Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

Arabic is one of the greatest human languages, and what increased its honor and glorification is being the language of the Holy Quran. Therefore, we must know its details and secrets through its various sciences that were harnessed to understand the Quranic text. One of these sciences is the science of Arabic grammar. Arabic grammar has received attention and study among grammarians, as the purpose of studying it is to understand and analyze the structure of the sentence with a linguistic analysis that reveals its parts and clarifies the elements of its composition and the interconnection of these elements with each other in order to convey a useful meaning.
The study consisted of two sections preceded by an introduction and a preface. A brief analysis of Surat Al-Ahzab is included. The last part of this paper is the conclusion which contain the findings and recommendations of the study.

The tribe of Bani Ḍabba is one of the seven Muḍār tribes to which the Holy Quran was revealed. It was a source for linguists to take the language from it, or they cited its eloquence at all levels of the language. This indicates the eloquence of Bani Ḍabba and their high status among linguists. There was a large group of linguists who cited the language of Bani Ḍabba, strange words, and Quranic readings, such as Al-Khalil bin Aḥmed Al-Farahidi (d. 175 AH), Sibawayh (d. 180 AH), Abu Amr Al-Shaibani (d. 206 AH), Qatrib (d. 206 AH), Al-Farra (d. 207 AH), Abu Zaid Al-Ansari (d. 215 AH), Al-Akhfash (d. 215 AH), Ibn Al-Sikkit (d. 244 AH), Al-Azhari (d. 370 AH), and others. Therefore, this research came to shed light on the linguistic phenomena in the language of Bani Dabba in their sources from the books of linguistic heritage and their collection, and to show its connection to the languages of the Arab tribes, such as Quraysh, Tamim, Qais, Asad, Uqayl, Bani Ghinna, and other tribes, and is concerned with the phonetic changes of these dialects. The first section deals with the phonetic changes of this language, from linguistic or phonetic substitution. The second section includes studying the morphological level of the meanings of the morphological structures. The third section handles certain grammatical issues such as opening the lam of ki or the jazm of the present tense with lam ki and also the genitive with (muḏ). The fourth section examines the meaning of words in the language of Bani Ḍabba.

The research areas are characterized by their geological diversity, which includes rock formations dating back to different geological eras, formed according to the type of their deposition and the difference in their eras. It directly affects soil quality and the distribution of natural resources such as groundwater, as well as the variation in the presence of living organisms. Climate is also a key factor in determining the nature of vegetation and wildlife in the region Climatic conditions range from temperate to arid or semi-arid, with significant variations in temperature and rainfall depending on altitude and geographical location. This climatic diversity influences the distribution and natural balance of ecosystems. The studied areas are characterized by varied topography, including plains, plateaus, and mid-altitude regions. These landforms demonstrate the processes of erosion and deposition resulting from wind, water, and climatic changes over time.

A correlation matrix was used to determine the spatial relationship among the stations in the study area through the SPSS program, where data from ten selected stations in Iraq were analyzed. The results showed a close relationship between Mosul station and Sulaymaniyah, Khanaqin, and Basra, while the second group included Tikrit, Haditha, Al-Hay, and Rutba stations. Baghdad station, however, was isolated due to its geographical location and weak statistical correlation. It was found that the strength of correlation among the stations varied, with both positive and negative relationships appearing. The highest correlation was between Sulaymaniyah and Khanaqin at (0.998), followed by Erbil and Khanaqin at (0.969). The strongest negative correlation was between Erbil and Basra at (-0.897), followed by Mosul at (-0.457). These values reflect the variation in spatial and statistical relationships among the climatic stations. The importance of these results lies in understanding Iraq’s climatic distribution, similarities and differences between regions and natural resource management.

The research aims to analyze the functional region of the educational institutions at the University of Fallujah and their geographic, social, and economic impact. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical methodology, utilizing field and statistical data. The findings revealed that the university's influence extends beyond Anbar Governorate to encompass most of Iraq's provinces. In undergraduate studies, the number of admitted students reached 1,951, with 1,682 from Anbar and 269 from other provinces, showing variations in distribution across disciplines, medical colleges (e,g,, Medicine) attracted 60,99% of non-local students, while humanities colleges (e.g. Administration and Economics) enrolled 652 students from Anbar; in postgraduate studies, 175 students were admitted (131 from Anbar and 42 from other provinces), with a concentration in the College of Islamic Sciences (76 students). As for faculty members, their number reached 552 (461 from Anbar and 91 non-local), with the highest proportion of non-local faculty in the College of Medicine (25,84%). The number of administrative staff was 492 (90,6% from Anbar and 9% from other provinces). The study concluded that the university contributes to regional development by providing educational and employment opportunities. However, improvements in infrastructure, transportation, housing services, and the design of programs aligned with local labor market needs are essential.

