University of Anbar Sport and Physical Education Science Journal

The aim of this study was to analyze the shift in energy substrates between carbohydrates and fats during freestyle wrestling bouts using respiratory analysis techniques. Additionally, the relationship between heart rate and energy substrate utilization changes across different rounds was examined. Procedures: Measurements were taken during live wrestling sessions, where oxygen consumption (VO₂) and carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) were monitored using a respiratory gas exchange analyzer. The Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) was also recorded to determine the primary fuel source. Heart rate was continuously monitored during the bouts. Results: showed that the body primarily relied on carbohydrates during the first rounds, with RER values being higher (0.92) along with increased VO₂. In contrast, by the final rounds, the body shifted towards fat oxidation, as indicated by a decrease in RER (0.88) and an increase in VCO₂. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and showed medium to large effect sizes (Cohen’s d). Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that the body shifts from carbohydrate oxidation to fat oxidation during a wrestling bout as intensity increases. It is recommended to apply carbohydrate loading strategies and fat oxidation training to optimize athletic performance in freestyle wrestling.

The study aims to identify the effect of educational exercises based on flipped learning on learning Some basic skills on the balance beam in gymnastics. The problem with research is The effect of using educational exercises based on flipped learning in learning some skills on the device Balance beam in gymnastics. For third-year (Morning) students of the College of Physical Education And sports sciences for the academic year 2024-2025, the number of which is (10) students, and the researcher relied on My methodology is a single-group experimental approach, where the main experiment was implemented via videos Pre-prepared interactive, while the lecture time is allocated for practical application and correcting errors The program consists of a set of exercises designed to suit the requirements of the balance beam machine It was applied for a period of (8 weeks) and the performance was evaluated The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the other group, as the use of exercises and educational videos Flipped learning was more effective than traditional learning, and the researcher recommended developing mathematical curricula Supported by technology, similar studies are conducted for both genders and all age groups

Handball is one of the most popular sports, known for its exciting games, which include both defensive and offensive techniques that players must learn and master during competitions. Coaching youth at this age is no different from coaching any other sport. “Successful coaches can use a variety of coaching methods, techniques, and theories to develop meaningful and effective training programs to improve their players’ performance.” Ballistic training can effectively utilize different forces, as it can slow down the speed of movement of certain limbs and improve the sequence of contractions and relaxations of motor units. Athletes use training to understand and master a sequence of contractions and relaxations based on increasing intensity. The importance of this study lies in how ballistic training can be used to develop rapid explosive power in youth handball players. The main conclusions are:
1- Ballistic training had a positive effect on the development of strength and shooting accuracy in players, with a greater improvement in the post-test than in the pre-test in the experimental group.
2- The development of explosive strength in the arm muscles and similar motor pathways had a positive effect on shooting accuracy.

The world has seen a lot of changes in various sports games, where the game of football is a big popular game, and it's a variable and distinctive stance, and it's a multiple artistic skills, where ball sensation training works to improve the performance of that skill and the game needs special physical capabilities. It's a prerequisite for each game of collective games, but it varies from one game to another according to the requirements of each game. Special Fitness capacity is a special physical capacity and a basic component of the soccer game of the lounge. The research problem was that the special agility was low, as well as the skills of the rolling and handling skills were weak, but the research objective was to identify the impact of ball sensation training to improve the special agility, the rolling skills and the handling of soccer for the halls. The imposition of research is morally significant differences between the tribal and dimensional test in improving special agility, my rolling skills and handling in the soccer halls .

