Misan Journal of Academic Studies

Cerium oxide and chitosan (Ce/CS) nanoparticles' antioxidant, biocompatible, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties have garnered interest. Integration of a Ce/CS nanocomposite into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resin affects its physical properties. Based on an initial investigation, the composite consisted of 30% cerium oxide and 70% chitosan by weight, blended with PMMA resin in varying proportions. Data analysis showed significant differences among all groups (P≤0.05). Surface roughness did not change between the control and experimental groups employing 1% and 5% CS/Ce (P > 0.05). Water sorption and solubility were lowest in group B compared to A and the control group. The FTIR graph showed changed chemical structure, suggesting new functional groups. Ce/CS nanocomposite was evenly distributed in group A's PMMA matrix by SEM compared to group B. The study found that adding 5 wt.% nano cerium oxide/chitosan composite to PMMA denture base resin reduces its water sorption and solubility. The surface roughness of PMMA resin improved non-significantly using 1 and 5 wt.% Ce/CS nanocomposites.

Students who learn English as a foreign language (EFL) in college must know how to write academic essays. However, despite several years of formal English education, several Iraqi EFL students still find it difficult to develop effective academic essay writing capabilities (AEWC). This is, largely, due to pedagogical, linguistic, and contextual limitations. As such, the present study examined the impact of peer-centred feedback (PCF) on the AEWC of third-year EFL students from the English Department of the Imam Al-Kadhum College in Baghdad, Iraq.
A total of 120 students were equally divided into two groups, namely, an experimental group (60 students) and a control group (60 students). Over a two-month period, the experimental group received structured PCF on their academic essays, while the control group received traditional teacher-centred feedback (TCF). A mixed-methods approach, which combined quantitative data, derived from the pre- and post-intervention techniques, and qualitative data, derived from the distributed questionnaires and various semi-structured interviews, was used.
The post-intervention test scores indicated that the experimental group performed better than the control group. Therefore, structured PCF positively impacted the students’ AEWC. Apart from that, the data collected from the questionnaire and semi-structured interviews indicated that the students perceived PCF as highly motivating, helpful, and collaborative, which improved their confidence, awareness of mistakes in their essays, and their learner autonomy.
Therefore, the findings of the present study empirically indicate the importance of using PCF in an Iraqi EFL settings, as well as the practical implications of using PCF in academic essay writing (AEW) courses for Iraqi EFL students

The umbilical cord is a vital physiological structure that connects the fetus to the placenta. It plays a pivotal role in the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother and fetus during pregnancy. This study aimed to identify bacterial isolates from newborns with umbilical cord infections in Baghdad Governorate. One hundred swabs were collected from newborns with umbilical cord infections who visited the pediatric consultants at Al-Kadimiya Teaching Hospital and Al-Karkh Hospital. The swabs ranged in age from 3 days to 28 days and were of both sexes. The study was conducted from October 1, 2024, to February 1, 2025. Phenotypic and biochemical results revealed that 100 samples were isolates, of which 29.16 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 29.16 were identified as Escherichia coli, 29.16 were identified as Pseudomonas, 8.33 were identified as Enterococcus, and 4.16 were identified as Bacteroides. Molecular screening was performed using PCR. Biofilm production results also showed a significant decrease in the number associated with biofilm formation, indicating that the bacterial species is directly proportional to the isolate type and sample collection time.

Infections from Pseudomonas aeruginosa represent a significant public health threat as a result of the organism's innate and acquired resistance to a wide breadth of antimicrobial agents. The aim of study was to isolate and phenotypic characterization of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wounds and burns of patients in an Iraqi clinical setting. A combined total of 100 clinical samples were collected, evenly distributed between wound (n = 50) and burn (n = 50) specimens. Sterile swabs were used to collect the samples directly from the infection sites. Upon collection, the swabs were placed into transport tubes before transferring the samples in tubes to the laboratory, to maintain sample integrity and ensure optimal recovery conditions for bacterial isolation. The results showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 30 of the 100 clinical samples (30%) and significant differences were found between burn samples (36%) and wound samples (25%) but this was not statistically significant (X² = 1.714, P = 0.19). The isolates showed distinctive characteristics on Cetrimide and King's a media, which produced Pyoverdin and Pyocyanin pigments (respectively). The result for both oxidase and catalase tests were both positive confirming the identity of the isolates as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Patients aged 50 or older had higher isolation rates for both genders. However, the testing statistic showed that there was no relationship between age or gender and isolation rate (P > 0.05).

Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and opportunistic bacterium and the leading cause of human bacterial infections worldwide. S. aureus exhibits significant resistance to antibiotics, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. This resistance is a growing global concern, as S. aureus can rapidly adapt to various antibiotic treatments, making these bacteria difficult to treat. The ability to form biofilms enhances this resistance, allowing S. aureus to persist in infections and become resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, alternative treatment options to antibiotics are needed to control antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, and cold plasma may be an alternative. The aim was to study genetic estimation of the toxic shock syndrome genes for burn patients in Al-Qadisiyah Province. 150 clinical samples were collected from various sources, including burns from patients aged 3–58 years at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Afak General Hospital, and the Specialized Burns Center during the period from February 2025 to May 2025. The results demonstrated the clear effectiveness estimation of the toxic shock syndrome genes for burn patients in Al-Qadisiyah Province.

Based on the significant impact of L. casei against E. coli obtained from diarrheal case in several Baghdadi hospitals (Yarmouk and Mahmoudia), this study was conducted. Every sample that was grown on MacConkey agar, Eosine Methylene Blue, and Blood agar, as well as E. coli, was identify using Gram stain and biochemical testing. Forty-five isolates of the fifty diarrheal samples had positive E. coli results. Sensitivity tests were performed on the four E. Coli isolates that were obtained and came back positive Lactobacillus casei isolates were isolated and cultur in Man Rogosa Sharpe broth at 37°C for 24 hours, followed by a 24-hour incubation under CO2 (5–10%) and a reculture on MRS agar. The isolates were tested against E. coli using the agar well diffusion assay, and the diameter of the halo zone surrounding bacterial growths was measured.

The creation of three dimensional (3D)-printed denture base was made possible by the advent of additive manufacturing technology. This research intends to test the effect of inclusion barium titanate nanoparticles (BaTiO3NPs) at different weight percentages on the radiopacity and surface roughness of 3D-printable denture bases. Three groups were created: a control group, 0.5 wt.%, and 1 wt.% BaTiO3NPs. Every sample was tested for surface roughness utilizing contact profilometer and atomic force microscope (AFM), and the radiopacity by measuring optical density using transmission densitometer. Adding BaTiO3NPs to 3D-printable resin improved the radiopacity and decreased the surface roughness of the modified groups.

Dental impressions are often contaminated with the patient’s saliva, blood, and plaque, represents a risk of cross-infection between dental practitioners. In order to prevent the spread of microorganisms, disinfection of all dental impressions is mandatory. Chemicals are usually used to disinfect impressions by immersion. Nonetheless, these chemicals may alter the physical and mechanical properties of impression material. The study purpose was to evaluate the tea tree oil effect as an impression disinfectant on wettability property of addition silicone impressions material.
This study employed a total of 60 heavy- and light-body addition silicon impression material specimens. The specimens were randomly sorted and immersed into three primary groups. These test groups where 1% TTO and the other two groups are distilled water (negative control) and 2% glutaraldehyde (positive control).all was immersed for 10 minutes .each of the three main groupings has 20 specimens.
There were no statistically significant differences in wettability of addition silicone impressions among all test groups.
The addition silicone impression material may be safely submerged in TTO for 10 minutes to disinfect it without impairing the wettability of the impression.

This study aims to investigate the relationship of vitamin D deficiency and some other biochemical parameters (C-peptide, Alanine transaminase ALT, Aspartate transaminase AST, Alkaline phosphatase ALP and C-reactive protein CRP) levels in obese and diabetic women. The whole sample included 60 women aged 30 – 40 years, divided to three groups (20 women / group) as control, obesity and diabetes groups (the participants in obesity and diabetes groups were diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency). Results revealed: C-peptide increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01 ) in obesity group and not significantly in diabetes group in comparison with the control , ALT increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01 ) in different groups in comparison with the control , AST increased not significantly in different groups in comparison with control, ALP increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01 ) in diabetes group and significantly (p ≤ 0.05 ) in obesity group in comparison with the control, CRP increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01 ) in different groups in comparison with the control. The physiological impacts of these results be discussed according to the impact of vitamin D deficiency that associated with different metabolic and inflammatory disturbances, leading to diverse detrimental influence on the biochemical profiles of the studied groups.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite; it has been proposed to play a carcinogenic role in various tissue types, such as the brain tissue. This study investigates the relationship between the infection of T. gondii and breast cancer among women employing the histopathology technique. Sixty-one women participated in this study. The biopsy of breast cancer tissues was collected from a private laboratory with the support of a specialist doctor (Advisor), from December 2023 to January 2025. The examination is conducted using the histopathology technique. The histopathology technique investigation reveals that the toxoplasmosis has resulted in extensive damage to the typical breast tissues, including necrosis and tissue destruction, as well as a high density of T. gondii at the site of infection.