This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of deprivation from infrastructure services in the city of Al-Alam, located in Salah al-Din Governorate. It focuses on measuring deprivation indicators related to potable water, electricity, sanitation, roads, and communication services across the city's seven residential neighborhoods. The study relied on field survey data, analyzed using statistical tools and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to determine levels of deprivation and spatial disparities.
The results revealed significant variations in deprivation levels among neighborhoods. Al-Jam'iya Althania neighbourhood recorded the highest levels of deprivation in most services, while Al-Wa'i neighborhood had the lowest, particularly in water and electricity services. The study also highlights the bad quality of water networks, frequent power outages, and the absence of sanitation systems in most areas, forcing residents to rely on costly and lower-quality alternatives. It was found that spatial factors, such as distance from service sources, and human factors, like population density, informal housing, and aging infrastructure, were the main contributors to this disparity.
The study recommends adopting an integrated urban planning approach that considers current and future population distribution, using modern technologies for managing and monitoring services, and promoting spatial justice in the allocation of infrastructure projects to reduce gaps and achieve sustainable urban development in the city.

This study aims to analyze and classify agricultural land uses in Al-Dour district, Salah Al-Din Governorate, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques based on Landsat 8 satellite images for the year 2024. A supervised classification methodology was applied using the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC), with post-classification improvements to verify the accuracy of the results, which exceeded 85%, reflecting high reliability in producing land use maps. The results revealed a significant variation in land use patterns, with barren lands occupying 29.1% of the district's total area, followed by wheat cultivation lands at 19.7%, and fallow lands at 19.2%. The area of land planted with cereal crops (wheat and corn) amounted to about 293,774 acres, or 28.8%, while the area of vegetable cultivation was limited to 24,779.3 acres (2.4%), and the area of horticultural crops amounted to only 2,122.4 acres (0.2%).

This study examines the numerical and relative development of population journals and studies in Iraq over the period from 2014 to 2024. A total of 565 population studies published in 38 specialized scientific journals were analyzed. The results revealed a significant increase in the number of studies in recent years, driven by the expansion of scientific journals and the ease of electronic publishing, which accelerated the dissemination of research and knowledge. Research production is primarily concentrated in specific universities such as Kufa, Babel, and Baghdad, while other universities show weaker output in population studies due to their recent establishment or lack of related specializations in population geography. This reflects a geographic disparity in the level of interest and research capabilities among Iraqi academic institutions, negatively affecting the quality and diversity of published population studies. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of population research in Iraq and highlights the importance of supporting emerging universities and strengthening research specializations to achieve balanced and sustainable scientific development in the fields of contemporary geographical thought and population studies.

Al-Jazeera region is located south of Salah al-Din Governorate. It is located within the undulating region of Iraq, with an area estimated 990.8 km2. Due to the lack of surface water and the importance of groundwater, which is considered the backbone of the study area, and because the region is an agricultural region that depends on groundwater for its cultivation and irrigation of crops, and groundwater is the main source in it. The research aims to analyze the physical and chemical properties of groundwater in the study area, with a focus on some secondary elements, in order to evaluate its suitability. Various methods are used based on Iraqi and international standards. This is part of determining the level of utilization of this water and its impact on pollutants, both in terms of type and concentration.

The city of Daquq is an ancient town located on the road linking Baghdad and Kirkuk, on the northern bank of the current Tawq Jay River. This location granted commercial importance to the city, and the resulting diverse economic and commercial relations. Furthermore, pasture, traversed by the Kirkuk, which irrigates most of its lands.
The city’s growth be defined in four stages. The first stage is from its inception until 1959 AD. This stage is considered one of the longest stages that the city has gone through. This stage extends from the city’s inception until 1959, during which the city was established on the northern bank of the Rukhana River, the current Tawouk Jay. The second stage is from (1960-1979 AD). This stage was distinguished from the previous stage in that the city began to expand in this stage. After being limited in the first stage to two neighborhoods. The third stage is from (1980-1999 AD), where the axes of urban growth in this stage headed towards the south, north and east, represented by the neighborhoods of Al-Ashti, Al-Thaqalayn, Al-Zahra, and the fourth stage is from 2000-2023 AD. This stage is considered one of the most important stages of the city’s growth, because it as a result of all those years that the city has gone through, the city has expanded and large areas of land have been added to it.

