Psychological Science

Abstract
The study aims at finding out the achievement striving of preparatory school students and the statistically significant differences according to the fallowing variables: gender (male, female) and specification (scientific, humanity).
The researcher has constructed the achievement striving scale of (52) items. The psychometric characteristics of the scale have been found out. The study has been administered on a sample of (400) fifth preparatory class students (male and female).
The results show that the study sample has high achievement striving, there are no statistically significant differences in the achievement striving according to the gender variable (male, female) and there are statistically significant differences according to the specification variable (scientific, humanity) in favor of scientific studies.
According to the results, the researcher has set forward several recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
The goal of the current research to find out the impact of three strategies (gradual deceleration of the strategic Horn and the question of self) in the collection of second grade students in the average material Dictation
In order to achieve the research objective, the following hypotheses were formulated :
1. There is no statistically significant difference at level (0.05) between the average achievement of students studying the strategy of gradual deceleration and the average achievement of students studying the Horn strategy.
2. There was no statistically significant difference between the average of students studying the strategy of gradual deceleration and the average of students studying the psychic question strategy.
3. There was no statistically significant difference between the average of students studying the Horn strategy and the average achievement of students studying the psychic question strategy .
The current research community was in the province of Baghdad / Rusafa 2, where the total research sample (33) for the first experimental, (34) students for the second experiment , the third experimental group was (33), and after excluding one student from the first pilot, Of the students (32) students and of the second experimental one student also for the same reasons (32) , while the third experimental and after excluding (one student) became 32 students.
Cava researcher between the research groups in the following three variables: grades of students in the previous year, And the chronological age of the students measured in months, And academic achievement for the parents of students of the two sets of research, and academic achievement for students of the mothers of the two sets of research, and statistical treatment showed that there was no statistically significant differences between the two sets of research , which means that they are equivalent in these variables.
The researcher prepared plans for the three groups according to the strategies he chose for the current research and was presented to a group of arbitrators to find the truthfulness of the stability, according to the coefficient applied by the equation Koder - Richardson (20) .
The statistical methods used in the analysis of research data are :
1. T- test and Kai square to find out the significance of differences between the two search groups in equivalence .
2. Koder- Richardson equation (20) for stability of instrument .
3. Madlta paragraph difficulty and discrimination Ha .
According to the results, the researcher mentioned a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions .

ABSTRACT
The research aims to measure the level of emotional arousal in a sample of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in football. The aim of the study is to identify the differences of statistical significance in emotional arousal among students of the Faculty of Physical Education according to the variable of the school stage. And sports science University of Baghdad for the three stages (the first, third, fourth) in which the study of football, and to achieve the goal of the study, the researcher adopted the measure of emotional arousal, and after analyzing the data, the study found that students have no excitation High score in the football lesson. The study also revealed differences in emotional arousal among students according to the variable of the school stage and for the first stage.

Abstract
This study focuses on presenting the problem of illiteracy which is considered one of the most important and serious problems facing developing countries at present as a national problem with multiple dimensions of economic, social, political and civilizational. The study started from the conviction that there is a reciprocal relationship between poverty and illiteracy, and that education is one of the central factors in poverty reduction. Therefore, the study sought to analyze the indicators of the relationship between poverty and illiteracy, In order to analyze these indicators, the study used the social survey method for its relevance to the nature of the topic under study. The type of study was field in the optional sample method according to the poverty indicators in the governorates issued by the Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology from the Ministry of Planning in the Republic of Iraq. The study reached a set of results: It is related to the diagnosis of the state of poverty in society, including the characteristics of the relationship between poverty and illiteracy, The study also identified a set of requirements to reduce poverty and reduce illiteracy. The most important of these requirements was the expansion of basic infrastructure and support services through increased government spending on infrastructure projects such as schools, literacy centers, roads and service facilities, especially in villages, rural areas, remote areas and slums. Government support for the social and industrial development program by providing incentives and appropriate exemptions to investors, to provide an appropriate investment climate for companies and institutions. Eliminate unemployment by granting loans to the poor to carry out industrial, craft or tourist-generating projects to improve their lifestyle and level of advancement. Adopting the poverty reduction strategy as a basic document must be absorbed by development plans to reduce the poverty rate in Iraq.

