The White Dome Journal

Abstract :
This study examines the influence of Greek philosophy on the development of the Islamic theological doctrine of tanzīh (divine transcendence), offering a critical reading of how Muslim theologians navigated the tension between tashbīh (anthropomorphism) and absolute transcendence. The research explores the intellectual encounter between early Islamic kalām and Hellenic philosophical traditions—particularly Neoplatonic emanationism and Aristotelian categories—which introduced new conceptual tools that reshaped theological discourse concerning the divine attributes.The paper revisits the common assumption that the shift toward strict transcendence within Islamic theology was merely a reaction to abstract Greek metaphysics. Instead, it investigates whether this claim is supported by the writings of the theologians themselves, highlighting their internal motivations grounded in scriptural interpretation and doctrinal preservation. By analyzing the evolution of interpretive methodologies, the study demonstrates how rational inquiry became central to addressing the theological problems posed by literalist readings of scriptural texts.Furthermore, the research shows how the engagement with Greek philosophical thought generated distinct responses across the theological schools. The Mu‘tazilites employed logical structures to formulate a rationalist model of monotheism, while the Ash‘arites attempted to balance affirmation of divine attributes with the rejection of anthropomorphic implications. By contrast, traditionalist currents resisted philosophical hermeneutics in an effort to maintain the purity of textual meaning. This comparative approach clarifies the nuanced ways in which kalām interacted with, adapted, or critiqued Greek conceptual frameworks.
The study concludes that the influence of Greek philosophy on Islamic theology was not a passive form of intellectual borrowing but rather a dynamic and selective process that enriched the discourse on divine transcendence without compromising its Islamic foundations. Understanding this historical interplay offers valuable insights into contemporary debates on reason, revelation, and the limits of interpretation.

Abstract
Praise be to Allah, who illuminated the darkness with His light. May peace and blessings be upon the best of His creation, our Master Mohammed, and upon his pure family and chosen companions.
Relevant Studies in the field of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence and its scholars have remained limited and largely superficial. This discipline is in urgent need of comprehensive and in-depth studies that can highlight this discipline and its figures ( who have been neglected) along with their contributions—particularly since these works and compilations represent the foundational sources of jurisprudential knowledge. It is evident that the scarcity of specialized scholars in this field motivated me to examine one of its most distinguished authorities, Akhund Khorasani, and to shed light on his contributions via his Book “Kifayat al-Usul “.
While exploring his renowned work Kifayat al-Usul, I found that no comprehensive academic study had been devoted to this eminent scholar, and that neither researchers nor academics had thoroughly explored his writings, clarified his efforts, or analyzed his methodology. This realization prompted me to undertake a study of his life and scholarly contributions through an examination of Kifayat al-Usul. Even though this study is brief and concise, I hope it will, in one way or another, open the door for further research of this kind and contribute to reviving the intellectual efforts of scholars in this field.

Abstract:
The history of reading literary texts has passed through several stages and phases. The first was «Traditional Reading» at the hands of early critics, whose focus was centered on the author of the text and the meaning they intended. This theory persisted for a long time, reaching the twentieth century, until the emergence of critical schools that proposed the «Death of the Author» and the transfer of authority and centrality to the text, particularly through the Structuralists. Then came the third phase, «Cultural Reading,» where reading became dependent on the recipient›s expectations thanks to the efforts of the Modernists. Thus, its scope expanded; it did not stop at the structure of the text as the Structuralists did, nor at the recipient›s interpretation as the modernists desired. Instead, these elements were gathered under the designation of Cultural Elements. Arabic poetry is considered a fertile field for observing these implicit cultural patterns that appear hidden by aesthetic, artistic, and rhetorical features. Cultural Criticism is a form of criticism that transcends Structuralism and Post-Modernist approaches. As previously indicated, it does not operate in isolation within the critical process. Rather, it benefits from various analytical methodologies. It does not treat aesthetic and artistic texts and discourses merely as aesthetic symbols and formal metaphors; instead, it treats them as implicit cultural patterns that reflect a set of historical, political, and social-cultural contexts. Therefore, it aims not only for the aesthetic and literary reading of the text, but also to trace it back to the cultural patterns intertwined in its production. This is because the text is a cultural phenomenon encompassing a set of contexts included in its deep structure, and literary and aesthetic reading alone cannot reveal the significance of these contexts. Here, the importance of the Cultural Pattern and text production becomes evident, as Cultural Criticism deals with the text as a «pattern-carrier,» and this pattern is what must be revealed through the medium of the text. This critical review approaches an aspect of the concept of the «Pattern,» which holds vital importance regarding the intersection of this term with a number of other concepts, such as the Death of the Author, Structure, and Context.

