding light on the tremendous repercussions of war on identity formation. Results showed a deep psychological and emotional fallout from war, illustrating the fractured, non-linear character of trauma as it affects both soldiers and civilians.

This study aims to explore the impact of social psychology on behaviors related to sustainable development by analyzing the psychological and social factors influencing individuals' commitment to environmentally sustainable practices. The study highlights the importance of environmental identity and social belonging in shaping individuals' environmental behaviors, as those who feel a sense of belonging to a sustainability-supportive group are more likely to adopt positive practices. Additionally, it examines the role of environmental anxiety, which can either motivate or hinder sustainable actions. The study relies on various social psychological theories, including the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Social Identity Theory, to explain how beliefs, attitudes, and social norms influence individuals' environmental decisions. The findings emphasize the critical role of government policies, education, and awareness programs in fostering sustainable behaviors. Accordingly, the study presents several recommendations to enhance sustainable development, such as strengthening environmental awareness campaigns, developing supportive sustainability policies, and implementing effective strategies to manage environmental anxiety.

The administrative closure of establishments violating health regulations is one of the most prominent administrative penalties imposed by the administration to protect public health. However, regulating judicial oversight of these decisions raises a legal problem, especially in light of texts that restrict the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary, such as Article 96 of the Public Health Law No. 89 of 1981, as amended. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the legitimacy of this restriction and its compatibility with the principle of legality and guarantees of the right to litigation

The aim of the research is to identify the freedom of thought in the Holy Quran as contained in the books of Shiites and Sunnis, the importance of the research comes from the importance of its subject as freedom of thought is one of the most important freedoms enjoyed by man, which was stipulated by God Almighty in his Holy Book, and it is necessary to identify this type of freedom in the books of both groups, and the research followed the descriptive analytical approach where it will be by explaining the texts on freedom of thought contained in the books of Shiites and Sunnis and analysis, has The research reached several results: The Holy Qur'an touched on the freedom of human thinking in many verses, and many hadiths were received from the Holy Prophet, may God bless him and his family, about the freedom of thought in both the books of Shiites and Sunnis, and there are several controls that limit the freedom of thought when Shiites and freedom of expression and opinion when Sunnis, most notably not to infringe on others, and the imams of Ahl al-Bayt peace be upon them stressed the freedom of thought and the need to reflect on God's creation without thinking about The same God Almighty

of achieving adaptation and integration into it as well. There are also problems specific to the students themselves related to the extent of their familiarity and conviction of the importance of academic guidance. Other problems may arise for them, represented by the difficulty of adapting to the educational system represented by the study units system, in addition to other problems that may be related to their psychological aspects, represented by the difficulty of adapting to their scientific specialization and the extent of achieving success in it. They may also face other social problems represented by the safety of their relationships with their fellow students, which may put before them a set of problems that may affect them and the extent of their achievement of their goals in general, as well as the safety of their psychological and social development, as all these problems that university students face in different colleges, starting from choosing the desired scientific specialization based on their desires, inclinations and abilities, as well as choosing the courses of study throughout their university studies, as the presence of an academic advisor is an important factor and helps them pass their required courses of study and achieve academic success. The academic advisor also plays a role. An important role in the lives of students because of its effective role in providing them with the necessary psychological assistance and support and solving the problems that may hinder them, so that this is reflected in helping the educational institution also achieve its goals.

Writing on grammar topics requires culture and deep follow-up in the sources of authentic books, so I tried to write this research about scholars who have few opinions on grammar, and these opinions enrich the grammatical material. These opinions are reliable, even though they are few in their opinions, but their opinions are important in grammar books, so more When grammarians come across it, they do not let it go to waste, but rather give it importance through study, and in the end they express their opinions: whether this is a correct opinion or a weak opinion, including Al-Radi. The study of this research was about seven grammatical issues by different grammarians whom Al-Radi mentioned and gave his position on them, but by coincidence all of his positions were in opposition to these grammarians because Al-Radi is mostly in line with the opinion of the Basrans. This research is considered an enrichment of the grammar library, because such opinions are hidden in the books of grammarians and must be studied and presented so that students can benefit from them in their grammatical studies, and to collect them in one independent research so that they are not scattered in the depths of the books