Abstract
This study investigates the effectiveness of gardens ideas on the achievement and development of creative thinking of the second-grade students in the chemistry .
To achieve this goal, researcher design achievement test to measure the achievement of students of the experimental group, which consist of(40) questions of multiple choice, the Torrance Test for Creativity and thinking Development has been conducted, too. The researcher applied an experimental design on a sample of (74) students of Sada Al- Murefaa school for boys distributed randomly into (36) for experimental and (38) for control groups, it was done after the parity between the extraneous variables: the students age measured in months and academic achievement test for previous year for the academic year 2017-2018 . the experiment was applied about (3) lessons per week for each group. The researcher taught both groups by herself, Data analysis by using t-test Cronbach alpha through SPSS. In the light of the results of the study, the researcher came out with a number of conclusions:
The effectiveness of the teaching by strategy ideas in gardens compared to the usual strategy as well as its superiority in the development of creative thinking and its effectiveness
In the light of the results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations

bstract :
The research aims to identify ( Effectiveness Strategic( PQ4R) in the development of veasoning thinking a mong Students in the fifth grade in the history) In order to verify the objective of the research and hypotheses , the researcher used the experimental design. The sample was selected for the boys (2018-2019) and the sample of research(49) distributed over two divisions (A) The experimental group is number (25) student was studied according to strategy( PQ4R and (B) control group(24)student studied according to the usual method.
The researcher rewarded between the two groups in several variables, the researcher began applying the experiment 20/10/2018 It is over 10/1/2019. The appropriate Statistical means were used to Process the data and that stategy ( PQ4R) proved statist ically effective in the teaching of history. We recommend using this strategy in teaching and suyyest conducting research in stages and other study materials and on variables such as (Tendencies and Creative thinking).

Abstract
The present study aims at investigating the feeling of humiliation among lecturers who work for free. The study aims at identifying:
1. The humiliation feeling among lecturers who work for free in ministry of education .
2. The feeling of humiliation in accordance with the type of gender(male, female)
The current research is limited to lectures, who work for free in the ministy of education. A sample of (403) lecturers has been selected randomly consisting of (165) males and (238) females. The theoretical framework of the study relies on a number of theories which attempt to interpret the concept of feeling humiliation and the theory adopted is “Evaluating Emotion” theory.
In order to achieve these aims, the researcher has developed a scale about feeling of humiliation consisting of (25) items in its final form and has achieved two types of verification (validity) the virtual and structural validities. Stability has been made by using Alfa method rating (0.79) and by making retesting rating (0.76).
Relying on statistical analysis, the study has come to the following results:
1. The lecturers who working for free have feeling of humiliation.
2. There are differences between males and females in favor of females
A number of recommendations for further studies have been suggested.

Abstract
Today, the world is convinced that sustainable development that destroys und-redevelopment is the only way to ensure that the elements of life exist today and in the future. It is clear that schools can nurture a new generation of citizens with environmental knowledge to support the transition to a prosperous and sustain-able future. Have become active educational laboratories for sustainable develop-pent where young students are prepared to adapt and help mitigate the consequences of climate change
The research aims to identify the role of the school in sustainable develop-pimento, to achieve the research objective; the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of 20 paragraphs and after extracting the truth by presenting it to a group of experts and arbitrators in education and psychology. Sample of Man-agers The Pearson correlation coefficient was used. It was found that the stability coefficient is 0.85, which is a high stability coefficient indicating that it is safe to use this test. The researcher reached a number of results, including the paragraph (formation of school committees of science teachers) and the presidency (91.5). This indicates the keenness of the school administration and the educational authority to contribute to sustainable development and to highlight the role of the school in that process. The paragraph (participation of school staff and institutions) (90.5) shows the extent to which school staff interact with other institutions and understand the role of the school in sustainable development. Of therecommend-rations and proposals in the light of the results, I reached it.