Abstract:
This research aims to clarify the cultural and intellectual aspects of the Senegalese Black movement, and to highlight its important role in the literary, Its ideological principles were based on absolute faith in a shared Black African identity and a common destiny, and it sought to develop African culture and heritage to raise awareness of its principles among the people about its principles with political and artistic dimensions, It is a literary, cultural, and poetic movement that arose among the educated class of black people who spoke French. They used art and literature as a means to spread national and political awareness among Africans against colonialism, as this movement was influenced by the militant political ideas that were prevalent in that era, In all its artistic orientations, it emphasized opposition to French colonialism and urged the development of the national aspect of the peoples. It also condemned the brutal methods practiced by the invaders, and stressed the need for Africans to unite to achieve justice and equality, by reviving the African heritage and remembering their glories and heroism. The thinkers relied on the surrealist style in literature, They expressed their admiration for Marxist ideas. The main motivation of the Negritude movement was the discontent of a number of political poets and philosophers with racial discrimination. Therefore, Negritude is an important movement because it focused on the issue of the oppression of black people, highlighted their creative ability, and fought against the negative image associated with them that was prevalent in European countries at that time.

Abstract:
This study examines “the proverb” (al-mathal) in Ibn Manūr’s Lisān al-Arab in terms of its linguistic meaning and grammatical authority, highlighting its position within the structure of the Arabic language and its value as evidence in linguistic argumentation. The research analyzes Ibn Manūr’s method of presenting proverbs, clarifies their syntactic and rhetorical features, and distinguishes the standard forms from the irregular ones, in light of the views of grammarians and linguists.

Abstract
This study seeks to uncover the theological foundations underlying the so-called “Cosmic Energy Theology” that has gained wide circulation in modern human development programs. This concept emerged as an alternative spiritual discourse rooted in Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and later evolved within New Age movements in the West. Human development training programs employ this notion as a tool for psychological and physical healing and inner balance, through a deliberate fusion of scientific terms with mystical and esoteric claims. The research explores this phenomenon in three dimensions: the philosophical and religious origins of the concept, its presence within contemporary training discourses, and a critical theological evaluation from the perspective of Islamic monotheism. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, tracing both classical sources and modern practices, while comparing the theological assumptions of “cosmic energy” advocates with Islamic creed. The findings reveal that the discourse of cosmic energy is fundamentally based on pantheistic and monistic doctrines that deny revelation as the sole source of metaphysical knowledge. Such assumptions stand in sharp contrast to the Islamic worldview, which emphasizes divine unity (tawḥīd), legitimate causality, and belief in the unseen through revelation. The study highlights the intellectual and pedagogical risks of adopting such ideas in Muslim societies and recommends developing a stronger critical theological discourse to counter these challenges.

Semiotics is a modern critical term that poets have employed in their poetic works. It is a science that studies semantic signs within poetic texts, as a technical system that grants the reader a semantic dimension to uncover the depths of the text and its interpretations. Its aim is to deconstruct the text or poetic discourse and investigate its hidden meaning and the symbolic connotations it carries. Semiotics is based on three fundamental principles for analyzing literary texts: immanent analysis, structural analysis, and discourse analysis. Each of these plays a role in deciphering the codes of poetic discourse. Among the poets whose poetry incorporates semiotics is the poet and critic Dr. Alaa El-Din Al-Maadhidi, who has imbued his artistic output with semiotic symbolic meanings. This research aims to uncover and analyze the poetic discourse of the poet Alaa El-Din Al-Maadhidi according to modern semiotic techniques, through which he was able to reflect his psychological state and experiences in his poems. In this research, we summarize a semantic reading of the semiotics of typographical form through the duality of black and white, by presenting

his book is one of the annotations by the scholar Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari on the Alfiyyah of Ibn Malik. Ibn Hisham was passionate about what Ibn Malik composed; therefore, he produced multiple annotations on the Alfiyyah of Ibn Malik. It is noteworthy that these annotations are not repetitive in content, as each annotation differs from the others. What is before us is the third annotation. This book is among the grammatical works that enrich grammatical libraries due to its attempts to simplify and clarify grammar. Its importance is evident as it is one of the commentaries on the Alfiyyah of Ibn Malik.

