Journal of college of Law for Legal and Political Sciences

: Exceptional circumstances are cases that are out of the ordinary and force the administrative authority to take rapid and unusual measures to ensure the continuity of public order. The impact of exceptional circumstances on deviation from the administrative decision may lead to the expansion of the authority of the administration to take exceptional measures, which may open the way for the abuse of power. There is also a decline in judicial oversight, as the level of oversight over administrative decisions often decreases during crises due to the urgent nature of these decisions, which increases the possibility of deviation. There is also weak legal protection for individuals. In the context of exceptional circumstances, the legal guarantees guaranteed to individuals may be affected, making them vulnerable to unjust administrative decisions, under the pretext of the public interest. Deviation is often justified by the use of power to necessarily achieve the public interest, but this may lead to decisions that harm the individual or give unjustified priority to group interests. Therefore, exceptional circumstances play an important role in administrative life as they are a fundamental influence on the goal of the administrative decision, which may cause deviation in achieving the desired goal.

Legislation is the process of identifying the needs and interests of society and then translating those needs into legal texts and rules. Since the legislative process is directly related to the interests and rights of individuals, legal rules serve as the means and tools of the state in achieving its objectives, acting as a mechanism for organizing the rights and freedoms of individuals, as well as a means for economic and social intervention. Therefore, the legislative output directly affects individuals. In contemporary times, it has become available for all segments of society—through modern communication means—to engage with the legislative process, understand its stages, and express their opinions on public affairs, particularly regarding the legislation issued by the legislative authority.
Where electronic democracy is based on the idea that instead of citizens being able to only pay their taxes online, they will be able to engage in a discussion about where and how their taxes are spent.

One of the issues that is not controversial is the existence of a close relationship and connection between the criminal judgment issued by the criminal judiciary against the employee who has been sentenced with a criminal judgment, and the disciplinary penalty. This relationship lies in the impact on the job relationship, which may lead to the termination of that relationship, either temporarily or permanently, according to the type of punishment imposed on the employee convicted by the criminal judgment. This matter raises several problems that require research and analysis. This research has addressed this relationship and the effect of the criminal judgment on the termination of the job relationship, by clarifying the position of the Iraqi legislator, in light of the applicable law of discipline for state employees and the public sector, in comparison with the legislation of the countries being compared, as well as clarifying the effects resulting from that

The financial entitlement of a public employee is considered one of the most fundamental rights guaranteed by all constitutions and legal systems, including Iraqi law. In fact, the financial benefits due to a public employee by virtue of holding public office transcend the notion of a mere right and enter the realm of obligation—an administrative and governmental duty that must be upheld and protected. These financial rights are diverse and have been regulated by various legislative instruments, notably the State and Public Sector Employees’ Salaries Law No. (22) of 2008 and the amended Civil Service Law No. (24) of 1960.
Moreover, the financial entitlements of public employees are subject to a range of factors that may lead to their increase, reduction, or even temporary or permanent deprivation. Such deprivation may occur in cases like suspension from duty or the imposition of disciplinary sanctions, which can manifest in delayed promotions or postponement of the annual bonus—both of which negatively impact the employee’s financial status. Conversely, certain legal mechanisms may contribute to improving the financial condition of the public employee. These include reducing the statutory period required for promotion or annulling disciplinary sanctions previously imposed, especially those with financial consequences. Among these positive factors are commendations and

This research deals with determining the applicable law to tort liability arising from the actions of private security companies, especially in the context of multinationality and conflict of laws. Damage is the basic element for establishing a tort liability claim. Tort liability is an effective legal tool for limiting the damages that may result from the activities of private security companies, by holding accountable anyone who exceeds the scope of the right granted to them by law or breaches the duties imposed by the legislature. Consequently, the conduct of private security companies' activities is not absolute, but rather restricted by the duty not to harm persons or property.
Given the potentially transnational nature of the damages resulting from the actions of these companies, the establishment of tort liability raises a legal problem related to determining the applicable law, particularly in cases where the damage does not appear at the same time or place as the harmful act, or where the damage is discovered late, even after a period of time has passed since its occurrence