This study evaluates and maps the gross heterogeneity of the Mishrif Formation in the West Qurna-1 oilfield, southern Iraq, by counting the Lorenz coefficient (Lc) based on porosity, permeability, and thickness data from 99 wells. A custom Python script was utilized for data processing, and spatial interpolation was practiced using ordinary kriging in ArcGIS 10.8.2. The calculated Lc values range from 0.55 to 0.84, with an average of around 0.75, revealing a high to extreme degree of reservoir heterogeneity. Spatial distribution patterns indicate moderate heterogeneity in the northern sector, escalated heterogeneity in the central region, likely due to facies transitions, and extreme heterogeneity in the southern part, reflecting complex depositional environments and diagenetic alterations. These outcomes highlight the impact of heterogeneity mapping in optimizing well arrangement, enhancing sweep efficiency, and mitigating operational risks during reservoir development.

Since the mid-first century AH, theological debates have revolved around the issue of predestination and free will, specifically whether humans are free or compelled in their actions. Some Quranic verses assert that the sole agent is God, and that human actions are predetermined, while others emphasize human free will and responsibility for one's actions. Furthermore, the question of how to relate human agency to God's agency has been a perplexing one for human thought, particularly for scholars of Islamic schools of thought.
The most important opinions in this field are divided into three categories: the doctrine of predestination, held by the Ash'arites to defend the Oneness of God's actions, which led to neglecting divine justice; the doctrine of free will, chosen by the Mu'tazilites to defend divine justice, which also led to neglecting the Oneness of God's actions; and the Imamiyyah, who proposed the theory of "the middle ground" (al-amr bayna al-amrayn), which negates both predestination and free will, affirming the truth between them without compromising the fundamental principles of the Oneness of God's actions and divine justice. Based on their established principles, the Imamiyyah addressed the issue of free will in light of divine agency, aiming to reconcile the general concepts of divine decree, predestination, and power with human choice, since human actions, by virtue of their voluntary nature, are contingent upon God's power and will.
In this study, we will analyze and critique these opinions to arrive at a preferred view, one that affirms that the manifestation of God's agency in the phenomena of creation is analogous to the agency of the soul in its faculties.

Ibn al-Rumi is regarded as one of the distinguished poets whose fame spread widely among his contemporaries.
Although some critics described him as a satirist rather than a master of other types of poetry, through a close look at his poetry collection, we find that this judgment contains something of injustice, or a solitary judgment on the output of a poet who lived in an environment in which the elements of beauty and civilization were mixed with the diversity of intellectual and political schools of thought, making him a producer of a type of poem characterized by harsh, bitter satire. This research is an attempt to understand what is new in his poetry and to prove his poetic ability to keep pace with the development witnessed by his era, through an induction of his poetic texts that we subjected to a set of critical concepts by analyzing them in form and content.

The study of Intertextuality in the short-short stories (flash fiction) of Ahmed Jarallah Yassin reveals the writer’s profound awareness of both Arab and international narrative heritage, as well as his ability to re-employ it within a modern artistic framework. Intertextuality in his works is not confined to quotation or citation; rather, it goes beyond that to create new semantic and aesthetic relationships, thereby enriching the dimensions of the text and opening it to multiple artistic contexts. The narrative structure of his short-short stories also incorporates vivid visual scenes, which he skillfully crafts, reflecting his tendency to experiment with a tool not easily integrated into the structural plot of this genre. Such writing relies on maximum linguistic brevity and compression to construct stories distinguished by a different method, vision, and uniqueness of expression. Accordingly, this critical study aims to explore the functions of intertextuality in Yassin’s short-short stories. Yassin , a critic, short story writer, and poet, is distinguished by his personal imprint and unique style in literary writing. Intertextuality stands out as a striking feature in his narratives, carrying deep meanings and connotations that engage with reality through depiction, critique, and irony.

