IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

A field experiment was carried out at the Rice Research Station in Al-Mishkab during 2008 and 2009 seasons to study the effect of transplanting space on yield of three rice varieties. A split plot in RCBD with four replicate was used . Varieties (Anber 33, Yasmine, and Fourat-1) were assignad in the main plots, while transplanting spaces (20×10), (20×15), (25×10), (25×15), (30×10) and(30×15) cm occupied the sub- plots. The results showed that the wide transplanting space (30×15) cm population of (22.2) hill.m² gave highest number of panicles.hill¹, number of grains. Panicle, weight of 1000 grains and paddy yield.hill. While the narrow transplanting space (20×10) cm population of (50) hill,m² gave significant increments in the number of panicles.m². The ather two transplanting spaces (30×10)and (20×15) cm which attained population (33.3) hill.m² were superior in the paddy yield.m-,because they gave the best combine of wide and narrow spaces as they gave the highest paddy yield.hill', high number for panicles.hill¹ and panicle.m, grains. panicle and less sterility percentage. This means that the highest paddy yield in the hill of wide transplanting space will not compensate the decreae in number of plants.m-. Cultivars showed significant differences in most studied characters. Fourati was superior paddy yield but not significant differences with Yasmine due to its highest number of panicles,hill and panicles.m², weight of 1000 grains and paddy yield.hill¹.

To investigate of inheritance of lint charasteristices in cotton by estimation GCA and SCA effects, and their variances, heterosis in addition to detect some genetic parameters for 81 genotypes (9 varieties and their 72 hybrids). Field experiments were carried out during 2001-2002 at SBAR Agricultural Research Station/ Abu-Ghraib. The nine varieties (Marsoomi-4, Ashur-1, Abu Ghraib-5, Cocker-310, Lashata, Kafco-1, Pamir, Rahia-122, Pac-cot-189) were crossed in all possible combinations including reciprocal, during the season of 2001 using Griffing method 1. The traits for 72 single crosses and 9 parents were measured gluring 2002 using partially halanced triple lattice desigu with three replications. Significant differences were found among genotypes (parents, crosses and reciprocal crosses) for all studied traits. The cross (Ashur-1 Rabia-122) in lint length (32.67 mm), the crosses (Pamir-Rabia-122), (Marsoomi-4 Kafeo-1) in lint fineness (2.40 micronaire) and the cross (Cocker-310 Pamir) in lint strength (25.73 gm/Tex). The genetic analysis showed that both additive and non additive gene actions were important in the inheritance of all traits. The effect of GCA were significant for all studied traits, where the parents Cocker-310 and Rabia-122. had highest GCA effect in lint length and fineness and the parents Marsoomi-4 and, Ashur-1 in lint strength. The effects of SCA for crosses were significant for all studied traits, the cross (Ashur-1xPac-cot- 189) for lint length, the hybrids (Abu Ghraib-5-Cocker-316) and (Ashur-1xMarsoomi-4) for lint fineness and the crom (Marsnomi-4-Rabia-122) for lint strength Average degree of dominance of crosses and reciprocals was greater than 1.00 for all studied characters. Broad- sense heritability were around 0.99. 0.94 in crusses and reciprocals. Low values were found for narrow-sense heritability that ranged from 0.31-0.18 in crosses and 0.45-0.27 in reciprocals. This indicated that both additive and non-additive gene effects were responsible for the investigated characters so that can be improve lint characteristies in hybridization falloned b

A field experiment was carried out during a successive growing season of 2008 and 2009 at a farmer field parallel to Euphrates river at Al-majed district in Al-mothana province, Iraq. Using a randomize complete block design, to evaluate the performance of five hybrid sorghum forage (Sugar graze, Chopper, Pacific-BMR, Superdan-2, and Sweet jumbo). and one hybrid Millet (Nutrifeed). The results indicated the exceeding two hybrids Nutrifeed and sugar graze superiority in total green matter (222.09, 221.93, 205.51 and 205.8 t/ha) total dry matter (29.28, 29.13, 25.8 and 25.97 t/ha.) and total dry leaf yield (16.51, 14.86, 14.42, 13.14 t/ha) for the two seasons 2008 and 2009 respectively. Nutrifeed, Sweet jumbo and Pacific-BMR gave the highest dry leaf/stem ratio: 56.39, 54.2, 52.28, 55.89, 54.19 and 52.32% for the two years respectively.
Nutrifeed is resistance to lodging and leaf rust disease and contains no prussic acid however, can be grazed at a much earlier stage than forage sugar graze, with maximize protein and energy Content. Nutrifeed and sugar graze could be used for making high quality hay and silage.