The Iraqi Personality Law No. 188 of 1959, as amended, is considered one of the most important and effective laws in the Arab and Islamic countries that regulated personal status issues and provided solutions to family problems in Iraqi society. However, this law, like all other laws, must keep pace with the development of society and the family problems that have multiplied within it. Much legislation in general, including the Personal Status Law in particular, suffers from legislative shortcomings, whether due to loopholes in the texts, the incompatibility of legislation with social reality, or delayed amendment. This leaves room for abuse of the rights of some parties and does not prevent harm.
This law has come to face some criticism and defects in some of its issues, for example, but not limited to custody, separation for reasons and the child of adultery. As for custody and the father’s role in taking care of the child, especially when separation occurs between the parents, we see that there is a clear and obvious legislative deficiency in not taking into account the child’s interest in this by ignoring the role of the father. Regarding the issue of divorce for reasons of reason, we find a clear legislative deficiency in limiting the right of divorce to the woman without the man. It also did not address the consequences between the child of adultery and his parents and vice versa, but rather only addressed the issue of legal lineage resulting from a valid marriage and the acknowledgment of lineage, which requires the legislator to make some amendments to these important issues.
Taking into account the texts contained in the Code of Sharia Law according to the Jaafari Shiite school of thought that address these issues, as well as the opinions of other jurists, with which personal status law can be compared, choosing the best and most appropriate for society and the parties to the relationship who are affected by these issues, in order to come up with a just law and effective solutions that benefit everyone.

The research aims to achieve the following objectives: to understand the role of criminal responsibility of private security companies, to identify the duties and provisions related to the criminal responsibility of private security companies, and to explore the evolution, functions, and roles of these companies in national and international security. The main issue in this research is the criminal responsibility of private security companies, with sub-questions including: what are the duties and provisions related to the criminal responsibility of private security companies? What are the rules regarding the criminal responsibility of private security companies? What are the practical cases of criminal liability for private security companies? Among its most important results is determining the actions that states must take to encourage these companies to respect human rights and international humanitarian law. The application of criminal liability to private security institutions entails that the private security company is obligated to bear the legal consequences arising from its actions that are prohibited by law. Additionally, international humanitarian law does not exempt states that hire these companies from criminal and civil liability regarding the compliance of the personnel of these companies with the rules of international humanitarian law. Furthermore, there should be mechanisms to monitor states that hire private security companies for actions that violate the rules of international humanitarian law committed by the personnel of these companies, who are not subject to the rules of international responsibility.

The civil liability arising from the actions of medical laboratories is an important legal subject that addresses the legal aspects of errors that may occur during their operations, whether in laboratory tests or in issuing results; medical laboratories have become an essential part of the healthcare system, and their results underpin sensitive medical decisions that may affect human life and health. The research focuses on the legal nature of the liability of medical laboratories and the obligations arising from their actions, whether this liability is contractual (between the laboratory and the patient if there is a direct agreement) or tortious (if the damage results from an unlawful act without a prior contract). This research also addresses the position of Iraqi and comparative Arab legislations, noting deficiencies in some laws regarding the regulation of civil liability arising from the actions of medical laboratories.

The legal system for appealing parliamentary election results represents an essential tool for ensuring the protection of political rights and the transparency and integrity of the electoral process. This system is a pillar of the rule of law, establishing equality and electoral justice, and strengthening public confidence in democratic institutions. This positively impacts the stability of the political system in general and has a profound impact on consolidating democracy and the balance of political rights. Therefore, establishing a legal system for appealing election results achieves justice and transparency while protecting democracy from the risks that could affect state stability. It highlights the need to update legislation that outlines appeal procedures to ensure the independence of the judiciary, guarantee the right to fair appeal, and enhance the effective implementation of appeal decisions. This is intended to avoid conflict and avoid infringing on citizens' rights or institutional stability.

The use of digital technology has accelerated in the management of various aspects of life, both public and private. Many state institutions, and even individual businesses, are now managed electronically. These businesses have begun to realize that technological developments and existing realities require this and to take advantage of the numerous opportunities offered by the shift to e-governance.
Technological development has not only had a positive aspect; rather, there has also been a negative aspect related to attacks that these businesses may be subjected to, used by individuals, criminal organizations, or even hostile intelligence agencies, aiming to harm the targeted interests. This is linked to the management of modern conflict, transforming it into a cyberwar. Therefore, these businesses, whether individuals, institutions, or countries, have begun to implement what is known as cybersecurity as a tool to counter cybertechnological developments.
The topic of cybersecurity is a topic of concern to many countries around the world, given the risks of using cyberattacks to sabotage websites, steal data, and thus disrupt public or private interests. Therefore, most countries, including Iraq, have developed a specialized strategy to protect data and address cyberattacks and cybercrimes.
This research addresses the importance of activities to combat cyber threats and crimes, which represent a threat to state security. This raises the question: How has Iraq dealt with cyber threats and challenges?
The research addressed this issue by examining Iraq's position in the Global Cybersecurity Index, the challenges facing the country, and the components of a national cybersecurity strategy