The 19th century represented the peak of the European scramble for colonies worldwide, with Sub-Saharan Africa bearing the brunt of this conflict. European colonial powers rushed to acquire colonies, especially with the emergence of Germany as a new colonial power seeking to compensate for its late arrival and compete with traditional European colonial powers (Britain, France, and Portugal). These ambitions led to clashes, and the struggle for the hinterlands and the Congo nearly ignited a devastating European war. However, European diplomacy averted this through conferences and agreements, ultimately resulting in the division of these territories at the expense of the rights and aspirations of the African peoples.

Countries are concerned with confronting crimes arising from the threat to biodiversity or causing a decrease in its value, as this is a very dangerous crime and the impact on sustainable development. There are many in this field, and for the purpose of assessing the position of the Iraqi legislator and the extent of the effectiveness of his texts in protecting sustainable development by protecting biodiversity, we will analyze and study the texts contained in the field of protecting biodiversity in Iraqi legislation by dividing them into two sections, we show in the first the relationship between punitive protection For biodiversity and sustainable development, as for the second topic, we show the scope of penal protection for biodiversity and sustainable development, and the research ends with a conclusion that includes the most important findings and recommendations

This research aims to study the impact of the geographical distribution of industrial cities in Iraq on industrial production, with a particular focus on the city of Basra. Industrial cities are considered essential factors in promoting economic and social development in developing countries. The effective geographical distribution of these cities contributes to improving productivity, providing job opportunities, and helps achieve industrial diversity while reducing economic gaps between regions. The research findings indicate that the geographical distribution of industrial cities in Iraq faces several challenges that negatively affect industrial production, such as the concentration of industrial cities in specific areas, which limits industries\' access to raw materials and increases transportation costs. Data collected from participants in Basra revealed that 50% of the participants believe that the geographical distribution of industrial cities is concentrated in certain areas, while 70% of participants indicated that this distribution positively affects the level of industrial production. The results also showed that the infrastructure in Basra is considered sufficient to support industrial development, with 95% of participants supporting this, despite challenges related to accessing raw materials. The research also identified legal and regulatory challenges as major obstacles facing industrial cities in Basra, along with a lack of resources and weak infrastructure

The emergence and spread of terrorism is one of the modern tools for spreading chaos and insecurity. It is the most prominent application of creative chaos in exerting pressure and seeking change on governments and peoples, particularly in countries suffering from weaknesses in vital areas, including security, economics, society, technology, culture, and others. Terrorism has practiced all forms of violence and crime, targeting the unity of the Iraqi nation and the security and economic systems of the Iraqi state. The geographical spread of this phenomenon has expanded for many reasons, including the weak performance of the security and intelligence services during the early formation of the Iraqi government after the fall of the former regime. International ambitions hostile to Iraq exploited the government's preoccupation with forming and organizing its institutions, as well as the state of economic weakness and the exploitation of a certain segment of youth for economic reasons to join terrorist organizations. Political instability and social and religious influences have also contributed to the activation of the role of terrorism within Iraq. It is imperative to constantly prepare for the emergence of new security challenges and to prepare the population and security systems, with their various components, to deter any threat that may arise. Iraq's geography lies at the center of the regional and international conflict map, which is increasingly threatening the security and social cohesion of those seeking to create instability and dismantle social cohesion. Accordingly, the population is one of the most important areas of study, the focus of which is the compass of political geography research studies, as it is the precise measure of a state's ability and strength to control its vital spheres politically, economically, militarily, security-wise, and socially.

This research reviews the impact of tourism on social development in the city of Karbala, focusing on religious tourism as a key driver of the local economy. Karbala is one of the most important religious cities in Iraq, attracting millions of visitors annually, which significantly contributes to improving personal income and providing job opportunities in various sectors such as hotels, restaurants, transportation, and handicrafts. The tourism sector also enhances the city’s infrastructure, including roads, transportation, and the provision of basic public services like water, electricity, and sewage.