Abstract
The research aims to identify The Effectiveness of the Reciprocal Teaching strategy in the development of reflective thinking of theeight Basic class students in science for all. To achieve such a goal, the researchers put three null hypotheses, The research involved the eight basic class students during the study year ( 2019-2020) in the (Garmyan Basic School) in Arbil , which was deliberately chosen.
The researched adopted the experimental design of case –control study, with both pre and post-testing for reflective thinking awareness variable.However, the research sample included (48) students randomly distributed on two group: an experimental group of (25) students studied Science according to the Reciprocal Teachingstrategy, and a control group composed (23) students studied Science conventional method.The researcher took in consideration the equivalence of both groups in such a (variable as the age, the average grade in Science Subject for the seventh basic grade for the academic year 2017-2018,intelligence quotient andreflective thinking).

The researcher prepared the reflective thinking and its virtual validity by presenting it to a group of arbitrators and specialists. It verified its stability by repeating the test. The total stability coefficient (0.80) Alpha Kronbach (0.75).
The researchers adapted (40) study plans: half byReciprocal Teaching strategy and half by the conventional method.
The researcher started on (23 Jan.2019) and ended by(7Mar.2019), during which the teacher gave lessons to both study groups.
By completion of the research, application of research tool, data collection , and statistical analysis, the following results were obtainer:
1-The Existing of difference of staticallysignificance at the level of (0.05) between the averages for the mark in the experimental group of pre-test and post-test in the reflective thinking, the result benefit for the post-test.
2.The Existing of a difference of statically significance at the level of (0.05) between the averages for the mark in the experimental group of pre-test and post-test in the creativity thinking, the result benefit for the post-tes.
3.The Existing of a difference of statically significance at the level of (0.05) between the averages for the mark in two groups of post-test in the reflective thinking, the result favor for the experimental group..

Abstract
Agoraphobia is regarded as one of the problems that may cause disorders for children where they suffer from diffuculty to attain their independency and controlling their selves. However, it appears early in children as a result of not feeling safe. Childhood is considered as one of the most important stage in human life where an individual is more disposed to be affected by the various external factors in his environment.
The current research aims at exploring:-
1-Agoraphobia in the pupils of primary stage.
2-The effect of a counseling program in reducing agoraphobia of pupils of the primary stage.
Agoraphobia is defined by (DSM10) as a traditionally conditioned response against the horrible attacks. It is characterized by the observed fear and avoidance public places. However, the researcher has adopted the scale of (Al-Mashhadani, 2016) as an instrument for this research and the style of 'the systematic reducing of sensitivity' as a counseling program to reduce agoraphobia. Accordingly, the result of the present research shows that pupils suffer from agoraphobia.
The counseling program by using the systematic reduce of sensitivity style proves its effectiveness in reducing agoraphobia of pupils in the experimental group. Finally, the current research has concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The goal of this research are To find out
1. Identify the positive and negative thinking
2. See indications of differences in negative and positive thinking according to the variable gender (male, female).
3. Know the significance of differences in negative and positive thinking among college students, according to a variable specialty.
The researchers has been followed sample of research on method of Stratified random which are ( 100 students of the University of Baghdad, The data processing are addressing by statistical methods ( Spss) in find data analysis., he descriptive analytical method as it is considered the best and the suited one to the nature of this research.
the total size of the Samples has reached to (370) employees.

the results of this research are,
1. the students have a negative thinking
2. There was no statistically significant differences in variable variables of gender.
3. There were statistically significant differences in specialty favour of humanitarian specialization variable.
as a complement to search out the researchers a number of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract The present reserarach deals with Political Alienation and it relationship with Interpersonal Social Trust of university students, in tow environmennts which are Al-Mustansiriah university and Al-Anbar university. However, the results are: there a clear a reducing Interpersonal Social Trust and in Political Alienation in the students of both e universities. The present research aims at knowing the pridictors of that Interpersonal Social Trust contribute in the components of Political Alienation this is done by the means of regression analysis.In the light of the aforementioned results, it is concluded with conclusions, anumber of recommendations and suggestions

tract:
The aim of this research is to determine the availability of multiple intelligence in the content of the textbook and texts. To achieve this goal, a standard of intelligence types is composed of 44 indicators for four types of intelligence . and by using history , the analysis stability coefficient was (0.92) . To ascertain the stability of the analysis, two methods were used. (0.84), between the researcher and the first analyst (0.85) and the researcher and the other analyst (0.84), and the first analyst and the other (0.82). The results showed that the book did not neglect any type of intelligence, The highest type of IQ was natural intelligence (9,97%) followed by motor intelligence (3.93%), visual intelligence (14.56%), and linguistic intelligence (71.52%).