This research examines the radical transformations witnessed in the art of sculpture as a result of rapid technological advancements. Techniques such as holography and virtual sculpting have reformulated the foundational concepts of this art form, transcending the traditional boundaries of materiality toward digital realms reliant on light and information rather than tangible materials. The study focuses on the artistic and technical aspects of these modern technologies, exploring their impact on the interaction between the artist and the audience, as well as the philosophical and aesthetic challenges that have emerged with the diminishing presence of the physical element in digital sculptural works.
The research seeks to investigate whether sculpture can retain its creative essence despite its shift into an immaterial form. It explores the emerging relationship between physical reality and digital representations, which has opened the door to new sculptural methods that surpass traditional constraints such as size, weight, and space. Additionally, it addresses the effects of these changes on the audience’s experience, particularly with the disappearance of direct sensory interaction—such as touch and the perception of texture—which was a fundamental component of traditional sculpture, replaced instead by visual engagement in holographic and virtual works.
The study delves deeply into the visual perception of holographic sculpture, which relies primarily on light, posing new challenges regarding how these works are received and interpreted in the absence of a physical experience. Simultaneously, it highlights the capacity of digital technology to create dynamic and interactive sculptural experiences, enabling the design of works that evolve based on the viewer’s movements or adapt to diverse virtual environments.
On another level, the research discusses how these technologies necessitate a reevaluation of concepts of beauty and art. Digital sculpture demands the formulation of new aesthetic standards suited to its intangible nature, while also anticipating the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing sculptural creativity through innovative approaches to handling digital materials.
Through a critical analysis of these developments, the research concludes that digital and holographic sculpture is not merely an evolution of traditional sculpture but rather an independent art form with distinct characteristics reflective of the digital age. It sheds light on future challenges, whether in terms of techniques, modes of interaction, or the place of this art within the contemporary visual landscape. In its conclusion, the study proposes pathways to enhance the audience’s experience by advancing virtual and augmented reality technologies, creating immersive environments that reshape the relationship between the artist and the public amid the ongoing digital revolution.

The study of this issue in Mu‘tazilite thought is considered one of the most significant topics, not only within Islamic intellectual discourse but also within human thought in general, as it touches on both Islamic creed and human nature. Numerous authors and researchers have documented the Mu‘tazilites’ rich intellectual contributions, which have greatly enriched the understanding of Islamic heritage, particularly concerning this issue, offering insights beneficial to the Islamic world and to those of diverse religions and cultures who engaged with them.
The concept of free will attracted critical observations and intellectual debates, shaping a dynamic intellectual movement characterized by innovation and the integration of religious belief with virtue, ethics, and philosophical thought. Despite differing scholarly positions—ranging from denying Greek influence to explicitly acknowledging it—the methodological approach to presenting the issue, with a focus on its specific and general dimensions, has led to a deeper and more meaningful exploration of the intersection between philosophy and religion.

This study aims to evaluate the second – grade mathematics textbook in accordance with international standards, specifically those set by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM ,2000) , to achieve the aim of the study , the researcher employed the descriptive method by using content analysis . Upon completing the analysis of the textbook content ,the results indicated that the standards were present to a good extent Evaluating the textbook content based on the standards alone is not sufficient , as it does not offer a comprehensive perspective on the organization of the content ,nor does it adequately address the alignment between preceding and subsequent grade levels. While emphasizing these standards may contribute to increased knowledge, it does not necessarily promote a deeper understanding . In addition the standards appear as a lengthy list of subheading grouped under a single main heading which compels curriculum developers to include numerous topics in an attempt to meet these standards . As a result when teachers cover the content they often neglect the use of appropriate teaching methods and fail to utilize the textbooks effectively and appropriately In order to achieve a balance between the ( NCTM ) standards – encompassing both content and process standards – the researcher developed a proposed framework for the mathematics textbook content to align with the learners level of understanding and abilities at this stage . the aim was to make comprehension more accessible and enjoyable for students . In developing this proposal the researcher drew upon learning theories of (Piaget , Bruner , Gagne , and Ausubel ) as well as the developmental characteristics of the targeted age group .