Field experiment was conducted in two consecutives summer seasons 2004 and 2005 at Field Crops Research Station in Abu-Graib 25km west of Baghdad.
State Board for Agriculture Research. The soil type is clay loam soil. Three cultivars of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Caffier, Engath and Rabih were subjected to four intervals between irrigations:( 5, 10, 15 and 20 days). The results showed that the height of plants and yield decreased with increase intervals between irrigations. Caffier cultivar was found to be early in blooming and maturity. The two cultivars Engath and Rabih gave high yield compared with Caffier. The highest yield was observed when the interval between irrigations was 5 days. When the intervals extend to 15 or 20 days this caused a reduction in yield amount to25 .9% and respectively. The water use efficiency for the three cultivars Engath, Rabih and Caffier were 0.730 kg/m3, 0.650 kg/m3 and 0.500 kg/m3 respectively.

Weed control study on lentil was conducted during winter growing season 2008/2009 at Talkif and Namrood (Ninava Governorate) in northern Iraq to determine the effect of different tillage systems (convention, no till, no till + Gramaxon, no till + Glyphosate), seed rates (100, 120, 140 kg/ha) and irrigation systems (rainfall, supplementary) on weed growth, lentil growth and yield. The results denoted that very less number of weeds had seen at Namrood comparing with Talkif location. On other hand, unsignificant results had appeared between tillage system treatments in number, dry weight of narrow leaf weed and dry weight of broad leaf weeds only. Seed yield in no till was super passed if it compared with conventional tillage which reached up to 43.4% in talkif but that is not in line in Namrood. It is likely that the number, dry weigh of narrow or broad leaf weed were reduced significantly when lentil seed rate increased, which reflected on seed or straw lentil yield in the two locations. In general, there was superiority of supplementary irrigation on dry land farming for all characteristics in lentil. The best results in higher seed and straw yield at Talkif was with interaction of (no till x 140 kg/ha x sup. irrigation) but these trends were not cleared at Namrood especially with tillage system effect.

After the field investigation about native agricultural system and soil management practices in the region, nine sites were selected which were different in soil management systems. The morphology of the soils morphological was described and represented samples from every horizons were taken to study some physical and chemical properties Also analysis the available and total boron content in the soil was done. The results showed that:
1-Studied soils at the region were classified within two orders Entisols and Aridisols.
2-Soil texture classes were varied horizontally and vertically within each pedon with decreasing in soil bulk density in Ap horizon for each pedon.
3- Available boron content in all soils was ranged from (0.1-4.5 mg B.kg¹ soil). Theelectrical conductivity and lime content were the main limited factors for available boron content.
4-The total boron content was ranged from (40-112 mg. B kg soil), The fine textured soils classes were relatively showed more contents than the coarse textured class soils. The electrical conductivity, lime content and Clay+Silt content were the main limited factors to the total boron content in the soil.
5- The pedological distribution of available and total boron in soil appeared to be depended on the management practices.

A field study was conducted in Berjesia experiment station during the winter season of years 2009-2010 in a loamy sand texture soil classified as Typic quartizpasmment. Split-split plot with RCBD design was used. The aim of experiment was to study the effect of different methods of application and rates of some amino acid on the abiliity tomato plant c.v. Al Hutoof hybrid Lycopersicn esculentum mill to withstand salinity stress and then on tomato fruit productivity.
The field experiment consisted of 30 treatments the main factor was method of application of amino acids by spray or with irrigation water; the secondary factor was the type of amino acid (Tyrosine, Proline, Arginine) and their combination mixture and three levels of amino acid (0100 200 mg I¹).
Results indicated the significant effect of all amino acids with different level decreased the stress effects of salinity and drought The best result for all parameters growth of tomato plant when three amino acids were mixed and sprayed in 200 mg I¹ comparing with control treatment.