The impact of globalization on privatization policies and the management of public utilities represents one of the most significant economic transformations in recent decades. Global trends, coupled with the economic reform programs imposed by international financial institutions, have prompted many states to reconsider the ownership and management of their public utilities in accordance with market mechanisms and international competition requirements. This shift has contributed to improving certain indicators of economic efficiency, attracting investments, and developing service delivery models. However, it has also generated challenges, including the reduction of the state’s social role, the proliferation of monopolistic practices, and the weakening of safeguards related to the continuity and equity of public services. These developments necessitate the formulation of balanced legal and administrative frameworks that reconcile economic efficiency with the protection of the public interest

The Divorce may be proven by witness testimony if the two parties disagree about its occurrence. The legal and Shari’a impact on the issue of retracting testimony regarding divorce, as it is one of the important issues upon which a court ruling may be based, is that the judge hears the witness’s testimony to prove the fact of divorce, but he is surprised by the witness’s retraction of his testimony. It is conceivable that the witness would retract his testimony after the marriage contract and before the husband consummates the marriage with his wife, or after consummation, or the witness may retract his testimony before the end of the pleadings and the issuance of the ruling regarding the fact of divorce. All of these scenarios entail many Shari’a and legal effects that jurists differed on in terms of influencing the outcome of the ruling and obligating witnesses who retracted their testimony to pay compensation, especially since the fact of divorce is related to permissibility and prohibition, and it is not possible to avoid some of the effects that result from it

Iraq has been a society characterized by ethnic, racial, and religious diversity. For centuries, these components coexisted, providing a progressive model of coexistence. However, past regimes worked to undermine this fabric of coexistence for their own interests. The subsequent occupation exacerbated the situation, leading to intense internal conflict. This research aims to study how to build peace and peaceful coexistence in post-conflict societies, using Iraq as a case study.
The research begins by exploring the roots of peaceful coexistence in Iraq, including ethnic and religious homogeneity and Iraq's geostrategic location, which has made it open to a wide range of peoples and civilizations. The study then examines the obstacles to peace in Iraq, such as media incitement, political conflict, foreign interests, and artificially induced ethnic and religious disputes. Subsequently, the research addresses the importance of Iraq's cultural heritage in restoring peace, drawing on its ancient cultural heritage, Islamic and Christian religious teachings, and the awareness raised by numerous Iraqi figures. The research then presents a study of the requirements for building peace in Iraq, primarily strengthening national identity and belonging, promoting a culture of dialogue and acceptance of differences, and the role of public and private institutions and civil society organizations in restoring peaceful coexistence. The research concludes that Iraq was the birthplace of early humanitarian legislation that respected others and granted them full human and national rights. Iraq's cultural heritage is the fundamental root of peace and coexistence, complemented by divine scriptures. The primary responsibility for restoring this peace lies with government and civil institutions. Therefore, the research recommends that these entities fulfill their social and cultural duties to build internal peace as a cornerstone for Iraq's anticipated renaissance

Scientific revolution and progress in various areas of life are constantly evolving and growing. Interactions between individuals have revealed more technological changes that have impacted various fields. The artificial intelligence we are familiar with today in many areas is a product of the technological progress that individuals have dealt with within various domains, including the work sector or field. While the positive aspects presented by artificial intelligence within the work sector, by reducing production time and costs, have been accompanied by a negative aspect, represented by its competition with the human workforce, which occupies a large portion of the work sector. This study presents the development of artificial intelligence and the evolution of its uses over the past decades, and examines its impact on the structure and future of work, in light of the lack of a legislative system that should protect the right to work in the face of artificial intelligence systems, which have quickly become an indispensable necessity in all fields. This has reinforced the desire for research within this scope or topic, and this is what we will attempt to demonstrate by mentioning some legislative treatments of a preventative nature and legislative treatments of a therapeutic nature that are capable of protecting workers' rights in light of the increasing use of artificial intelligence outputs. Within the laborsector.