The emergence and development of nations requires certain elements and foundations that must be in place for a nation to succeed, grow, and develop, just as there are certain factors that, if present, will cause nations to fall and collapse. Therefore, we see that the prophets, especially those who were determined and sent to all people, appeared primarily in the Levant, Egypt, Yemen, and Mesopotamia. We have not heard or read that any prophet or messenger was sent to the depths of the desert to all people, except for our Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. We do not know the wisdom behind this to this day, or whether the history that has reached us has falsified the places while preserving the names (for a purpose known only to Jacob). It has become clear through research in the verses of the Holy Qur›an, history books, and dictionaries of countries that the Islamic message was sent to peoples with certain characteristics and traits, and that the region must also have certain characteristics and specifications, Because we found that the growth of the Islamic State after ten years has grown remarkably in a barren environment where there is no water and insufficient crops, how did all this growth occur? For example, in the Battle of Badr, the number of Muslim soldiers was very small, with little military equipment compared to the army of the same state and region at the time of the conquest of Mecca. Where did the weapons, armor, and other equipment come from? If we add to this the amount of water needed by the army for people and animals, along with their feed, Medina (Yathrib), with its location as mentioned in history, is unable to provide daily sustenance for its inhabitants, so how could it provide a surplus for growth? Here, our research focused on the two most famous religions, Judaism and Christianity, and where they were concentrated, as well as on the region proposed as a thesis, for the Islamic state to grow and become an effective force. We did not find that the Prophet, peace be upon him, made Mecca the center of his state, despite his insistence and desire to return to it, and the Qur›anic verses about migration and what followed reveal this. Rather, the state of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and the Umayyad state, which took Damascus as its seat instead of Medina, and the Abbasid state took Baghdad as its capital. No state took Mecca or Medina as its capital because of the impossibility of its growth, development, and control over the government.

It is well known that any calendar is closely linked to the people
or nation that adopts it as a temporal standard. It serves as
their archive and repository, containing their history, occasions,
and religious or civil rituals alike. The Gregorian and Julian
branches of the Christian calendar constitute such a repository
for the Christian Church, with all its denominations and various
churches. The Gregorian calendar in particular has become an
extension of the history of Europe and all its countries throughout
the centuries, as it was first adopted by the Catholic Church,
followed later by most Western European countries and the
Americas. In more recent times, Eastern European countries
also adopted it alongside the Julian calendar.
A study of the origin and development of the calendar throughout
history reveals the extent of the influence of calendrical science
on religion. A calendar is not merely a tool for measuring
time; it is also an instrument for unifying—or differentiating—
religious practices. In Christianity, it further served as a means of
affirming the authority of the Church, whether in the East or the
West. The persistent disagreement among Christian denomidimension of this issue.
From this perspective arises the significance of this study, which
seeks to highlight the historical features of both calendars and
uncover the religious dimensions that greatly influenced the
determination of major Christian feast dates. It also examines
how these differences deepened the division between the Western
and Eastern Christian churches. Moreover, it shows how a
historic reform adopted by the Catholic Church reshaped the
dates of religious feasts, and how the Eastern Church’s refusal of
this reform underscores the deep-rooted doctrinal and religious
divisions among the various Christian churches.

This study represents a serious stance to study a grammatical rules that our grammarians have accustomed themselves to using while tackling issues in this science. The expression of term «mardood» (rejected) is used, and the researcher has provided a comprehensive study of the issues that belong to this title in the book «Commentary on Al- Faraid «, this study traces the origins of that rule mostly back to grammarians preceding Al-Damamini, stating that ruling was not used arbitrarily or subjectively, but rather is the result of the general principles which depend on rules of this language.