The study aims to identify the effectiveness of teaching using the Whitley strategy in developing motor perception speed, skill performance, and enhancing positive arousal toward the football lesson among students. The research problem lies in the weakness of psychological and skill interaction among students during football lessons, in addition to the shortcomings of some traditional teaching methods in stimulating students’ motivation and achieving integration between the skill and psychological aspects. The researcher used the experimental method, and the research community consisted of fifth preparatory grade students in the Central Secondary School in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate for the academic year 2024/2025. The researcher selected the sample randomly from two classes. After implementing the educational program based on the Whitley strategy and conducting the pre- and post-tests, the researcher concluded that teaching using the Whitley strategy led to a clear improvement in motor perception speed and skill performance, as well as enhancing positive arousal in the football lesson among the experimental group students compared with the control group. The researcher recommends adopting the Whitley strategy within the teaching plans of the football subject in secondary schools due to its effective impact on developing motor and skill abilities and motivating students psychologically to participate actively in the lesson

Football is the most enjoyable and engaging game to watch through the passion and continuous improvement in performance it offers. This rapid development is due to training methods that evolve and renew over time. The researcher noted that there is a weakness in the teams for not using harmonic exercises to develop physical qualities in terms of the speed of play and the transfer of the ball between players. This is for several reasons, one of which is not using individual physical qualities with little use of diversity in exercises in their training unit and modern training methods. The research aims to prepare harmonic exercises to develop the qualities of transitional speed, agility and scoring skill for junior players under (17) years for football , and to identify the impact of harmonic exercises to develop the qualities of transitional speed, agility and scoring skill for junior players under (17 years ) for football. The research sample was represented by the players of the Baghdad Municipality Sports Club for the youth category for the 2025-2026 football season, who numbered( 20 ) players. The researcher used the method of the sum of one experimental division andan equal control in a random way with pre and post tests to identify the differences between them and measure the development of each group. The training method lasted for (8 weeks) at the rate of three training units per week, with a total of (24) training units. The intensity of the exercises ranged between (70-85). %). The researcher used statistical methods that included the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, and the value (t) calculated and scheduled through the SPSS program. Through the current study, the researcher concluded that there is a positive effect of using consensual exercises, as the results showed significant differences in post-tests in favor of the experimental group. The researcher recommends the need to diversify the use of exercises and that they match the requirements of the match and target physical qualities that serve the skilled side.

The study aims to prepare exercises to develop motor coordination and identify their effect on the level of performance of the defensive steps skill for the research sample. The researcher used the experimental method with the design of two groups, control and experimental, with pre- and post-tests, as it is suitable for the nature of the research. The study sample represented the second stage with (72) students from the College of Physical Education - University of Anbar - University of Anbar for the academic year 2025-2026. Before starting the experiment, the researcher was keen to conduct homogeneity in the anthropometric variables (age - height - weight) after dividing the sample into two groups, control and experimental. The study variables were the numbered circles test, the ball throwing and receiving test, the defensive pull test, the defensive movement test. Among the most important conclusions was the positive effect of the proposed exercises on developing both motor coordination and defensive movements in basketball, with the experimental group being superior to the control group according to the superiority of the differences between the two groups in the post-measurements of the research variables.

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of multi-sensory modeling exercises in developing motor response time and learning some basic basketball skills among first-year students. The researchers sought to address the research problem, which was defined by the question: Do different types of sensory modeling exercises have an impact on developing motor response time and learning some basic basketball skills among students? To achieve this objective, the researchers adopted an experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control). The experimental group underwent an exercise program based on multi-sensory modeling that included visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic inputs, while the control group received the traditional educational program. Motor response time and basic basketball skills (under investigation) were measured before and after the implementation of the educational program, using standardized tests to measure the variables. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group in both motor response time and basic skills (under investigation), indicating the effectiveness of multi-sensory modeling exercises in improving motor response speed and enhancing the accuracy of skill performance. In light of these results, the research recommends the necessity of adopting diverse sensory modeling exercises within basketball educational and training programs, due to their positive impact on developing motor response time and basic skills among students. In addition, it is important to conduct future studies that address more advanced skills and different age groups to verify the effectiveness of this type of exercise in other educational and training fields.