This study aims to analyze the historical and political trajectory of Turkish–Syrian relations between 2011 and 2025, tracing the transformation from confrontation and rupture to gradual normalization. The research employs a descriptive-analytical and comparative-historical methodology to examine the key political, security, and regional determinants shaping the bilateral relationship. Findings indicate that Turkey’s shift toward pragmatic realism after 2016—driven by domestic factors such as national security concerns and economic pressures, as well as external dynamics involving Russia and Iran—marked the turning point in the bilateral path. Moreover, the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime and the rise of Ahmed al-Sharaa in 2025 initiated a new phase of conditional cooperation, where Ankara and Damascus seek stability through managing shared interests rather than ideological confrontation. The study concludes that Turkish–Syrian normalization should not be viewed as an end to conflict, but as a strategic transition from confrontation to the management of regional equilibria, heralding a new model of pragmatic and cooperative security relations in the Middle East

This research examines the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in commercial law, focusing on its impact on the development of banking transactions and e-commerce, as well as its effect on intangible assets, particularly patents and trade secrets. The study demonstrates that AI has become a central tool in enhancing operational efficiency, reducing costs, and facilitating the conclusion of smart contracts based on blockchain technology, thereby transforming traditional contractual concepts. It also discusses the legal issues arising from AI-generated innovations or intellectual works, in light of the lack of legal recognition of AI as an independent legal entity, which results in difficulties in determining the intellectual property rights of such innovations. The research concludes that Iraqi and Arab legislation are still in the early stages of adapting to these changes, and emphasizes the urgent need to develop a comprehensive legal framework to regulate liability, protect smart contracts, and address intellectual property rights and trade secrets amid the rapid advancement of AI technologies

The achievement of well-being in any country depends mainly on the strength of its economy, so countries are keen to strengthen their economy and support it by all means and ways to ensure its stability and improve the standard of living of the individual, one of the most important of which is the establishment of commercial companies that play a major role in financing this economy, especially large companies existing with huge economic projects such as Joint-Stock Companies, which has greatly influenced the economies of most countries, so these companies have occupied the largest share of the countries ' attention, so they have legislated special laws, which contain explicit provisions regulating all stages of these companies, especially the stage of establishment of what they play this stage of a great role in highlighting the company's presence and showing it with a good reputation as well For its impact on the rights and interests of its customers, including its shareholders (subscribed to its capital).
The research concluded with the statement of the legal regulation of the establishment of Joint Stock Companies by addressing the position of the Iraqi and Egyptian legislators on this, as well as the role taken by these legislations to protect the interests of the dealers of these companies and their shareholders (subscribed to its capital) and the research reached a number of results and recommendations

Sports activities represent one of the most prominent forms of human endeavor that have experienced significant growth and rapid expansion in recent times. They are now practiced on a remarkably wide scale—not only among youth, but also across all age groups and genders. This extensive engagement has necessitated regulatory intervention by both sports administrators and national legislators, leading to the establishment of a set of rules and regulations, commonly referred to as the “Laws of Sport” or “Rules of Sporting Games.” As a result, what is now recognized as “Sports Law” has emerged. Like other branches of law, sports law is composed of a collection of legal norms that collectively constitute its legal framework.
The considerable advancement in sports activities can be attributed to multiple factors, most notably the development of the legal system that governs these activities. This legal framework has evolved to achieve the fundamental objectives of sports by ensuring the necessary protection and fairness for all participants. It does so through the enactment of sports-related legislation—whether technical, organizational, or judicial in nature—that also addresses disputes arising from sports practice.
What distinguishes the sports legal framework from other branches of law is its unique nature, which enables it to achieve these objectives effectively. The legal norms that form sports law possess two key characteristics: (1) flexibility in the enactment and amendment of sports legal provisions, and (2) the specialization of the authorities empowered to legislate these provisions. These characteristics have endowed sports legal norms with adaptability, allowing them to keep pace with ongoing developments in sports activities and actively contribute to their advancement in ways that realize the intended benefits of sports participation.