The hero is an important symbol in human life since ancient times. Ancient Iraq was one of civilized societies, which had a intellectual and religious concept, and this is what we see in the intellectual achievements, and the positive outcome of those achievements, to serve the public interest to advance the behavior of the ancient Iraqi. The hero and heroism in the ancient Iraqi concept were a moral and service offering to society with the combination of the strength of the body and mind from a striking hand and wisdom, to repel evil and secure others. there was no concept of a hero or heroism, without leaving a moral value or wisdom from which others could benefit

In this study, a series of 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) compounds were synthesized via a one-pot direct condensation reaction of selected reactants, using iodine (I₂) as a catalyst and ethanol as the solvent. The synthesized compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance methods such as ^1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, HSQC, and DEPT-135.
The biological activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated, with a focus on their anticancer potential. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay on two cancer cell lines: MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. Among the tested compounds (IO, BNO₂, and Br), compound Br showed the highest antiproliferative activity with an IC₅₀ value of 22.93 µg/mL, while compound BNO₂ exhibited the lowest activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 148.10 µg/mL.
Additionally, the antioxidant activities of compounds IO and Br were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Compound IO demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 95.087 µg/mL, compared to Br, which showed lower efficacy with an IC₅₀ of 107.17 µg/mL Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of compound BNO₂ was tested against two bacterial strains: the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli. The results indicated that BNO₂ was effective against the Gram-positive bacteria, while it showed weaker activity against the Gram-negative strain.

Deletion is both a rhetorical and grammatical device in which one of the elements of a sentence is omitted while the meaning remains intelligible through its context. It is, in essence, one of the distinctive features of the Arabic language, employed to achieve artistic expression, brevity, and eloquence. Through deletion, the writer allows space for the reader’s reflection, thereby transforming it into a linguistic art that demonstrates the author’s ability to convey meaning in the most concise and powerful form. Deletion is among the significant aspects that enhance communication and enrich linguistic performance, serving various purposes such as alleviating redundancy and avoiding repetition, thus making it a standardized tool accessible to linguists. This study is limited to examining this phenomenon, which contributes to the aesthetic and semantic richness of literary texts, particularly in the poetry of Al-Raai Al-Namiri. His poetry reveals multiple manifestations of deletion and diverse purposes behind its use, making it a phenomenon worthy of in-depth analysis and focused study.

This study presents an analytical examination of selected grammatical issues critiqued by Al-Radhi in his commentary on Al-Kāfiyah. It is a scholarly attempt to establish a foundational reference for understanding the nature and substance of grammatical criticism as formulated by Al-Radhi. The research investigates the reasoning behind his critiques، analyzes their content، deciphers their grammatical intricacies، and subjects them to detailed scrutiny and deconstruction. Additionally، the study explores the linguistic characteristics of Al-Radhi’s critical discourse—its nature، style، and structure—while also tracing the epistemological frameworks underpinning this evaluative language. It further examines the linguistic templates and semantic intentions employed in articulating his critical perspectives.

The research deals with an analytical study of the works of the French pottery Juliette Clovis from a visual and structural perspective, as it seeks to reveal the mechanisms of visual integration achieved by the artist in her works through her masterful use of plastic elements (shape, color, movement, and texture) within an artistic system based on contemporary concepts. From this perspective, the research includes an introduction, the research problem, the need for and importance of the research, its objectives, as well as its thematic, temporal, and spatial limitations, leading to the definition of the most important research terms. The research also included the concept of visual integration and integration in artwork: from ancient to contemporary philosophy, as well as the potter Juliette Clovis and visual references. Then, the indicators of the theoretical framework and previous studies. It also included the research procedures and analysis of the research sample models. This was followed by the research results and their discussion, conclusions, recommendations, and proposals, and then the research concluded with a list of sources.