Psychological exercises reduce anxiety levels and improve players' psychological resilience, aiming to enhance their psychological and performance levels. Hence, the importance of this research is highlighted by the fact that psychological exercises are an effective means of treating anxiety and enhancing psychological resilience, as they enable players to control the stress and pressures associated with competition, which positively impacts their accuracy and confidence when executing penalty kicks. The research problem was: The psychological aspect still receives less attention, especially with regard to preparing players to cope with the psychological pressures that accompany delicate competitive situations. Hence, the need for structured psychological exercises aimed at reducing levels of negative anxiety and enhancing psychological resilience, which positively impacts players' self-confidence and ability to perform steadily during crucial moments. The aim of the study was to identify the effect of psychological exercises to address anxiety, both facilitating and hindering, and to increase psychological resilience in young soccer players' penalty kick performance. An experimental approach was used, and the research sample was youth. After implementing the psychological exercises, the most important conclusions were reached: Psychological exercises similar to match conditions work to address anxiety, both facilitating and hindering, and increase psychological resilience in young soccer players' penalty kick performance. It was recommended to adopt psychological exercises similar to match conditions because they work to address anxiety, both facilitating and hindering, and increase psychological resilience in young soccer players' penalty kick performance.

Sports naturalization refers to granting citizenship to athletes who do not originally hold a country’s nationality, allowing them to represent its national teams in regional and international competitions. This study derives its importance from its attempt to establish a scientifically informed strategic approach that positions sports naturalization as a sustainable tool for developing national sports systems while maintaining a balance between benefiting from foreign expertise and preserving national identity. The topic has gained relevance due to persistent challenges facing national teams, including limited infrastructure, insufficient international exposure, and shortages in specialized technical capacities.The study aims to analyze the concept of sports naturalization, assess its administrative and technical implications, and evaluate the feasibility of adopting naturalization policies within the Iraqi sports sector. The research problem centers on the absence of a unified national vision regarding the potential role of naturalization and its long-term influence on improving the performance of Iraqi national teams. A descriptive survey method was employed, and data were collected through a questionnaire. The sample included 40 participants, representing national team coaches, supervisors, and administrative staff from the Ministry of Youth and Sports, the Iraqi Olympic Committee, and several sports federations.The findings suggest that sports naturalization is a strategic practice widely used by countries to enhance their competitive advantage. Based on these insights, the study recommends involving experts and academics in designing future naturalization policies that balance athletic progress with cultural considerations, effectively drawing on international models that align with the needs of the Iraqi of the Iraqi sports

Job satisfaction is an important factor that influences teachers' performance and their attitudes towards the future. It plays an effective role in raising the level of performance, improving the school environment, and enhancing the sense of belonging to the institution in general and to the school in particular. Physical education teachers in the Diyala Education Directorate are an important and pivotal part of the educational process in general, as they contribute to building the student's integrated personality. The importance of the current research lies in its contribution to shedding light on the reality of job satisfaction among physical education teachers, as they are an important group that can be utilized in developing plans and programs. The research problem lies in the following question: (What is the level of job satisfaction among physical education teachers in the Diyala Governorate Education Directorate?) The research aims to identify the level of job satisfaction among physical education teachers in the Diyala Governorate Education Directorate. The research scope included the human domain: which included male and female physical education teachers in the secondary schools of the Diyala Governorate Education Directorate. The time domain: the period from 3/8/2025 to 27/10/2025. The spatial domain: the secondary schools of the Diyala Governorate Education Directorate.

Given the importance of self-management, and because the school is the fundamental nucleus of society and the primary base for educational change and development processes undertaken by secondary school principals, this study is significant in its aim to identify the level of self-management practiced by secondary school principals from the perspective of physical education and sports science teachers in the Diyala Education Directorate.
Self-management is defined as a modern approach in educational administration, based on the principle of granting educational institutions administrative autonomy that allows them the freedom to act and make appropriate decisions to achieve their goals.
The researcher used a self-management scale consisting of 28 items in this study and conducted a pilot study with a randomly selected sample of 30 teachers. This was followed by the main study, which included a sample of 300 physical education teachers in the Diyala Education Directorate. After collecting and analyzing the data using the SPSS statistical software, the researcher concluded that self-management represents a fundamental and influential element in the administrative process across its various dimensions and aspects, and its role in improving school performance cannot be overlooked. The most important recommendations were the possibility of adopting the self-management scale designed by the researcher as a tool to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of secondary school principals in Diyala Governorate.