Abstract:
The research aims to identify:
*Aggressive behavior among middle school students.
*Differences in aggressive behavior by sex variable (males, females)
The research is determined by students of the fourth grade preparatory class (morning study) in the center of Diwaniyah for the academic year 2017-2018. The research society is represented by the students of the fourth stage in the center of Diwaniyah city (4496) students and students (1589) (12) schools for boys, (19) girls' schools, the total number of students in junior high schools for males (567) students, while the number of female students in secondary schools (899) female students. The sample was chosen in a random stratified manner with equal distribution, Pulled a sample of 400 students divided between the fourth stage only for both sexes (males and females) and by (9%) were pulled at random from eight schools, including four schools for males and 4 schools for females by 200 students and 200 female students. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher was required to prepare a standard for measuring the research variable. Therefore, the researcher adopted a scale (Sham Mari , 2003).
In order to measure the aggressive behavior, the researcher presented it to a group of arbitrators and their opinions. Ali always, apply to me sometimes, do not apply to (weights) 3, 2, 1), respectively .The statistical characteristics of the two measurements of the truth were verified by the methods of honesty, honesty, and stability in the following ways: test and retest, and the method of Vaccronbach. The statistical data were processed using the statistical bag of social sciences.
1. Students in middle school have low aggressive behavior (moderate behavior).
2 - There are no differences in the relationship in the variable behavior aggressive in the sample of males and females.
The researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
The present research aims at finding of first grade students at department of psychological and educational science /collage of education for women. To achieve this aims the following questions have been set forward; the level of the mental motivation and its levels; mental focus, learning orientation, creative problems solving and cognitive integrity and to answer this questions the research sample consisted (53) students after exclude (7) students the research sample become (46) persent (87%) from the students of the (2018-2019) years that’s stadied the psychological and educational materales at (2017-2018). Then a mental motivation measurement has been built by (AL-jebbawi 2015) consists of (40) items consisting of four areas and then the research finding that the face and factorial and constructed validity. The calculation of the reliability by person and Alphkronbakh reach to 0.70 and 0.82 arow. By using Microsoft excel 2013 and finding out means and percentages. The results show that the levels of mental motivation in general and its areas; mental focus, learning orientation, creative problems solving and cognitive integrity were good, refers that teaching of the educational and psychological sciences help to develop the mental motivation areas for the students in a good level.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify the level of lateral thinking and the level of attention control among university students, as well as identify the significance of differences according to the gender variable (male - female), As well as the correlation between the two variables. In order to verify this, the researcher adopted the lateral thinking test prepared by (Gharabawi 2013), the number of paragraphs in the final version (33) question, and adopted the measure of attention control prepared by (Shammari 2015) (125) students were randomly selected from four faculties at the University of Baghdad: Faculty of Political Science, College of Information, College of Engineering, And College of Science) for the academic year 2017-2018 and showed the results of the following research:
1- The research sample of university students has no lateral thinking.
2- There are no statistically significant differences between (male and female) in lateral thinking.
3- The research sample of the university students does not have any attention control.
4- There are statistically significant differences between males and females in attention control and in favor of females.
5- The results of the statistical analysis showed that there is no significant correlation between the current research variables, lateral thinking and attention control according to the sample as a whole.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the social withdrawal of the research sample (the elderly) and to identify the social withdrawal of the elderly according to the variables (gender, economic level, place of residence). The research sample consisted of (100) elderly and elderly people living in care homes, and (100) elderly and elderly people who live with their parents at home. The researcher used a number of statistical methods,(t-test for one and two lndependent samples, pearson correlation coefficient, Hevahtest). The results showed that the sample of older persons has a social withdrawal. There is no statistical significance at the level of (0.05) in the social withdrawal according to the gender variable. The results showed that there are differences according to the economic level (good and weak) and in favor of the weak level, And for care homes.