An experiment was conducted at the field of the Dep. of Hort. Coll. of Agric. Univ. of Baghdad, during the spring season of 2007 and 2008, to study the effect of spraying Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Liquorice extract on some characters of Muskmelon. Spraying GA3(0, 25, 50) mg/l (G0,G1, G2) respectively and liquorice extract(0, 4000, 8000) mg/l (L0,L.1,L2) respectively. The plant were sprayed twice at fruit set and 15 days after the first spray. R.C.B.D. as factorial experiment was adapted with three replicate.
Results showed spraying of GA3 at (25 mg/l) increased leaf area (6.21, 5.26 m²), rind thickness (2.28 and 2.20mm), fruit firmness (8.95, 8.06 kg/cm²) and fruit flesh thickness (3.97, 3.65 cm) as compared with GO for both seasons, respectively. While GA3 at 50 mg/l (G2) increased plant yield (13.71, 11,01 kg) as compared with GO (11.32, 9.33 kg) for both seasons, respectively. Spraying of liquorice extract (L1) increased leaf area (6.55, 5.71 m²), plant yield (13.23, 11.43 kg), rind thickness (2.36, 1.23 mm), fruit firmness (9.33, 8.08 kg/cm²) and fruit flesh thickness (4.04, 3.42cm) as compared with LO for both seasons, respectively. The combination treatment (L2G2) was superior on increased plant yield (13.76, 12.47kg) as compared with LOGO (9.04, 8.52 kg) and LIGI was superior in increasing of fruit firmness (9.80, 8.83 kg/cm²) as compared with L0G0 (6.70, 6.06kg/cm²) and L1G2 was superior in increasing of fruit flesh thickness (4.20, 3.83cm) as compared with LOGO (3.20, 2.90cm) for both seasons, respectively

Field survey of date moth insects Ephestia Spp and the parasitoid Bracon hebetor was undertaken of three different orchards in Iraq for a period of 2006-2007. These orchards were in Baghdad, Kerbala and Diala provinces. The mean percent of infested variety dates Zahdi, Khadrawi and Braim on the palm trees were: 2.12, 0.28 and 1.44% in Baghdad; 1.89, 0.90 and 1.80% in Karbala and 2.68, 0.48 and 1.71% of Diala respectively. The total mean percent of paralyzed (infested) moth larvae of the palm trees was 26.9% for these provinces, while the total number of different stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) of parasitoid was 43.The percentage of infested dates in these three location as mentioned above were 22.1, 25.8 and 18.22%; while the paralized moth larvae were 35.7, 24.3 and 31.3% and the total of adult parasitoids: 215; 250 and 230 in fallen dates of the three orchards, respectively Survey of fig moth Ephestia cautella and parasitoid B.hebetor in four warehouses in Baghdad province showed that the parasitoid density increases while E.cautella density decreases The highest density of the host (E.cautella) was at end of Apr., May and Sept. reached to 36,36 and 50 of host adults / 4 warehouses compared with 45,42 and 11/4 warehouses of parasitoid adults respectively.

The jasmini white fly Aleuroclava jasmini is considered to be one of the most important citrus insect pests at different regions of Iraq. According to the difficulties in controlling this pest by using conventional insecticides, this study was conducted to find the effects of the new botanical insecticide "Oxymatrine" on the biology of the jasmini white fly. The activity of this compound was tested on small citrus plantlet in the nursery.
The results related to the effectiveness of Oxymatrine on the biology of jasmini white fly indicated clear influence on the immature stages such as the mortality rate which reached 64.5% in the first nymphal instars and decreased to 35.5% and 31.5% in the second and third nymphal instars respectively. There was significant effect on the number of the eggs laid by females which decreased during three days after treatment from 36.5 egg/female in the untreated to 12.5 egg/female. The insecticide showed miner though significant effect on the egg hatch ability as it decreased to 90.5% in comparison with 98.5% in the untreated control. Furthermore, the adult mortality on the treated plants reached 47.5% after three days of treatment. The adult longevity was also affected it decreased to 5.75 days for males and 14.2 days for females compared with 17.25 and 20.75 days respectively in the untreated control.