The study aims to reveal the level of special psychological hesitation among students of the College of Physical Education, and to analyze its relationship with competitive behavior and the process of learning the snatch lift skill among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Anbar, for the academic year 2024–2025. The researcher proceeded from the hypothesis that there is a statistically significant relationship between psychological Hesitation on one hand, and both competitive behavior and learning the snatch lift on the other, among the sample members.
The study adopted the descriptive approach with its correlational style. The research population included first-year students in the morning study session, totaling (210) students. A sample of (120) students was selected by lottery. The study utilized the Psychological Hesitation Scale, the Competitive Behavior Scale, in addition to a performance evaluation form.
For statistical processing, the researcher used a set of appropriate methods, including: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, and coefficient of non-determination (alienation).
The results showed that the first-year students suffer from varying degrees of psychological hesitation when executing the snatch lift, which is due to a set of factors that will be discussed in detail in the body of the research. In light of the results, the researcher recommended the necessity of providing continuous psychological support and preparation programs for the students, due to its effect on enhancing the motivation for learning and raising the level of self-confidence, which positively reflects on the better mastery and learning of motor skills.

The importance of the research lies in both the theoretical and practical aspects, as the study of the Landa Model is an attempt to transfer the positive aspects of this model from theoretical sciences to applied sciences, and from the theoretical side to the practical side, as this study contributes to the great and effective helpful role in teaching Students for the basic skills of five-a-side football for middle school students. As for the problem of the research, it turns out that teaching football does not followed methods that are very far from educational technology, which affected learning skills with less efficiency. Hence, the researcher decided to use Landa’s model in developing personal compatibility and teaching some Basic skills in five-a-side football and identifying the effectiveness of this model on learning skills among students. The researcher used the experimental approach by designing two equal groups, the experimental and control groups. The researcher defined the research population as second-year middle school students in Al-Futwa Intermediate School for year 2025-2026 in The third directorate of education in Baghdad, Al-Karkh, numbering 145 students. As for the study and research sample, it was chosen randomly (by lottery) and numbered (60) students, where the percentage was (37.41)% of the population of origin. The researcher concluded that the Landa model supported by hypermedia has a positive impact on developing personal compatibility and teaching the skills under study and research in football. developing education for football skills a-side football for students and all other aspects such as cognitive and psychological achievement.

The researcher conducted his current study, entitled (Organizational Development and its Role in the Effectiveness of Administrative Decisions from the Perspective of Employees in the Sports Activity Unit, Education Department of Heet District, The researcher used the descriptive approach with an analytical method by using a questionnaire specific to organizational development and applying it to a sample of employees in the activity unit. After completing all the procedures and statistical treatments on the data obtained from the respondents' answers, the researcher drew several conclusions, including:
1.A relationship exists between organizational development and the effectiveness of administrative decisions within the sports activity unit.
2.The most prominent area in the administrative development scale related to decision effectiveness is the organizational structure, indicating that the acceptance, adherence, and implementation of decisions stem from a fair distribution of tasks and positions within the unit.
Based on these findings, the researcher recommends several measures, including: 1- Developing the administrative and leadership skills of staff in the Sports and Scouting Unit of the Hit Education Department by conducting and participating in various development courses.
2- Allowing staff in the Sports and Scouting Unit to participate in decision-making, as this contributes to the effectiveness of those decisions and increases the unit's operational productivity.

The current research aimed to reveal the level of irrational thinking and sports optimism among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul during the 2025-2026 academic year, as well as to determine the nature of the correlation between them. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach with a correlational method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research population consisted of 1000 male and female students, from whom a random sample of 220 male and female students was selected. To collect data, the Irrational Thinking Scale (Issa Najm & Jassim Abbas, 2025) and the Sports Optimism and Pessimism Scale (Mohammed Nema, 2008) were used after confirming their psychometric properties. The data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through the following methods: (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and percentage). The results showed a significant increase in irrational thinking patterns among the research sample, accompanied by a decrease in the level of sports optimism. The study also demonstrated a statistically significant inverse correlation between irrational thinking and athletic optimism; illogical thought patterns led to a pessimistic outlook among students. The most important conclusion of the research is that the prevalence of irrational thinking acts as a cognitive barrier, limiting students' ability to envision their athletic future positively, thus reinforcing their pessimism. The most important recommendation was the necessity of designing (cognitive-behavioral) guidance programs aimed at modifying prevailing cognitive patterns and developing positive psychological skills by fostering an optimistic perspective. The study also emphasized the importance of early detection of irrational thinking by faculty members to mitigate its negative impact on athletic performance.