The economic environment in recent decades has witnessed developments characterized by increased complexity, heightened risks, and a growing need for accurate and reliable accounting information to help economic entities meet challenges and make sound decisions. In light of these transformations, accounting is no longer merely a technical process for producing financial data; it has become a human activity influenced by the behavior of individuals who produce, interpret, and use accounting information. This has led to the emergence of behavioral accounting as a modern scientific approach that studies the role of psychological, cognitive, and behavioral factors in shaping accounting practices and influencing the quality of managerial and financial decisions.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that human behavior, with its emotions, mental biases, and internal and external incentives, can directly affect the accuracy and objectivity of accounting information. For example, managerial pressures, performance-related incentives, or differences in experience and knowledge can lead to errors in estimates or deviations in financial reports. Furthermore, economic decisions within economic units are often influenced by behavioral patterns such as excessive risk aversion, overconfidence, and short-term focus. These factors make the quality of accounting information a crucial element in supporting sound decision-making.
Given these challenges, the importance of integrating behavioral principles into accounting practices becomes evident. This integration serves as a tool to deepen understanding of the accountant›s true role, improve information presentation, and reduce irrational influences on decision-making. Simply providing numerical data without considering how individuals interact with and perceive it is no longer sufficient. This makes behavioral accounting a fundamental pillar in developing the decision-making environment within contemporary economic units.
Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the role of behavioral accounting in improving the quality of decision-making within economic units. It does so by examining the impact of behavioral and cognitive factors on the production and use of accounting information, and by demonstrating how this approach contributes to reducing cognitive biases, promoting ethical behavior, and enhancing transparency in financial reporting. The study concludes that integrating behavioral accounting into accounting systems provides a more rational and balanced basis for decision-making, contributes to improving the efficiency of institutional performance, and supports management›s ability to choose optimal alternatives in a complex and competitive business environment.

The research «Special and General in the Differences of Word Semantics» can be summarized as follows:
1. After examination, a set of differences between the converging words appears, shown by the authors of specialization and craftsmanship in the science of language semantics.
2. The search contained the specific and the general divided into three searches, the first in the attributes, the second in the names, and the third in the sources.
3. First is the difference between the verbal of the remainder and the permanent, the similes and the parables, the prophet and the messenger/ the second is the eternal and the time, the slip and the stumbling/ and the third is the recitation and reading, the extreme thirst and the thirst.
4. The special as in the first, for example: the permanent is special from the remainder, meaning: «all permanent are remaining, and not all remaining are permanent «, and so on in the rest of the research.
5. For the positive reasons in the differences, the appropriate word is chosen without others to give the text beauty and meaning, for example, choose: the word high for similarity; To heighten Almighty Allah from the things that are shared with Him in His attributes, while the word arrogance is associated with such; to heighten him “Prophet Mohammed” from the objects agreeable to him in his own self’s truth.
6. The word comes before the other; because of its most important and highest degree, as the presentation of the word of the Messenger on the Prophet, as in the words of the Almighty: ﴿And he was a Messenger Prophet﴾ [Mariam, 51].
7. The vocabulary of the word came to reveal a hidden truth from the entire society, for example: slip is a mistake resulting from lack of attention and persistence on the right, like a train accidentally deviating from its track; But the stumbling is the falling into the forbidden and the commission of sin that it is more terrible and severe than the slip.
8. But it may happen in the distinction between two words that the first has life and the other has death, for example, the thirst is a natural state affects everyone; whereas extreme thirst can lead to death unless water is available at the time.

aims to identify the effectiveness of the strategy of “ My Thoughts are a Mental Guide” in the achievement of female students of the second intermediate grade in the subject of physics. This is investigated through the following hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level ( 0.05 ) between the average scores of the students of the experimental groups that will study according to the strategy of “My Thoughts are a Mental Guide” and the average scores of the control group that will study the same subject according to the usual method of achievement. The research was limited to female students of the second intermediate grade in Tabuk Scientific High School for Gifted Girls affiliated with the Baghdad / Karkh II Education Directorate for the academic year and to the subject of study that includes 2024-2025 the first three chapters of the physics book for the second intermediate grade . Two groups were randomly selected from the original six groups, one of which would represent the experimental group . The study sample consisted of (60) female students, and the sample was divided into ( 30 ) female students for the experimental group and (30) female students for the control group. The equivalence process between the female students in the two research groups was verified in the following variables (chronological age, intelligence, previous information). The necessary requirements for the research were prepared , represented by formulating the behavioral objectives for the specific subject, and preparing the teaching plans for teaching the two experimental groups according to the “My Thoughts, My Guide ” strategy and the control group according to the usual teaching method , as well as the achievement test consisting of (40) paragraphs. Its validity and reliability were verified, and all of its paragraphs were within the acceptable range . The data were processed statistically after the end of teaching the scientific subject, relying on the statistical package program ( SPSS ). The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the achievement test. In light of these research results, the researcher presented A number of recommendations and proposals.