The current research aims to identify the effect of a counseling program in developing emotional regulation among female students in the preparatory school for the fifth literary grade. The objectives of the research were as follows: identifying the level of emotional regulation among female middle school students in the fifth literary grade. Likewise, the program had an impact on developing the level of emotional regulation among the female students of the preparatory stage for the fifth literary grade, where the number of counseling sessions reached (20) sessions, and the duration of the session was (40) minutes, with a duration of three. Three sessions per week. The validity of the tools was verified after they were presented to a committee of specialists in educational psychology and psychological counseling. The statistical methods used in the research were (chi-square, t-test for two independent samples, t-test for two correlated samples, Pearson correlation coefficient). In addition to the Vaccronbach equation). )
The researcher reached the results of the research, which indicate a decline in the level of emotional regulation among female students in the preparatory stage of the fifth literary grade. There was also a positive impact of the counseling program used in the research on emotional regulation among a sample (the experimental group). The researcher also recommended building counseling and educational programs for emotional regulation among female preparatory school students for the other stages. A set of recommendations and suggestions were presented.
All thank to Tikrit University Journal for Humanities which help and supported the researchers ,Thanks to the staff of this distinguished magazine.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of using Kagan strategy on the acquisition of physical concepts by tenth grade science students. In order to achieve the research objective, two null hypotheses were formulated. The research community consisted of all tenth grade science students in the city of Erbil for the academic year 2024-2025. The research sample consisted of 64 tenth grade science students at Gawhar Preparatory School, where they were distributed into the experimental and control groups, with 32 students for the experimental group who were taught using Kagan strategy and 32 students for the control group who were taught according to the traditional method. The two groups were equal in a number of variables such as chronological age in months, intelligence, and the overall average for the ninth grade. The physics concepts acquisition test was prepared as a research tool. After applying the experiment and using appropriate statistical methods, the data were analyzed and the results indicated that there were statistically significant differences at a significance level (α = 0.05) in the average scores of the students of the experimental and control groups in the scientific concepts acquisition test. For the benefit of the experimental group, and at the end of the research, a number of recommendations and suggestions were presented for future work and research.

This research aims to identify self-defeating behaviors and to identify the significant differences between the variables of gender and specialization in a sample of university students. The research sample consisted of 300 male and female students. The researcher constructed a scale of self-defeating behaviors consisting of 60 items. The apparent validity of the scale was verified by presenting its items to a group of arbitrators, as well as extracting the discrimination coefficient and correlation coefficient for the items of the scale. The final scale consisted of 47 items. The reliability of the scale was calculated using the retest method, reached a value of 0.83, and using Cronbach's alpha, reached a value of 0.78. After extracting the validity and reliability of the variable, the researcher applied the scale to the basic research sample consisting of 300 male and female students. After collecting the information forms, the data was statistically processed using the t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient, the researcher reached the following results:
1. University students do not suffer from self-defeating behaviors, as evidenced by their behavior, especially in the psychological, social and physical domains.
2. Individuals of both genders do not exhibit self-defeating behaviors.
3. Individuals (research sample) do not exhibit self-defeating behaviors based on their specialization.
Based on the results obtained, the researcher made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify:
1- Organizational optimism among intermediate school principals.
2- Organizational optimism among intermediate school principals according to the variables of gender (male–female) and length of service (1–5 years and 6 years or more).
3- Job satisfaction among intermediate school principals.
4- Job satisfaction among intermediate school principals according to the variables of gender (male–female) and length of service (1–5 years and 6 years or more).
5.The correlational relationship between organizational optimism and job satisfaction among intermediate school principals.
The researcher applied the research instruments to a sample of intermediate school principals in the Kirkuk Directorate of Education, consisting of (100) principals—(60) male and (40) female—selected randomly. The researcher adopted the Organizational Optimism Scale developed by Muhaidi (2023). After extracting its psychometric properties, the final version of the scale consisted of (40) items. The researcher also developed a Job Satisfaction Scale, and after establishing its psychometric properties in terms of validity, reliability, and discrimination, the final version consisted of (29) items.
The researcher used the following statistical methods: t-test, Chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha equation.
The results indicated that intermediate school principals possess a high level of organizational optimism and job satisfaction. Furthermore, there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between organizational optimism and job satisfaction among intermediate school principals. In light of the findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions

This study aims to examine the effect of blended learning using generative learning on the achievement of fourth-grade science students in physics. The study was conducted on a sample of 60 fourth-grades. They were divided into an experimental group that received blended learning using generative activities such as physics simulations and interactive learning, and a control group that received traditional learning. The study included pre- and post-achievement tests to measure the difference in academic performance between the two groups, as well as questionnaires to measure student engagement and higher-order thinking skills.
The study results showed that the experimental group achieved a significant improvement in academic achievement scores of 20% compared to the pre-test, while the improvement rate in the control group was only 10%. The experimental group also demonstrated significant improvement in critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as increased student engagement and willingness to participate in educational activities. In contrast, the control group did not show significant improvement in these areas. The study concluded that blended learning using generative learning is an effective tool for improving students' academic achievement and contributes to the development of higher-order thinking skills such as critical thinking and problem analysis. The study recommended integrating these strategies into future educational curricula to enhance learning effectiveness and achieve better results in science subjects.

This study examines the association between self-efficacy and psychological well-being among university students, and tests whether student engagement mediates this association. A cross-sectional correlational design was adopted. Data were collected online from fourth-year students in three departments (History, Arabic and English) at the College of Education for Humanities, University of Samarra, during the academic year 2024-2025. A total of 351 responses were received; 320 were retained for analysis after data screening and cleaning (N=320). Measures include the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and the Arabic version of the University Student Engagement Inventory (A-USEI; 15 items). Results indicate significant positive correlations among self-efficacy, engagement, and well-being. The mediation model further show a significant indirect effect of self-efficacy on well-being via engagement, suggesting that engagement may represent a plausible explanatory mechanism in the local university context.

Even though much is known about bully behavior victims, adolescents who have bully behavior toward others and who are victimized by others bully, the shapes of bullying behavior that they utilize and involvement, methodologies, troubles, and components of educating them have gotten few attention. Therefore, the current study examined the technological and social factors involved in teaching English to students who suffer from bullying in Iraq.The study concludes the following:
1. Bullying behavior is a widespread phenomenon in our society at the present time.
2. Educational counselors and English language teachers agreed that the social factors related to the family and the educational and cultural level of the parents are one of the most important causes of bullying behavior amongst understudies.
3. Both educational counselors and English language teachers agreed that the phenomenon of bullying behavior negatively affects the psychology of the students and thus affects their academic level. Therefore, this phenomenon must be dealt with caution and try to reduce it to the maximum extent in society.

This study examines EFL teachers’ views on literature as a means of personal enrichment in university classrooms in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Although literature is often valued for language development, its role in shaping students’ personal growth receives little attention. The study focuses on how teachers perceive the use of literary texts for enrichment and the extent to which they integrate this purpose into their teaching. A mixed-methods design combines questionnaires with open-ended responses to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. Participants include 29 EFL literature teachers from colleges of Languages, Education, and Basic Education at Salahaddin University-Erbil during the academic year 2024–2025. Descriptive and thematic analyses are applied to identify key insights. The study emphasizes the broader educational value of literature and offers practical implications for curriculum development and the encouragement of lifelong literary engagement. Overall, findings reveal that EFL teachers view literature as a valuable tool for fostering personal enrichment, self-reflection, and cultural awareness. They implement it to varying degrees in their classrooms, though academic goals often take precedence.

In the context of globalization, bilingual education has become an essential instructional strategy for developing learners’ linguistic proficiency, cognitive abilities, and intercultural awareness. This study examines the relationship between bilingual education models and language acquisition, focusing on their application within the medical departments at Cihan University-Erbil. Two primary questions guide the research: first, what are the perspectives of teachers and students towards bilingual teaching methods and whether these models exert a positive or negative influence on language learning. The working hypothesis suggests a direct association between bilingual education models and language learning outcomes, as well as a generally positive effect on students’ academic and linguistic development. A quantitative descriptive design was employed, utilizing questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to gather data from both students and instructors. The sample included 100 second-stage students from the Medical Biochemical Analysis, Anesthesia, and Radiological Imaging Technologies departments, in addition to 20 English language instructors. The study aims to shed light on the benefits and challenges of bilingual education in a higher education context where English is employed as a medium of instruction. More broadly, the research contributes to ongoing discussions about the role of bilingual programs in enhancing students’ academic achievement, professional opportunities, and ability to engage in an increasingly interconnected world.