The corn borer, Sesamia cretica Led. is the key pest of maize in Iraq. Studies were conducted to evaluate the susceptibity and the nature of damage caused on some recently introduced French hybrids (Ali Gore, Ali Conde and Ali pronoto) compared with 3 local cultivars (Buhooth 106, IPA 3001 and IPA 3003). Results indicated that all French hybrids and the local cultivars were infested by the corn borer, There were significant differences in dead heart, the lowest percentage was recorded on hybrid Ali pronoto (3.7%) which was significantly different from all others local cultivars and French hybrids, which were 8.17,9.62,12.5, and 13.3% on hybrids Ali Gunde, Ali Gore, and
IPA 3003 and Buhooth 106 respectively Hybrid Ali Gore was distinguished by least numbers of holes /plant (3.0), percentage of stalk tunneled (3.2%), compared with that of the susceptible cultivar Buhooth 106 being 5.44 and 6.73% respectively. Results also indicated a lower number of larva on French hybrids. There were no significant differences between French hybrids in yield loss which considered to be equal to 50% of buhooth 106. These result, also confirmed a previous studies that hybrid IPA 3001 can be the candidate cultivar to replace cultivar buhooth lo6 which represent most maize cultivation in Iraq.

Gelatin extracted from of bovine hides residues (arms, legs, neck and tail pieces) which remained after leather tanning in Al-Zaafranya Tannery, General State Company for Leather Industries. Extraction process was done in two stages, the high proportion of protein was noted in the material remaining after extraction, which necessitated the introduction of several modifications in the extraction method to recover the largest proportion of gelatin. The extraction method was characterized by lower values of electrical conductivity of gelatin solutions for all extraction stages of the traditional method reaching a maximum after the removal of ions to 35% that is found in the traditional method, and the yield percentage of gelatin raised from 65%in the traditional method to 95% in modified method. Quality properties of prepared gelatin were study like gel strength, apparent viscosity, molecular weight, melting point, water absorption, foam formation and pH. Gelatin of the modified method was characterized by good quality and rheological properties which qualify it for using in food processing.Results have showed that gelatin modified method was the closest in the standard attributes to standard beef gelatin.

This study was carried out at the Sheep and Goat Research Station, State Board for Agricultural Research (20 km west of Baghdad), and over the production season 2009-2010, using 36 ewe Turkish Awassi sheep. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of parity on lactation period (LP), daily milk yield (DMY), total milk production (TMP), production milk in difference stage on lactation (M1, M2 and M3) and percentage of major milk composition. The general linear model (GLM) within the SAS was used to analyzed the data. Significant effect of parity in LP, DMY, TMP, M1, M2 and M3, respectively, increased of all this traits in the third season of milk production. Significant effect of parity in fat percentage at M1, M2 and mean of lactation, except M3 which did not-significant with difference of parity. Lacked significant of protein percentage in milk with difference of parity of ewes in this study, except the protein percentage in second stage of lactation (M2) (P<0.05). The effect of parity was significant in lactose percentage in M2, M3 and mean of lactation, lacked significant in M1 of lactation. Lacked significant of total solid percentage in milk with difference of parity of ewes in this study, except the total solid percentage in second stage of lactation (M2) (P<0.05

This study was conducted to find out the effect of magnetic water alone or with vit. E administration on some reproductive traits of female Awassi lambs. This experiment was carried out at the Animal Farm, Veterinary College, Baghdad University from 15th Jun up 15 Nov 2007. Twenty four Awassi ewe lambs were bought at the age of 5-6 months from a known and consultant resources, and were randomly divided into three groups equally\"body weight was considered\". All animals were fed on the same concentrate ration with 400g/head daily. With freely grazing for 3-6 hours at Veterinary College Fields, in additions green roughage was offered, This feeding regime was continued up to pubertal age and getting pregnancy, with clinical tests supervision were done.
The animals in the first group(M) were allowed to drink magnetic water freely, while the second group(M +E) was also allowed to drink the same water with addition of vit. E. administration once bimonthly while the animals in the third group were allowed to drink the tab water, up to the end of the experimental period, to find out the effect of magnetic water alone or with vit. E administration on the level of follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen hormone. Veginal smears were taken to find out the different ratios of different epithelial cells. The results revealed the followings:
ad 1- The animals in the second group recorded the highest value in their serum follicle stimulated hormone in August, while the 1\" &2nd groups showed a higher level in their FSH in November but no significant differences were existed. The animals in the 2nd group showed significantly (p < 0.05) high level value in their estrogen hormone at the beginning of the experiment compared with the control group. The three groups recorded high level in their Estrogen hormone in August, while the animals in the second group showed the lowest value in their estrogen hormone at the end of the experiment.
2- From the first and second groups showed highly significantly (p < 0.05) values in their squamous cell compared with the control group, but the in the control group showed high significantly (p < 0.05) ratio in their round cells compared with the first &second groups for periods of sampling