This study aimed to analyze the national genes in Iraq related to environmental protection, and its effectiveness in facing small challenges. It also sought to compare the workforce and weakness in all youth. In addition, the study focused on shedding light on snacking, penalties and compensations provided in Iraqi and European laws. It also aimed to explore European harmonies and legislation related to environmental protection, and their impact on environmental pollution. The study relied on two main approaches: analytical implementation, which analyzes texts related to the subject of the study, with a study of the positions of some Arab countries such as Iraq towards emerging issues, analyzing the opinions of fallen jurisprudence and related provisions, and the comparative approach comparing Iraqi law with European law regarding environmental protection, through studying environmental protection regulations and laws and international penalties differ in small political legislation. The study concluded that international cooperation is the key to solving small cross-border problems, which is what the European Union stands out with better than Iraq, as the Union contributes to cooperation between other countries. The study also indicated that the legal regulation in Iraq, despite its strength on the other hand, does not impede implementation due to economic and logistical constraints. The study recommended the re-formation of a Supreme Council for Environmental Protection in Iraq with comprehensive powers in planning and implementation at the national and regional levels, and that it includes the council’s experts, specialists, distinguished and effective coherent people. It also suggested focusing on the study of fine particles to achieve economic development, by relying on energy technologies and reducing reliance on polluting industries to balance economic development with the environment.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the BBL strategy on developing artistic expression and critical thinking skills (in Sculpture) among students at the Institute of Fine Arts. The research stems from the importance of developing modern teaching strategies that take into account the brain›s mechanisms of operation and information processing, and employ educational environments that stimulate creative and intellectual abilities, thus contributing to improving students› artistic and intellectual output. The study adopted an experimental approach with a quasi-experimental design. A sample of second-year students at the Institute of Fine Arts was selected and divided into two groups: an experimental group taught using the BBL strategy, and a control group taught using the traditional method. Special measurement tools were developed, including a test of artistic expression skills in sculpture and a scale of critical thinking. Their validity and reliability were statistically verified. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in both artistic expression skills and critical thinking skills, confirming the effectiveness of the brain-based learning strategy in improving artistic performance and enhancing students› critical abilities. The study recommended the integration of this strategy into art education curricula and training teachers to implement it in a manner consistent with the characteristics of learners and the nature of practical subjects.

The researchers addressed a very important legal topic: drugs and the legal provisions governing them. Drugs are one of the most important problems that criminal law aims to address, as they are substances that threaten human security and destroy societies. Legislators have established strict penalties to combat this scourge. They were careful to differentiate between users and dealers, regulating provisions for each. The primary goal of legal regulation is to achieve general and specific deterrence.

The current study aimed to find out the effectiveness of a proposed strategy based on active learning in scientific curiosity among fifth grade scientific students, By verifying the hypothesis of the study, which states that (there is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students that were studied according to (a Suggested strategy) and the average scores of the control group students who studied (the traditional method) in the scale of scientific curiosity, The researcher identified the study (randomly) from the fifth grade scientific students from (Abi Turab Preparatory School for Boys) of the Diwaniyah Education Directorate - Governorate Center) for the academic year (2023-2024) for the second semester of the fifth scientific subject (physics), Two divisions were selected out of five divisions with a total of (56) students distributed over two divisions (28) for the experimental group (a Suggested strategy) and (28) for the control (the traditional method), The two groups (experimental - control) were equivalent to the variables of each of (chronological age in months - intelligence - previous information), With the preparation of teaching plans for each group by (15) plans for the experimental group and (15) for the control, A scale of scientific curiosity has been prepared consisting of (four areas) and by (20) items for the total scale, where each side contains (five paragraphs), The apparent validity of the scale, the constructive truthfulness and the discriminatory power of the paragraphs and the calculation of stability (Alpha Crowe Nabach) were verified, the researcher applied the experiment himself in the second semester of the year (2023-2024) and after the experiment was completed, the data for the study were processed using the statistical bag (SPSS), Where the results showed a clear superiority of the students of the experimental group (the proposed strategy) over the students of the control group (normal) in scientific curiosity, so the null hypothesis was rejected, and the study came out with many proposals and recommendations.

