magazine aldhakwat albedh

The current research aims to identify the most prominent symptoms of sports bullying among physical education and sports science students at Imam Ja›far al-Sadiq University (PBUH) Muthanna Branch. There is a significant need to understand such behaviors among students, as bullying is a phenomenon directed from one individual to another, and the danger in this case is greater. There are some forms of bullying among students during practical lectures during the academic year. This phenomenon appears in emotional bullying, which occurs among students through belittling the victim, constant embarrassment, and ignoring others by some students, who attempt to diminish the victim›s sense of self. This is one of the most harmful types of bullying for the victim. The research aims to identify the symptoms of bullying among physical education and sports science students at Imam Ja›far al-Sadiq University. (A). This was achieved by using the Sports Bullying Scale.
The researcher concluded that there is a disparity in the levels of bullying among students. It was also noted that males are more vulnerable to bullying than females. Therefore, it was found that awareness of the concept of sports bullying is relatively low among students.

The term “Second Abbasid Era” refers to the period extending from 232-334 AH (847-946 AD). This period was characterized by the expansion of the influence of the Turks, Buyids, and Persians, and their control over the administrative and military aspects of the caliphate. This era also saw the caliph’s authority diminish, becoming a mere figurehead, his orders merely formal, and his role limited to signing a few decrees. This contributed to the emergence of independent states that seceded from the body of the Abbasid Caliphate.

This research aims to study the transformations in journalistic writing amid the increasing use of generative artificial intelligence tools, by analyzing their impact on the structure of texts and editorial practices, as well as exploring the role of human journalists in a hybrid media environment that merges human creativity with algorithmic capabilities. The study is grounded in two central theories: Automated Journalism Theory, which explains how algorithms produce news content, and Algorithmic Media Theory, which highlights how technical systems reshape media content and influence public opinion. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical qualitative methodology, based on comparative content analysis between two journalistic models: an AI-generated news article from Il Foglio (Italy) and a human-written report from Reuters, alongside a review of institutional experiences in the field. The findings reveal that while generative AI has strong capabilities in producing cohesive and rapid texts, it lacks human sensibility, contextual awareness, and critical thinking. Therefore, human journalists remain indispensable in the editorial process. The study recommends adopting a «hybrid editorial partnership model» that preserves journalistic professionalism, developing new editorial guidelines, and training journalists on responsible AI use.

The aim of the present study is the impact of network analysis strategy on the first intermediate student›s to identify crystaizlled intellgence effect of using for the
in the logical mathematical intelligence to the Secondary –1st year stage in order to fulful this aim I present two zero theories.
The application of this experiment had been done on a sample (69) students of the first grade Year in the Al shahama intermediate school inserve of the to the Baghdad General Directorate of the education of the Rusafa 3rd, divided on (35) students were selected to represent the experimental group, (34) pupils to represent the control, The achievement test in mathematics classification(40) items and The test crystaizlled intellgence contain (50) objective phrases of the type multiple choice, and Its success had been ensure by the Statistical Analysis. The results had been clearlfied the success of the experimental that studied according the network analysis strategy upon the control how has been studied on ordinary way for test of crystaizlled intelligence, and The achievement test by these results, altot of Conclusions recommendtons .

The Giving Judgment of Ibn Ata›Allah al-Iskandari is one of the most prominent Sufi texts that combine spiritual experience with philosophical depth, and it is characterized by precise verbal references that reflect a remarkable presence of doctrinal concepts, especially in proving the existence of God. The study examines how Ibn Ata›Allah al-Iskandari employed verbal references in his texts, not as a purely mental argument, but as a tasteful and illuminating approach to prove the truths of faith. Ibn Ata›ullah relied in proving the existence of God on intensive linguistic signs that carry philosophical and doctrinal connotations that combine mental proof and mystical taste, making judgment a dual discourse that addresses the mind and the heart together. This study aims to: Revealing the theological structure in the texts of the ruling. Highlight how linguistic signs are used as a means of proving beliefs without falling into traditional verbal arguments. Explaining the interaction between Sufism and speech in the production of a coherent discourse of faith.