This study was conducted at AL-Rashidia research center, Nenavah-Iraq to investigate the effect of substitution different levels of bekia (Vetch) hay in concentrate diets on performance of awassi ewes and embryonic growth rate during the late pregnancy and lactation periods and the trial Awassi insted for 135 days. Forty pregnant Awassi ewes were randomly divided into four groups. Animals of first treatment were fed the control ration 0% bekia hay, The other three treatments were fed bekia hay which replaced the concentrate of the ration at 10, 20 and 30% levels respectively. The diets were formulated to the ise calorie-iso nitrogenous.
Results of the experiment were as follows: The ration was not affected changes of ewes weights from begin of experiment to the end of lactation. Mean of milk production during 12 weeks was 90,99 kg, with average daily milk production of 1.083 kg in all treatment.
The ration was not affected milk production period. However, the ewes received diet contented 30% bekia hay produced the highest milk yield (104,82 kg).It was concluded that as level of bekia increases in the diet a concomitant increase in milk yield observed. The percentage at milk fat5.31% in group of ewes fed 10% bekis hay was significantly affected (P<0.05) comparison with percentage in milk fat 3,02% and 3.87% with group ewes which fed (0 and 20% bekia hay) respectively. And also percentage at milk protein 5.23 in group of ewes fed 10% bekin hay was significantly affected (P <= 0.05) comparison with percentage in protein 4.024% and 4.51 which fed 20%) bekia hay respectively. The
ration was not affected percentage in milk lactose. The rution was not affected of lambs birth weight in all treatment, but the 2nd ration which group of ewes fed 10% bekia hay was significantly affected
(P <= 0.05) the lambs growth rate 25.9 kg and at weaning weight 30.90 kg comparison with lamba growth rate 21.45kg and at weaning 25.30kg in the ewes group which fed 20% bekia hay. Also the 2nd ration which group of ewes fed 10% bekia hay was obvious, mathematically in lumbs growth rate and weaning weight compared with other treatment groups.

This research was done in animal health lab. at ministry of Science and technology, 56 broilers were used in the experiment which divided in to 4 group each one was treated orally with 1.25 ml/100ml from grain bunt extract suspend. The concentration of spore had been determined in each sample for extract preparation: first group represent the control of uninfected grain extract and spores concentration were determined in each sample, the second group was contaminated with (0.05%), the third group was contaminated with (2.5%) and forth group was contaminated with (5%).
Chicken were fed for the duration of the experiment to feed young and healthy and initially examined the following criteria are cumulative dose and forage consumption and the increase weighted and food conversion rate for the totals for the duration of the experiment, which lasted two months. At the end of the fourth week it was observed that consumption of fodder was the lowest in the control group compared with the totals the other while the increase was weighted are the most in the control group compared with the rest of the totals treatment which indicates that the conversion factor of food was more to the control group as well as the transfer of food at the end of the experiment compaire to control higher than the rest of the totals and was followed in feed conversion and final weight of the bird chick embryos and the second decreased chick embryos, group group III and IV. Observed when studying the histological and anatomical study of the tissue sections that the liver is more lesion compared with the control group and other groups, while showed the second and third group a simple lesion in lungs and kidneys compared with the control group.

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of addition 1.5% peppermint powder to diet fed to broiler chicks for different periods. One hundred and sixty chick-Hubbard- aged one day was divided into four groups, each numbered forty with tow replicates of twenty chicks.
The four feeding treatments were as follows: T1: a basic diet+1.5% added peppermint fed to chicks for first 3 weeks; T2: a basic diet+1.5% added peppermint fed to chicks for 6 weeks; T3: a basic diet+ 1.5% added peppermint fed to chicks for last 3 weeks; T4: a control diet without additives.
As feeding trials terminated after 6 weeks. The following results were obtained: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in total Bacterial count for intestinal content. T4 was superior to other treatments, the lowest values was obtained with T2. The T4 was significant superiority in total coliform count as compared to other treatments. The T1, T2 and T3 were superior to T4 for Lactobacill.
In can be concluded that addition of 1.5% peppermint to broiler chicks diets fed for different periods had positive impact on the intestinal balance of broiler ckicks.