This study aims to examine the employment of images and typography as means of communication on book covers by analyzing their visual and semantic relationships and their role in shaping a book’s visual identity and attracting readers. The research explores the historical background of book cover development and the importance of graphic design in their creation. It also discusses the types of images, the functions of typography, and their contributions to reinforcing the visual message and achieving harmony between form and content. Furthermore, the study reviews leading international design standards applied in book cover design and their impact on shaping the reader’s experience and influencing purchasing behavior.
The findings indicate that the deliberate integration of images and typography enhances the aesthetic and marketing value of book covers, strengthens communication with the target audience, and encourages reader engagement with the book. Consequently, this integration fulfills aesthetic, communicative, and promotional functions simultaneously. The study concludes that adopting a design vision that considers both cultural context and contemporary aesthetic standards is essential for achieving more effective and impactful book covers.

Due to the significant role that strategies play in producing the arts, the scope of this study is to determine the impact of the Post and Brennan strategy in acquiring copper plate skills among the morning second-grade students of the Fine Arts Institute.
To achieve this objective, two hypotheses were utilized in the cognitive and performance-based outcome tests in this study, an experimental approach was employed, using an experimental design for the two equivalent groups, which are the experimental and control groups for both pre- and post-tests. The research included up to 242 students of the fine arts institute. Also included 30 samples of students in the second grade. Plans were formulated for the Post and Brennan strategy as well as the conventional one, building a cognitive test consisting of 25 items and a performance-based test, which consisted of 15 items, to demonstrate the research outcomes. A set of statistical tools was employed. The outcomes have revealed that there are statistical variations at the level of (0.05) among the mean ranks of the experimental group, those who study based on the Post and Brennan strategy and the mean ranks of the control group those who study based on the conventional method in acquiring copper plate skills in both the cognitive and performance post tests.

The current research aimed to investigate the role of contextual learning in raising the level of academic aspiration among students of the Department of Art Education. To achieve this, the researcher adopted the experimental method, using a two-group design (experimental and control). The research population consisted of second-year students in the Department of Art Education at the Colleges of Basic Education at Al-Mustansiriyah University and the University of Misan, totaling (220) male and female students. A random sample of (80) students was selected, distributed equally between the experimental group (40) and the control group (40(.To accomplish the objectives of the research, the researcher developed a scale consisting of (24) items, the validity and reliability of which were verified before application to the research sample. The results revealed a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups on the post-test of the academic aspiration scale, in favor of the experimental group. In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group, also in favor of the post-test. The study concluded that teaching based on contextual learning contributed to raising the level of academic aspiration among students of the Department of Art Education through encouraging their orientation toward study, viewing the future positively, striving for excellence and perseverance, bearing responsibility, and developing self-confidence and satisfaction.
Accordingly, the researcher recommended the use of contextual learning in educational programs that enhance academic aspiration, and the organization of seminars and workshops to raise students’ awareness of the importance of academic aspiration and engagement, and their role in developing knowledge and skills. The researcher also suggested conducting further studies on the effect of contextual learning-based programs in art education courses for students of Colleges of Basic Education, as well as exploring the relationship between academic aspiration and mental capacity in these colleges.

This study examines the extent of environmental degradation in the Hammar Marsh and its impact on livestock in Dhi Qar Province. The study area is the Hammar Marsh depression, located within the administrative boundaries of Dhi Qar. It is considered one of the largest surface water depressions in Iraq, fed mainly by the Euphrates River in addition to waters flowing from the Qurna marshes. In general, the water supply sources of the Hammar Marsh vary depending on the morphological changes the marsh has undergone, meaning that the feeding channels have changed over time.
The study reveals that the Hammar Marsh has undergone major environmental changes due to both natural and human factors. Natural factors include rising temperatures and reduced rainfall, while human factors involve the construction of dams, reservoirs, and irrigation projects on the Tigris and Euphrates, as well as drainage operations. These changes caused a clear environmental impact, shrinking the marsh by 56% of the total 1,750 km² in the province, and by 59.77% during the 1990s compared to the 1970s. The marsh has continued to shrink and dry up due to reduced water releases and climate change, with its area estimated at around 1,200 km² during 2022–2023, representing only 68% of its original area in Dhi Qar.
This decline in water coverage also reduced the extent of wetlands and vegetation cover. In the 1970s, vegetation covered about 1,753 km², but this fell to 919 km² in the 1990s following drainage operations. As a result, dissolved salts (TDS) increased from 3,000–6,000 mg/L to 6,100–9,100 mg/L, while electrical conductivity (EC) values ranged from 9.35 to 15.11 dS/m, affected by changes in both water quantity and quality upstream of the Euphrates and human activity along its course. However, with the partial restoration of the marshes and increased water levels, vegetation expanded again to about 970 km².
Any decline in livestock productivity is directly linked to the shrinking of the marshes and reduced water releases, since livestock depend primarily on natural vegetation, alongside other types of feed. The drop in water levels, changes in water quality, and increased salinity have led to animal deaths, with more than 700 animals lost. Livestock numbers varied across the area: buffalo numbered 26,500, with 1,062 fish ponds recorded, while cattle, sheep, goats, and camels reached 50,322; 32,227; 3,166; and 2,221 respectively. Meanwhile, the number of herders dropped to 7,432—representing 39% of the total in the province.