The current research aimed to analyze the content of the sixth-grade primary mathematics textbook according to coordination analysis skills. To verify this research objective, the following question was formulated:
- What are the coordination thinking skills in the sixth-grade primary mathematics textbook?
To achieve this research objective, the researcher adopted a descriptive analytical research method. The research population was determined from the mathematics textbook prescribed for sixth-grade primary school for the academic year 2024-2025, and the research sample consisted of the same research population. The researcher prepared a content analysis card according to the coordination thinking skills, as it included (10) main skills and (21) indicators indicating them. The sixth grade primary mathematics book was analyzedAaccordingAtoAthe coordination thinking skills, andAaAmodelAof the analysisAsampleAwasApresentedAtoAanumberAof arbitrators in mathematics teaching methods to express their opinions about the validity of the analysis. To ensure the stability of the analysis, the researcher used two methods: the first: stability over time, which ranged between (29.65-96.78), and the second, with the help of other analysts, which ranged between (84.89-90.45) using the Holsti equation. The research results yielded the following:
- The mathematics book for the sixth grade primary included (879) skills, and the result was that the fourth chapter obtained the highest frequency and (130) skills at a rate of (14.78%). Then the fifth chapter included (128) skills and a rate of (14.56%). The third chapter included (104) skills at a rate of (11.83%). Chapter Eight included (102) skills, representing (11.60%), Chapter Nine included (95) skills, representing (10.80%), Chapter Six included (91) skills, representing (10.35%), Chapter Two included (81) skills, representing (9.21%), Chapter Seven included (77) skills, representing (8.75%), and finally, Chapter One included (71) skills, representing (8.07%). In light of the research results, the researcher recommends that mathematics curriculum authors should pay greater attention to coordinative thinking skills in the primary stage in general, and the sixth grade in particular, and diversify educational activities that lead to instilling the concept of coordinative thinking skills in students. A number of proposals were made to analyze mathematics books for the lower primary stage (first, second, and third grades) and the upper primary stage (fourth and fifth grades) according to coordinative thinking skills, and to hold training courses for primary mathematics teachers to introduce them to the concept of coordinative thinking skills.

The current research aims to study Ausbel›s theory and its effects on developing art skills among students at the Institute of Fine Arts for Boys, in planning and color (as a model).
To achieve the study›s objective, the research was divided into four chapters. The first chapter addressed several axes, represented by the research problem, which was defined in the following question: What is the impact of Ausbel›s theory on developing art skills among students at the Institute of Fine Arts for Boys in planning and color? This was followed by the importance of the research, which benefits from the principles of cognitive theory and its applications in the field of art education. The research objective is to explore the impact of Ausbel›s theory on developing art skills among art education students. This is followed by the research hypotheses, which compare the impact of teaching according to Ausbel›s cognitive theory with the traditional method. The chapter concludes with the research boundaries and definition of terminology. The second chapter presented the theoretical framework, which addressed several axes that explained the concept, idea, and main features of the theory, as well as Ausubel›s principle and the historical development of the theory. The chapter concluded with the types of concepts, as follows.
The third chapter dealt with the research procedures. The researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach to study the philosophical framework of Ausubel›s theory, and the experimental approach with two groups, experimental and control, measuring (pre-post). The study sample was a random sample of (60) students from the second-year drawing department at the Institute of Fine Arts for Boys, distributed as follows: (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group. The study tools consisted of a drawing and color test to measure the students› skills. The research concluded with the fourth chapter, which presented and interpreted the results, the conclusions reached by the researcher, and the recommendations and suggestions. The research concluded with a list of sources

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of using storytelling as a method in teaching history to enhance critical thinking skills and academic achievement among university students. The study focused on addressing the following two questions:
1. How effective is storytelling in teaching history through classical methods in developing word association skills among university students?
2. How does the use of storytelling in teaching history affect university students› academic achievement compared to traditional methods?
To answer these questions, the researcher developed instructional content by rewriting the unit titled «The Formation of the Islamic State during the Era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs» from the prescribed textbook for second-year university students, adapting it to the storytelling method. The researcher also prepared lesson plans and developed two assessment tools for the study: one to measure students› word association skills and another to assess their academic achievement. To ensure the validity of the instructional content, lesson plans, and assessment tools, they were reviewed by experts in history curricula and teaching methods.

Developing a linguistic study of a strange word in the Holy Quran requires extensive knowledge and exposure to numerous commentaries and books on strange Quranic terms. The Holy Quran selects some strange vocabulary terms over others, and through this arrangement, it achieves coherence and conveys meanings within their context, synonyms, or meanings. This research is divided into an introduction and four levels: the phonetic level, the morphological level, the syntactic or syntactic level, and the semantic level. It concludes with a conclusion that presents the most important findings of the research.