The research emphasizes the difficulties of criminal prosecution of the perpetrators of international crimes, and the statement of the best machinery that falls in the hands of humanity in order to curb the conflicts it causes, as well as the mechanism towards determining the prosecution of those responsible for the damage and crimes created by conflicts that awaken humanity, where the research dealt with the first research, which divided it into two demands, in the first requirement dealt with prosecution at the international level, while in the second requirement it focused on the difficulties of prosecution at the national level, and the second research dealt with the first requirement of prosecution under the temporary criminal justice, while the second requirement was about prosecution under the permanent criminal justice (International Criminal Court).

The importance of judicial oversight appears within the direction of the administrative authority towards making legitimate decisions that comply with the laws, and contributes to strengthening judicial oversight, and because the principle of legitimacy is of great importance in ensuring that persons working in the field of administration issue decisions that achieve the public interest without prejudice to the rights and freedoms of individuals because they enjoy discretionary power, given the nature of the research, it requires the use of more than one approach, so the study required an analytical approach to reach all the elements and within the legal arrangement, which is inductive as it researched what was established by legal jurisprudence, and the comparative approach between the countries of France, Lebanon and Iraq was relied upon with regard to developing judicial oversight of administrative decisions

Smart international sanctions are imposed by the Security Council, which is one of the key bodies of the United Nations and represents the international community in achieving international peace and security while deterring countries that violate international rules, North Korea is among the countries subjected to targeted sanctions due to its production of nuclear weapons since (2006) and its violation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons, When examining the nature of the decisions imposed on North Korea, It becomes clear that they have remained limited to economic sanctions without escalating to the use of military force, unlike Iraq; similarly, they have not been lifted, as was the case with Libya .
Moreover, when scrutinizing the specific conditions of North Korean nuclear production, It becomes evident that it has not resumed production since (2017) up to the present day .
This indicates the effectiveness of the Smart international sanctions imposed on it, however, we cannot assert that it will not engage in nuclear production at any time in the future . therefore, the United Nations should take serious steps regarding North Korea and its nuclear production to prevent concerns about the deterioration of international stability should North Korea resume production in the future.

A civil judge cannot arrive at an understanding of the facts and course of a case except by providing a sound factual and legal description. Sometimes, a judge may need to interpret legal texts to arrive at the intended instrument the legislator intended in establishing those texts. In this case, he or she resorts to assuming a matter or issue from the text that corresponds to the reality and judicial truth that he or she has arrived atTherefore, assumption represents a technical rational process based on legal logic and objective necessities in procedural and judicial work. In modern laws, including the Civil Procedure Code, its legitimacy is derived from the procedural legislator\'s permission for the civil judge to assume within specific applications organized by explicit or implicit legal texts and the legal conditions that grant the judge this authority. This allows the judge to challenge the law and find practical solutions based on established positions that correspond to reality and are accepted by law

Digital transformation necessitates a set of fundamental requirements to ensure its successful implementation and sustainability ، Legislative requirements involve enacting laws and regulations that govern the use of digital technologies, protect data and privacy, and foster an environment of innovation Administrative requirements call for restructuring administrative systems, streamlining procedures , and adopting modern policies that align with technological advancements ، Human resource requirements focus on continuously training and developing staff to enhance their digital skills and adaptability ، On the financial side, digital transformation demands sufficient funding to invest in digital infrastructure and advanced systems ، Security requirements play a critical role through the establishment of robust cybersecurity systems to address potential threats Finally , technical requirements emphasize upgrading infrastructure , providing high-speed connectivity , and adopting integrated platforms and systems that support innovation andorganizationaltransformation.

This study sheds light on one of the most important aspects of modern technological development, namely artificial intelligence weapons, which are completely different from the traditional weapons that humanity has known before, given the unique characteristics that distinguish these weapons, which may lead to the loss of human control and judgment, which raises serious concerns from legal and humanitarian points of view, about the ability of these weapons to respond to the rules of international criminal law, as it has become clear that the legal texts of international criminal law are insufficient to hold perpetrators of crimes accountable using these weapons, which requires the establishment of an international agreement concerned with criminalizing violations committed by artificial intelligence weapons, as criminal acts must be clearly defined without ambiguity or vagueness, so that the perpetrator does not escape punishment