This study analyzes gendered differences in novelistic language, drawing on Robin Lakoff’s theory of women’s language. It applies a descriptive–analytical and statistical method to two contemporary Arabic novels: Riyam wa Kafa by Hadiya Hussein and Papa Sartre by Ali Badr. The investigation addresses both the lexical and the syntactic–functional levels of the narrative corpus, focusing on phenomena such as color terms, oaths, derogatory expressions, intensifiers, hedges, repetition, exclamatives, colloquial expressions, imperative clauses, and questions. The findings indicate that the feminine discourse in Riyam wa Kafa is characterized by a dense affective lexicon, frequent repetition, a predominance of questions, and a marked presence of both hedges and intensifiers; color terms operate as expressive instruments for selfhood and female identity, reinforcing the narrative’s emotional and subjective dimensions. By contrast, Papa Sartre exhibits a more ironic and sarcastic register, with notable use of derogatory terms, direct imperatives, mocking repetition, and male-coded colloquial expressions. The comparative analysis further shows that several features diverge from Lakoff’s predictions: ostensibly masculine markers sometimes appear in women’s speech and vice versa, shaped by the socio-cultural context of the texts and the positioning of their characters.

The research aims to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in surface pressure systems, represented by atmospheric highs and lows at the 1000 millibar level, over Iraq. The study also examines how these changes impact climatic characteristics in the region, particularly temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. Daily weather maps and data published online (at 1200 GMT) were analyzed from sources such as http://vortex.plymouth.edu/reanal and the NOAA website. The research" involved calculating the number of days each type of surface pressure system occurred across two climate cycles: the first from 1960 to 1970 and the second from 2010 to 2020. The analysis identified three main atmospheric highs affecting the study area: the Siberian, European, and subtropical high-pressure systems. Additionally, it recognized three depressions: the Indian, Sudanese, and Mediterranean depressions. The study revealed significant changes in the occurrence rates of surface high-pressure systems between the two" periods. The European and Siberian highs recorded lower rates in the second cycle compared to the first, while the subtropical high showed an increase in its" recurrence rate during the second cycle. This shift contributed to higher temperature averages and lower relative humidity in the latter period. Conversely, the Sudanese and Mediterranean depressions experienced lower recurrence rates in the second climate cycle, whereas the Indian seasonal depression recorded higher rates, with the highest annual rate observed at Basra Station due to its proximity to the centers of the Indian seasonal depression. This resulted in decreased rainfall, higher evaporation rates, and lower relative humidity across all study stations, highlighting the distinct climatic variations among the locations analyzed.

The aim of the research was to: (identify the deep text comprehension skills necessary for first-grade intermediate students, develop a strategy based on mindfulness, and determine the effect of this strategy on developing deep text comprehension skills among first-grade intermediate students in reading and text lessons). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted two approaches: a descriptive approach to identify the skills and develop the strategy, and an experimental approach to examine the effect of the strategy on skill development.The research population consisted of public intermediate day schools in Babil Governorate, Iraq, during the academic year 2024–2025. The research sample included 63 students, with 31 students in the experimental group and 32 in the control group, selected randomly. The researcher ensured the equivalence of both groups statistically in terms of age, parental education level, and IQ test scores. The experiment lasted for an entire academic semester, at the end of which the researcher administered a Deep Text Comprehension Test that had been previously validated and verified for reliability.
The results showed that the students in the experimental group who were taught using the proposed strategy outperformed those in the control group who were taught using traditional methods. The researcher recommended adopting the proposed strategy in teaching reading, and suggested several follow-up studies, including one to examine the relationship between mindfulness and reading awareness.