This research aims to examine judicial oversight of the legality of administrative decisions as a vital mechanism to ensure that the administration is subject to the law and protects rights and freedoms. The first section addresses the nature of administrative decisions and the principle of legality, demonstrating that administrative decisions are legal actions issued by a competent administrative body. They are subject to the principle of legality, which restricts administrative authority and prevents arbitrariness. The second section analyzes the role of the administrative judiciary in protecting the principle of legality and the limits of oversight of discretionary power. It also examines the various types of judicial oversight that balance administrative independence with the protection of individual rights. The third section reviews the legal challenges facing judicial oversight and future prospects for its development, emphasizing its role in consolidating the principles of the legal state and the rule of law. The research concludes that judicial oversight constitutes a fundamental pillar for building a sound administrative system that respects the law and the rights of citizens. It also includes recommendations for developing legislation, enhancing judicial training, simplifying judicial procedures, and strengthening transparency and accountability mechanisms. The study highlights the importance of judicial oversight balancing respect for administrative discretion and ensuring the protection of rights, thus enhancing justice and the rule of law in the administrative system.

Between 1972 and 2000, the Gulf countries, especially the UAE and Qatar, experienced significant changes in the role of women in political decision-making. This research aims to study the development of Gulf women›s participation in political life during this period, focusing on prominent female figures from the UAE and Qatar to understand the factors that contributed to women›s political empowerment and the challenges they faced.
The study relied on a historical-analytical approach, reviewing literature and official documents, analyzing government policies related to women›s empowerment, and examining notable female cases in both countries. It also compared the Gulf experience with similar regional and international experiences.
The results showed an increasing political will in the UAE and Qatar to support women›s participation in decision-making, with women appointed to leadership positions and advisory councils, although direct election opportunities were limited. Education played a significant role in raising women›s awareness but was insufficient to overcome social and cultural constraints limiting their actual participation. Female models emerged in decision-making positions, yet women›s representation remained limited and was mostly achieved through appointment rather than election. The study also revealed weak societal awareness of women›s political roles and limited impact of civil society institutions in supporting women›s political rights.
In conclusion, the research confirms that women›s political empowerment in the Gulf was the result of high-level political will, with a need to adopt more inclusive policies to enhance women›s effective and sustainable participation in the future.

This study explores the origins of the judiciary institution in Islam, beginning with the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, who established the foundations of divine justice within the community. He personally administered justice among the people and appointed several of his companions as judges in various regions. The judicial system during the Prophetic era was characterized by simplicity, transparency, and direct reliance on divine revelation. During the Rashidun Caliphate, the rightly guided caliphs continued to emphasize the importance of the judiciary. Initially, they judged cases themselves, but as the Islamic state expanded, they appointed full-time judges. Administrative developments emerged, including the separation of judicial authority from general governance, the provision of salaries for judges, and the classification of cases. This early judicial structure laid the groundwork for the evolution of the Islamic legal system in later eras.
Methodology This research employs the historical-analytical method, supplemented by elements of the inductive method. The historical approach is used to trace the development of the judiciary over time, while the inductive method is applied in gathering and analyzing textual evidence to extract the core principles of Islamic justice.

Reception theories and the aesthetics of reading were introduced in the 1960s. It is noted that they were particularly linked to German criticism, as their pioneers were from Germany. These theories were a response to the criticism that prevailed in the 1950s, in which the text dominated, as it was considered an independent world in itself, subject only to its own aesthetic conditions in interpretation, explanation, and approach. Perhaps (reception theory) or (reception aesthetics) by its other name is the methodological bet that the cognitive movement of the era has bet on, as it is a manifestation of the three dimensions (author, text, reader) that fuse them all in the mechanism of modern reading. Therefore, this study came to investigate the emergence and roots of reception theory, and to identify its most prominent figures, represented by Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser. The research also dealt with studying the collection of poems (Journeys) by the poet Fadhel Al-Azzawi in light of reception theory.