This investigation was carried out for 84 days in 18 glass aquarium (40cm×30cm×70cm/70 L). A total common carp Cyprinus carpio L. (144) with an average weight of 12.24±1.04 gm/fish were assigned randomly into nine groups of two replicates for each group, each replicate included 8 fish. The fish were fed on nine diets experimental that were identical in isonitroenons (30.51%-3182%) and isocaloric (1456.7-1478.3 MJ/kg). Sunflower oil (SO) were added at levels of 0, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% in the first five diets and corn oil (CO) at the same levels in diets 6-9 as different source and levels of 0-6 fatty acids.
The results of statistical analysis for weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and relative growth ratio (RGR) were insignificantly varied (p < 0.05) among T4, T5 and T8 which increased significantly (p > 0.05) as compared T1, T2, and T3. The T4 (1.5% SO) and T8 (1.5% REVEALED the best results which were 14.79 and 15.95 gm/fish for WG and 0.179 and 0.189 for DWG and 122.13% and 128.21% for RGR respectively. The parameter of SGR increased significantly (p > 0.05) T 8(0.098, supreme value) compared with other treatments except T 4.
The parameter of FCR and FER were significantly higher for T8 which were 3.04 and 32.84% respectively. The of PER showed no insignificant different (p < 0.05) among T 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,7 and 8, the T5 (2% SO) and T8 (1.5% CO) values which transcribed 0.944 and 1.03 for PER respectively. The above results showed preference of the T4 and T8 (1.5% SO and 1.5%CO respectively) that achieved the best value for WG, RGR, FCR, SGR and PER. Therefore, It is we recommend to use the 1.5% sun flower or corn oils in the diets of carp fingerling.

Both costs and Agricultural marginal marketing are considered an important Agricultural economical investigation.
It is essential to understand production and marketing problems. Iraqi is one of the important processing and exporting countries for date in the world. Iraq as date producing internationally countries relegated to the fifth position on zoos, seventh position on 2010 The date palm reduced to 11 million tree. The annual production was 650 thousand tone annually, the zahdi composed 75% the total of the total production.
This drop in production might due to both external and internals challenges, poor mulcting performance in Iraq. The marketing efficiency was around 30.7% during 2005-2010, which considered low due to poor marketing procedure in Iraq, lack of modern marketing services, as well as rising the marketing margin from 96 dinnar/ kg for 2005 to 220 dinnar/ kg for 2010 while share from each paid dinnar by the consumer for each kilogram for shade around 62% for 2005-2010, the rest (38%) is dealer share which is considered reasonable and acceptable. this must reflect good marketing service which is not available basically.
As for the revenue rate for the receiving and marketing processes for date by Ministry of Agriculture for 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, is considered as support and care for Agricultural sector as for price support policy for date prices and thus obtaining good revenue for the farmer. On the other hand, there such technical hinders that can be cured such as storage facilities and technical staff in assessing and receiving, laboratories and transport and loading of the cargo.
The investigation recommends to ensure data base, infrastructure for reception center, establishing of quality standard for date and simplifying reception stage.

Iraqi agriculture policy has given an interest for development in order to raise the agricultural sector forward to increase the production and improve it. There was an important role of the agriculture investments in implanting these policies. These policies included an, annual allocation for agricultural sector, of 35 billion ID in 2005, increased to 110 billion ID in 2009, with growth ratio of 314%.
Iraqi government role was positive in supporting these investments, and adopting agriculture initiative since 2008 with allocated about 377 billion ID. Public directions for Iraqi agriculture investments concentrate on plants, livestock's, machineries and irrigation projects as well as loans. All these investments to support the production and infrastructure have contributed. Relatively in supporting the agricultural production as well as the infrasture. It should be concentrated in the future on the actual agricultural production