This research aims to study the effectiveness of employing the design thinking approach in developing artistic production skills among middle school students. The researcher used a two-group experimental design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-testing. The sample consisted of 50 male and female students randomly selected from a school in Baghdad, equally divided between the two groups. The design thinking approach was applied to the experimental group during art education classes, while the control group continued with the traditional curriculum. Artistic production skills were measured using a practical test and an art production evaluation scale that included indicators of planning, execution, creativity, and visual quality. The results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups, favoring the experimental group in all artistic production skills. The t-test value was 6.72, the significance level was p < 0.001, and the effect size (Cohen›s d) was 1.90, indicating a large and tangible impact of the experimental intervention. The results also showed that the approach contributed to improving artistic planning, execution quality, and raising the level of creativity and visual appeal of the artworks. Based on these findings, the research recommends adopting the design thinking approach in art education, training teachers in its steps, and developing comprehensive assessment tools. It also suggests conducting future studies at other educational levels and integrating technology to enhance artistic creativity.

This research aims to investigate the impact of cooperative learning on developing teamwork skills among intermediate school students in art education classes. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-testing. The cooperative learning strategy was implemented with the experimental group, while the control group studied using the traditional method. Analysis of the results revealed statistically significant differences in the post-test scores favoring the experimental group across all aspects of teamwork skills: communication, responsibility sharing, leadership and decision-making, and mutual support. These findings align with previous studies indicating the effectiveness of cooperative learning in developing social skills, enhancing classroom interaction, and increasing positive student participation. This confirms that providing a collaborative learning environment based on the exchange of experiences significantly contributes to improving student performance in artistic activities. Therefore, the research concludes that cooperative learning represents an effective educational approach that can be employed in art education to develop learners› skills and motivate them to work as a team.

This study aims to examine Sheikh al-Walwaji’s methodology in issuing fatwas through applied examples of his rulings related to fasting. The research highlights two critical jurisprudential issues: The matter of food remnants in the mouth after the onset of fasting time. The matter of engaging in the act of the people of Lot and its implications on the validity of fasting.
The significance of this research lies in showcasing Sheikh al-Walwaji’s approach in addressing contemporary realities and demonstrating his ability to balance between the textual evidence of Islamic law and the overarching objectives of fasting. It further analyzes his method of reasoning based on the Qur’an, Sunnah, and jurisprudential principles. The study concludes that Sheikh al-Walwaji adopts a precise methodological framework rooted in usul al-fiqh, characterized by:
• Establishing the effective cause (taḥqīq al-manāṭ) of rulings.
• Distinguishing between intentional and unintentional acts.
• Referring to general legal maxims.
• Observing the higher objectives of Sharia in preserving the act of fasting while considering the condition of the individual.
• Regarding food remnants, Sheikh al-Walwaji ruled that what cannot be avoided is excused, and fasting remains valid unless something enters the stomach deliberately. Concerning the act of the people of Lot, he based his fatwa on the nature of the act and its consequences, clarifying the rulings of qaḍāʾ (making up missed fasts) or kaffāra (expiation) when a definite invalidator of fasting occurs. His reasoning was grounded in the principles of invalidators of fasting and the objectives of fasting in refining behavior.
• The research infers that Sheikh al-Walwaji’s fatwas represent a jurisprudential model that bridges the authenticity of the classical legal heritage with the demands of contemporary reality, making them a valuable subject for analytical and comparative fiqh studies

The Prophetic Hadith is distinguished from other speeches by the well-known eloquence of the Prophet, and it is considered a linguistic, social, intellectual, and political heritage.Therefore, it had to have some characteristics that make it a communicative science that expresses its objectives between brevity and clarity to achieve its purposes, while taking into account the presence and absence of the recipient by transcending the temporal and spatial element. One of the most prominent features of the prophetic discourse is what we can call implicit communication, which represents messages and meanings that are not directly stated, and are reached through context, signals, or through the style of verbal arrangement. The study of implicit communication in the Prophetic hadith aims to open broad horizons for a deeper understanding of the Prophetic discourse, as the Prophet sometimes employed the method of implicit communication to achieve certain goals, such as stimulating thought, enhancing awareness, or conveying the message to the recipient in a non-shocking manner that is appropriate to the addressee’s condition and circumstances. This study seeks to analyze this delicate aspect of the prophetic discourse by examining some practical examples from the noble hadiths, and by extrapolating the functions of implication and its impact on achieving fruitful communication through the use of some procedural tools for linguistic pragmatic analysis.