The aim of this research was to determine the level of impact of adopting an entrepreneurship culture on innovation in private universities, given that these universities occupy a high percentage in terms of the number of universities in Iraq and the direct impact they have on the university community. This was achieved by examining and identifying the role of entrepreneurship culture in innovation in this important sector and defining the role of innovation in the university community. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that there are still many problems that limit the contribution of social entrepreneurship culture in private universities. Private universities are distinguished by material resources and faculty members with professional experience, but the social entrepreneurship culture has not reached the level of support for innovation. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the scope and depth of social entrepreneurship education through some social entrepreneurship programs in a way that leads to reaching a competitive level of innovation with other universities. These programs do not focus sufficiently on practical application, which makes students unprepared to launch and expand social projects. Social entrepreneurship stems from the desire to create a positive social and environmental impact.

The research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the reciprocal method in improving the physical and skill level of female students of the College of Basic Education in the game of football. To achieve the research objective, the experimental method was used to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (24) female students from the College of Basic Education who were randomly selected. The experimental group consisted of (12) female students who were taught using the reciprocal method, and the control group consisted of (12) female students who learned using the traditional method for the first semester (2024-2025). The program duration was (12) weeks. The results showed an effect of using the reciprocal method on improving the physical level in the following tests: (flexibility from sitting for a long time, jumping from a standing position, running for a distance of 30 meters) and no effect in the tests (agility and bending the arms from the prone position). While there was an effectiveness of using the reciprocal method to improve the skill level, the results showed that the skill method is better than the traditional method in improving the level of physical and skill performance among female students. One of the most important recommendations is the importance of using the reciprocal method in schools and colleges of physical education to contribute to improving the physical and skill level of students.

The research sheds light on the historical crises between the two Iraqi-Kuwaiti states, especially during the period of the Iraqi republican era, which was characterized by continuous changes in the ruling system, which was during the period (1958-1968 AD), which led to the existence of an ebb and flow between the rulers of Iraq and Kuwait in organizing operations and social work between them, and this is different from that and the review by studying the side The historical crisis between the two countries, and one of the most important and prominent crises that continued between the two countries was the demand of the Iraqi rulers to annex Kuwait to it, due to the failure to define and demarcate the borders between the two countries, so this led to the existence of continuous crises during the changing and ongoing decades between the two countries.
Opening remarks: The impact of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti crises on relations between the two countries over time.

The current research aims to identify social confrontation and acceptability among middle school students and the correlation between them. The research sample consisted of (300) students from middle school students for boys affiliated with the Third Karkh Education Directorate in Baghdad Governorate. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the social confrontation scale (Al-Qarghouli, 2011) and the acceptability scales (Al-Janabi 2014). Based on Costa and McCrae›s theory, the researcher applied these two scales to the current research sample. The researcher used a number of statistical methods, the most important of which were the t-test for a single sample and Pearson›s correlation coefficient. The research reached several results, the most important of which was that middle school students for boys enjoy social confrontation methods and a high level of acceptability. The current research sample constitutes an important element. In light of the results, the researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions. The researcher made a set of recommendations and suggestions in light of the research results.

Security relations between states are a key focus of geopolitical study, particularly in regions experiencing internal and external turmoil. Security relations between Iraq and Syria represent a complex model, given the changes that the two countries have undergone since the outbreak of the Syrian crisis and the fall of Bashar al-Assad›s regime. Security developments between the two countries have also posed fundamental challenges, contributing to the reshaping of their domestic and foreign policy priorities. At the end of 2024, the Syrian regime led by Bashar al-Assad collapsed following a major offensive launched by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) forces. This offensive was supported by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army. The Syrian civil war, which began with the outbreak of the revolution in 2011, continued. The opposition›s takeover of the capital, Damascus, marked the end of the Assad family›s rule, which had been hereditary and authoritarian since Hafez al-Assad›s coup in 1971.The collapse of the Syrian regime led to the emergence of armed forces that controlled large parts of its territory and subsequently assumed control. This directly impacted Iraq›s security and posed a security challenge, particularly in the border areas, further complicating the security landscape. This was compounded by legal and illegal migration and its impact on Iraq›s internal security.Opening words: Security developments, Iraq, Syria, Bashar al-Assad regime.

The caliphate of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) faced a strong rejection from some internal forces, after adopting a comprehensive program to correct the course of public life for Muslims These opposition forces were the first nucleus for building the Umayyad front of employment among the Muslim masses, working for the benefit of Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, who relied heavily on them to disrupt the civil and military situation during the caliphate of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). Indeed, this agent current played an effective role in taming matters and exploiting them in favor of the Umayyad project.