The author of (Constitutional Restrictions on the Dissolution of Parliament) addresses one of the most important principles that regulate the turbulent relations between the legislative and executive authorities. It is not certain that the relationship between them will always remain friendly and harmonious. Disagreement may occur due to one authority encroaching on the powers of another or the failure of one of them to carry out its tasks and duties, which leads to taking action that would undermine the principle of balance and cooperation between the legislative and executive authorities in contemporary political systems. According to the principle of separation of powers, the powers of each authority must be exercised in isolation from the other, with a kind of balance and cooperation. The right to dissolve is given to the executive authority in exchange for the right to withdraw confidence from the government, which is used by the legislative authority. This leads to making the scales balanced between the two authorities so that the executive authority can limit the extremism of some representatives and their frequent quarrels with the ministry within the parliament when the government resorts to threatening to use the right to dissolve. Given the seriousness of the right to dissolve, and in order to prevent its misuse, constitutions tend to establish controls and restrictions when Directly. These controls include the requirement that new elections be held within a specified period in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, as well as the prohibition of dissolving the parliament twice for the same reason. Regulating this right granted to the government is the goal of constitutional attempts in contemporary political systems, so that the exercise of this right does not constitute an infringement on the principle of national sovereignty or a breach of the principle of separation of powers. Therefore, restrictions and conditions have been placed on the exercise of this right to ensure that it is not abused. The right to dissolve may be presidential or ministerial.

Social media platforms function as dialogic spaces where individuals converge to exchange opinions, ideas, and experiences they consider significant for their social networks. These platforms have evolved into fertile ground for both critical discourse and activist engagement. Organizations are able to monitor the emergence of early-warning signals manifest as critical content that is published and disseminated across networks. Owing to their pervasive presence in daily life, social media will be increasingly utilized—and even exploited—in the domain of international crisis communication. This chapter presents a synthesis of current research on the social media landscape and pertinent stakeholder issues relative to crisis communication from an organizational standpoint. It concludes by offering observations on social media's role in crisis contexts and discusses future prospects for its application in international crisis communication

In light of the revolution that technology has brought about in the world of democracy in general and elections in particular, it has led to a major change in the overall electoral process. After relying on traditional methods that burden the electoral administration in its performance, it has become dependent on electronic methods that save a lot of time and effort. Electoral records have become electronic data that is easy to use and modify, in addition to electronic voting methods that are characterized by ease, efficiency and security. But at the same time, it has created challenges for the electoral process, the most prominent of which is related to data security. If the electoral administration has not put in place the necessary protection measures against cyber attacks, there is a possibility of hacking electoral data, as well as the communication and contact services provided by technology that can be used unfairly and in violation of the law, which negatively affects the electoral process. In light of this transition brought about by technology, Estonia stands out as a pioneering model in adopting digital technology transformation, as it has been able to achieve important leaps in adopting e-government, the most important of which was managing the electoral process, in a manner that relies on the use of technology in all its aspects in order to enhance the efficiency of electoral work and maintain its integrity.

The rule of law and criminal justice are two fundamental pillars for achieving societal stability. Ensuring their effective implementation within penal institutions is a crucial obligation of the state. Any failure to uphold these principles directly affects the efficiency of the penal system, weakens fair trial guarantees, and leads to violations of prisoners' rights, thereby limiting the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures. Therefore, establishing a penal environment based on the rule of law requires a comprehensive and integrated reform of the legislative framework to enhance prisoners' rights within correctional institutions.
Iraq faces numerous challenges, including deficiencies in the existing penal legislation with its enforcement mechanisms, also their impact on achieving effective criminal justice. Additionally, issues such as overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, weak rehabilitation programs, security, psychological, and social impacts hinder the effective application of criminal justice. In this context, the 2005 constitution of the Republic of Iraq laid the foundations for achieving criminal justice within penal institutions by establishing legal principles that ensure respect for human rights in dealing with prisoners and detainees, as well as protecting them from torture.
Improving the conditions of prisoners within Iraq’s penal institutions requires a comprehensive review to explore the future prospects of these institutions. This can be achieved by focusing on the role of the constitution in defining legal frameworks and proposing practical solutions to create a fairer penal environment that guarantees prisoners' rights and ensures sustainable criminal justice. Additionally, reforming penal policies through necessary comprehensive reforms—including updating penal legislation activating oversight and accountability mechanisms, enhancing rehabilitation programs, and improving detention conditions—will help strike a balance between punishment and rehabilitation in line with global human rights principles.