This study aimed to identify the effect of the learning corners strategy on students' learning of passing and dribbling skills with a football. The researcher used the experimental method with an equivalent groups design. The research sample consisted of (24) fourth-grade science students at Al-Ataa Preparatory School for Boys – Dhi Qar Governorate – Al-Nasr District, for the academic year 2024-2025. The sample was divided into (2) groups of (12) students in each group. The first experimental group was taught according to the learning corners strategy, while the control group was taught according to the teacher's method. The educational curriculum included (6) educational units, with (1) educational unit per week for each group, with a duration of (45) minutes. Post-tests were then conducted. The researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), through which appropriate statistical methods were employed, the most important of which were the (t) law for paired samples, the law of analysis of variance (F), and the law of least significant difference (LSD). The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which was the superiority of the experimental group (learning corners). The control group in learning the skills of handling and running with a football for the students.

The study aims todevelop educational units based on the Adi and Shayer model for teaching certain tennis skills to students. It also seeks to identify the impact of the Adi and Shayer model versus the model used by the instructor on teaching these skills. The researcher employed an experimental design with equivalent groups. The research sample was drawn from the original research population, specifically from second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Thi-Qar. The sample consisted of 40 students from two sections (E) and (D), randomly selected by lottery. Section (E) was assigned to study the Adi and Shayer model (10 students), while section (D) was assigned to study the instructor's model (10 students). An additional 10 students participated in a pilot study. Ten students were excluded from the sample, specifically those who had failed or were not actively practicing tennis,The most significant finding is that the Adi and Shayer model proved more effective than the instructor's model in teaching certain tennis skills and enhancing students' scientific thinking abilities. The research results showed that using the Eddie and Shire model contributed to the superiority of the experimental group students over the control group students, raising their thinking abilities and stimulating their motivation in teaching some tennis skills to the students.

The study aims to develop exercises using progressive pyramid training to improve maximum strength and muscle mass in specific body parts for advanced bodybuilders. The first chapter introduces the research, while the second chapter presents some theoretical studies related to the research. The third chapter outlines the research methodology, which relies on an experimental approach due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of eight bodybuilders from local gyms. The study was conducted on a single experimental group that underwent pre- and post-tests. The study focused on anthropometric measurements and maximum strength, including leg, arm, and chest muscles. The training period lasted eight weeks, with four training sessions per week. The fourth chapter analyzes the results statistically using SPSS. The fifth chapter concludes that progressive pyramid training positively impacted the development of maximum strength and muscle mass in the leg, arm, and chest muscles under study. The researcher recommends the use of progressive pyramid training for advanced bodybuilders due to its positive effect on strength enhancement. Maximum muscle growth and size increase.

This study aims to identify the impact of the Atkin & Karplus model, based on constructivist learning theory, and compare it with the command-based learning model on students' cognitive achievement and performance in the two freestyle wrestling holds: leg-tie and leg-swing. The study also aims to develop a cognitive achievement scale for these two holdings. The experimental design, employing a pre-test/post-test system with a control and experimental group, was conducted on a sample of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Anbar. The study concluded that the systematic sequence of procedures in the proposed model (exploration, concept introduction, application, and extension) contributed to building motor concepts related to the correct execution of the hold. This provided a knowledge recall bank during motor performance, reducing common errors and enhancing the artistic and competitive presentation of the holds. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the Atkin & Karplus model in teaching and learning the leg-tie and leg-swing holds in freestyle wrestling compared to the command-based learning model, thus confirming the suitability of these models.