The research addresses the method of contrast and its role in presenting the advertising image. Contrast represents an important pillar of advertising, upon which the Qur›anic example is based. Advertising discourse is constructed in several places according to the method of contrast to influence the recipient and change their convictions. This is due to the tools it possesses, which form a linguistic fabric capable of influencing, persuading, and modifying behavior. The primary goal of advertising is to influence others, and thus the advertiser considers it one of his advertising methods. «Things are revealed through opposites, and the element of selection is highlighted, enabling the advertiser to deliver his message to the recipient. Persuasion has authority over the sender in his discourse, but it is an acceptable authority, as it is able to convince the recipient. The strategy of persuasion only achieves its success when its requirements are accepted,» which is what advertising seeks in its communicative process.

The aim of this research is to identify the level of digital awareness among students of colleges of education, considering the accelerating digital transformation in higher education and the urgent need to prepare future teachers with 21st-century digital competencies. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach to achieve the study’s objectives. The main research sample consisted of 200 female students from two education colleges, selected randomly using the simple random sampling technique. A digital awareness scale was constructed, consisting of 40 items distributed across five key domains: digital safety, media and educational literacy, data privacy and management, digital communication and participation, and digital production and creativity. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified through face and construct validity, and the internal consistency was measured using Cronbach’s Alpha, which reached a high reliability score of (0.89). The findings showed that education college students possess a high level of digital awareness, indicating their readiness to effectively integrate technology into future educational contexts.

I began my study under the title (Common Grammatical Errors in Digital Writing - Social Media Platforms), where the introduction came to show the role of digital writing in social communication and the extent of its impact on the spread of linguistic error
My study contained three sections. The first was under the title (Syntactic Errors in the Context of Digital Writing). The second talked about the phenomena of these errors and presented examples of them. The third talked about linguistic correction and social media in the digital age. Then the conclusion came to contain the most important findings in the research.

This study investigates Iraqi English teachers’ perceptions of using
the Gemini AI tool in teaching conversational skills. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 30 Iraqi EFL teachers from primary and secondary schools during the 2024–2025 academic year. The survey explored teachers’ attitudes, experiences, and evaluations of Gemini’s impact on vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, listening, and fluency. Findings reveal high agreement on the tool’s educational benefits, particularly in enhancing student engagement, vocabulary acquisition, and pronunciation. Teachers valued its user-friendly design, immediate feedback, and ability to simulate interactive speaking practice. However, some reported limited confidence in its classroom application and highlighted the need for training and time-management features. The study concludes that Gemini AI can effectively support communicative language teaching when integrated with professional development, offering valuable implications for AI adoption in EFL contexts.

This research focuses on the figure of Arthur Dreyfus, a contemporary writer and journalist, to analyze how his dual practice influences and shapes his work. The study shows that Dreyfus embodies a hybrid profile, where journalism is not a separate activity from his literary writing, but rather an extension and a fundamental source of inspiration.
The text explores the close links between journalism and literature, emphasizing that they share the same art of storytelling, although their objectives differ. Journalism seeks objectivity and facts, while literature embraces subjectivity. It is precisely in this tension that Dreyfus›s work finds its richness. He uses his journalistic training to gather facts and observe the world with precision, an ethic that he then integrates into his creative process.
The analysis of his works reveals an «aesthetic of the real,» where novels are often constructed in the manner of reportage. The novel «Belle famille,» for example, is directly inspired by a true story (the disappearance of little Maddie), which Dreyfus transforms into a fictional work that explores profound themes such as loss and family memory. The author doesn›t simply tell a story; he anchors it in a documented reality, offering unique narrative power and emotional intensity.
Ultimately, Arthur Dreyfus represents a new generation of writers who merge the rigor of journalistic investigation with the freedom of literary creation. His work is a model of hybrid writing that blurs the lines between genres, offering a reading that is both rooted in reality and enriched by artistic vision.

Abstract:
This jurisprudential study addresses the issue of «valid seclusion» in marriage, and when it warrants the full dowry if separation occurs before consummation. The author reviews the conditions of valid seclusion and compares the opinions of Hanafi jurists regarding impediments to seclusion, such as fasting, ihram, and menstruation, highlighting the different narratives regarding their impact on the validity of seclusion. He also presents rational and textual arguments for each opinion, relying on jurisprudential texts and authoritative fatwas. The study highlights the importance of combining jurisprudential considerations with the principles of jurisprudence in controversial issues, particularly those related to women›s marital rights, such as the dowry.