The research aims to study the economic efficiency of projects Chicken meat in the light of technical normative by measuring the relations of production and estimate the function of production and net cash proceeds to examine the relations of production. Been obtained for the data in the light of the questionnaire collected personal interviews and randomly from a sample of projects in the district of chicken meat Muqdadiya Diyala province accounted for 60% of the total projects in the judiciary. The results showed that dual-function logarithmic function is more representative of the relationship between the amount of meat produced and racist labor and capital and the most consistent with economic logic and standard. Explanatory variables and was able to explain 65% of the fluctuations in the Group, either total flexibility, reaching a 0.9 reflect the capacity of decreasing returns. She also pointed to the contribution of capital in the production process by 60% and that a combination of capital and labor in the production process of economic chicken meat. The projects also achieved a return of the dinar investor of 1.2 dinars, and a total profit of $ (58,735) thousand dinars

Sunflower residues at rates of 0, 600 and 1400 g per m² were incorporated in field soil to evaluate their herbicidal potential alone and in combination with 0, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended doses of 2, 4-D and Topic herbicides against weeds of barley crop. All treatments received equal amounts of irrigation water and recommended doses of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Combination of recommended dose of herbicides with sunflower residue at 1400 g m produced minimum above ground weed biomass(122 g m³) and weeds number (155.5 weeds per m²), which were 35 and 50% less than recommended herbicide dose applied alone, respectively. Meanwhile, integration of herbicides and sunflower residue appeared superior in enhancing number of spikes, weight of 100 grains and yield per unit area than herbicide alone. Application of 50% dose of herbicides on plants growing in plots containing sunflower residue at 1400 g m resulted in similar yield advantage as was noticed with 100% herbicide dose. Chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of several phenolic compounds in the soil containing sunflower residues and none of these appeared in soil without sunflower residues. Concentration of total phenolic compounds appeared to be increased at two weeks of decomposition, reached its maximum at the 4th week of decomposition and started to decline thereafter until vanished at the 8th week of decomposition. Weeds population started to increase after 6 weeks of residues decomposition when the phytotoxins concentration was sharply reduced in the soil. The possible advantage of this approach in reducing reliance on herbicides for weeds control is briefly discussed

The aim of this study was to investigate the immunological interference of Infectious Bronchitis vaccine (IBV) MA5 and 4/91 strains on immune response to Newcastle (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) vaccines by studying the humeral immunity in layers. A total of 90-day-old male layer chicks were assigned into three equal treatment groups as follow: G1 chicks were vaccinated against Al at 2nd days and against ND at 2, 10, 20 and 30 days of age. G2: chicks were vaccinated as in G1 and vaccinated against IB at 10 and 30 days of age. G3: chicks in this group were left without vaccination as a control group. the result showed that the antibodies titers against ND and Al were high in G1 in contrast with G2 and control group at 20 and 45 days of age. A key finding from these results revealed that vaccination of chicken by using of live attenuated IBV leading to immunological interference and immune stress which negatively affect on the immune response against ND and AI vaccines.

This study attempts to estimate the action of Q-switched Nd: YAG laser on activity and specific activity of invertase enzyme produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast cells were irradiated using two wavelengths (532 and 1064) nm of Q-Switched Nd: YAG laser with (1Hz) frequency; Different fluences (11.3, 22.6 and 33.9) mJ/cm² and different number of pulses (15, 30 and 60 pulses) were used. The irradiated cells were incubated in a liquid nutritive medium for 24 hour. After incubation, the cells were harvested and disrupted to extract the invertase enzyme and its activities were assessed. In comparison with the control, the irradiated cells with fundamental wavelength (1064 nm) showed an increase in the activity and the specific activity of invertase at energy density of 33.9 mJ/cm² at 15 and 60 pulses, while the irradiation with 532nm at all doses inhibited effect the activity and specific activity of invertase. It is concluded that a fluence at 33.9 mJ/cm² with 1064 nm wavelength stimulates the activity and specific activity of the enzyme to the maximum values.

Irradiation with Q-switch Nd: YAG laser caused growth stimulation to the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The laser parameters that were used in cells irradiation include two wavelengths (1064 and 532nm) at a fixed energy density (11.3 ml/cm²) with different number of pulses (15, 30 and 60). After irradiated cells were incubated in liquid nutritive broth for 24h, biomass, total cell number and viability were determined. It was found that irradiation with 532nm at 30 puses produced noticeable increasing in values of biomass and vinbility of the irradiated cells compared to their values in the case of irradiation with 1064nm wavelength that, it also stimulated the increasing in the value of total cell number in to a maximum value.