International treaties have great importance in the international community, because they play a prominent role in international life, they are on the one hand considered one of the main sources of public international law, which is stipulated in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and on the other hand that countries need to cooperate among themselves in order to organize and facilitate their international relations, so they had no choice but to resort to concluding international treaties among themselves to regulate various interests and political and economic situations. Social, artistic and other things that need to be organized.
And that these treaties are not binding at the international and national level only after ratification, ratification is a work under which states prove their association with the treaty at the international level and also has an internal appearance represented by the procedures to be followed by the application of internal constitutional rules to obtain the approval of the competent authorities, this procedure represents the passage through several legal and procedural steps to ensure compatibility between the international system with the internal legal system of the state, and that the internal constitutions of states are the ones that determine the authority or authority Competent to ratify treaties, it may make this competence solely the executive or the legislative authority or make it a joint competence between the executive and legislative branches

concept of sustainable legal security and its role in achieving legal, social, and economic stability. Since sustainable
development aims to enhance well-being, eradicate poverty, and preserve economic resources for future generations, it necessitates the existence of national legislation characterized by stability, clarity of legal rules, and the protection of acquired rights.
Stable legislation is one of the key pillars that the legislator seeks to establish, as it is a shared responsibility between individuals and the state. The stability of legislation in its various forms contributes to achieving the state's objectives and promoting sustainable development.
In this research, we have clarified the role of economic legislation in stimulating and strengthening the state's economy, as well as the social legislation that ensures justice and equality. Additionally,
environmental legislation plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development in all its forms. Collectively, these legislative frameworks contribute to ensuring a dignified life for individuals, enhancing well-being, and fostering economic growth. Therefore, legislation must be based on stability and clarity, as the quality of legislation directly reflects its ability to guarantee justice and achieve sustainable legal security.

Scholars agree that linguistic criticism is a standard for linguistic integrity. It is a criterion for judging the quality or poor quality of a linguistic text. It accompanied the emergence of Arabic sciences, the first of which was grammar, represented by Sibawayh\'s book. It was the first grammatical work to be subjected to extensive research

investigation, and delving into its depths. Linguistic criticism had a significant share of this book. We can almost be certain that the oldest forms of Arabic criticism were linguistic, even though the first attempts at criticism were based on Arabic poetry, and the attempt to refine, purify, and cleanse it of the violations that had been attached to it under the pretext of poetic necessity. However, it came in the accusative case in the grammatical aspect of raising, accusative, and genitive. As soon as the early grammarians established grammar, such as Abd al-Rahman ibn Hurmuz, Abdullah ibn Abi Ishaq al-Hadrami, and Isa ibn Umar, they began to refine the poetic language and direct linguistic criticism at the attempt of these poets to subject the linguistic rules to suit their poems. The known levels of language, grammatically, morphologically, phonetically, and semantically, are nothing but a system of verbal communication that requires a critical linguistic study based on analysis and evaluation that focuses on the soundness of the grammatical structure, the correctness of the morphological and phonetic construction, and the accuracy of the meaning.

The current study aimed to identify self-vitality and its relationship to dichotomous thinking among special education students. The researchers adopted the Abd (2022) scale, which was based on Ryan & Frederick's (1997) definition of self-vitality. The study consisted of (32) items, and the scoring options were: (always applies to me, sometimes applies to me, often applies to me, never applies to me). The Hamoud (2021) scale, which was based on Kramer's (1983) model for measuring self-vitality, consisted of (30) items, and the scoring options were: (always applies to me, often applies to me, somewhat applies to me, rarely applies to me, never applies to me). The researchers used the descriptive correlational approach and selected the sample using a natural random method. The sample size reached (25) male and female students from the College of Basic Education/Department of Special Education/Evening Studies students. The researchers also extracted the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the scale, and concluded that there was a correlation between the two variables. The researchers summarized a set of recommendations and proposals