This study explores the use of symbols and myths in the poetry of Mushtaq Hamid Finjan, where natural, religious, and legendary elements become existential metaphors reflecting Iraqi identity through longing, loss, and resistance. The poet employs symbols like the butterfly, hoopoe, sea, apple, wheat, and phoenix, alongside myths such as Gilgamesh, Scheherazade, and Zarqa al-Yamama, reinterpreting them in a modern poetic context that bridges heritage and present-day reality. Myth in his work is not mere storytelling—it’s a tool of expression and interpretation, infusing the text with symbolic energy that links collective memory to personal anxiety.

This study aims to examine electronic contracts within the framework of private law, focusing on their legal characteristics, nature, essential elements, and the effect of electronic signatures on the validity of these contracts. The research also highlights the legal challenges faced by electronic contracts, such as proving the contract in court, verifying the parties’ identity, consumer protection, and gaps in legislation in some countries.
The study found that electronic contracts retain the essence of traditional contracts in terms of consent, subject matter, and cause, but they possess digital features that introduce new legal challenges. Electronic signatures and digital documents are legally valid if the conditions for verifying identity and document integrity are met. Finally, the study recommends developing national and international legislation, providing effective consumer protection mechanisms, and enhancing legal training in dealing with digital contracts.

This study explores the phenomenon of challenging social and literary norms among Andalusian women poets, focusing on Wallada bint al-Mustakfī as a prominent figure who broke through the constraints imposed on women of her time. It highlights the social and cultural environment in which Wallada lived, showing how she transcended traditional boundaries through her active participation in literary circles, her bold expression of personal emotions, and her openness to themes of love and feminine identity. The study examines selected poetic texts that reflect her rebellious character and her ability to craft a new literary voice for Andalusian women—one that combines rhetorical strength with social defiance.

Arabic poetry, throughout its various eras, is distinguished by its diverse
themes and rhetorical devices, which poets employ to imbue it with a
captivating creative touch. Antithesis )or contrast( is an important device
within the science of rhetoric )or figures of speech( and has been frequently
used in Arabic poetry. Upon reading the collection »Wrinkles of the Palm
of Place« by the Iraqi poet from Najaf, Wahab Sharif, I was struck by his
use of antithesis in his various poems. This prompted me to write this
research, titled »Antithesis in the Poetry of Wahab Sharif: A Selection of
the Collection ‹Wrinkles of the Palm of Place›.« The research is divided into
a preliminary introduction and two main sections. In the introduction, I
defined the concept of antithesis linguistically and technically, in addition
to providing a brief overview of the poet›s life.
The first section is titled »Positive Antithesis in the Collection ‹Wrinkles of
the Palm of Place›.« The second section is titled »Negative Antithesis in the
Collection ‹Wrinkles of the Palm of Place›.« The Diwan of the Wrinkles of
the the Palm of Place›.« The second section is titled »Negative Antithesis in
the Collection ‹Wrinkles of the Palm of Place›.« The Diwan of the Wrinkles
of the Place›s Palm This is followed by the most important findings of the
research, as well as a list of the most important sources and references from
which the research material was

Abstract:
Mesopotamian mythological thought represents one of the most complex epistemological systems produced by ancient civilizations, where theology intertwined with nature, and reality with symbolism, to create a unique cosmology of humanity and existence. At the heart of this system, the concept of “darkness” emerges not as a mere physical phenomenon or temporary absence of light, but as an inherent and active existential force that contributed to shaping the collective consciousness of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian peoples.

Private libraries contain treasures of manuscripts and books that are not found in public libraries. Their owners, the people of knowledge and learning, were keen to acquire rare items in their specializations and in the various sciences and arts that they were interested in reading and gaining more knowledge of. Among those were the Carmelite fathers in Baghdad, and the scholar Yaqoub Naoum Sarkis, whose libraries were donated to the Iraqi Museum Library to be among its treasures that it is proud of and boasts about. The research was divided into two sections, the first of which included two axes, one of which was a brief account of the Carmelite monasticism in Iraq, and the other of the library of the Carmelite Fathers in the museum. As for the section The second section has two axes: the first is a brief biography of Yaqoub Sarkis, and the second is the manuscripts and books contained in his library, according to what the Museum Library Administration has established as an archive that documented the inventory and classification of the two libraries (the Carmelite Fathers and Yaqoub Sarkis).