JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

This research examines the principle of gradualism as a prominent characteristic of the Prophet Muhammad\\\\'s (peace and blessings be upon him) life. It aims to highlight how the Prophet employed this method in his call to Islam, his training of his companions, and the gradual revelation of Islamic law. The research begins by defining gradualism linguistically and technically, then moves on to observing its manifestations in the Prophet\\\\'s life, both in the area of da\\\\'wah (calling to Islam), where the Prophet began with secret preaching before becoming public, and in the area of legislation, such as the prohibition of alcohol, which was implemented in stages.
The research also explores the educational dimensions of gradualism and its facilitation in teaching, such as considering individual differences, building character gradually, and preparing society to accept rulings without resistance. The research concludes by highlighting the most important findings and demonstrating the importance of gradualism as a methodology to be emulated in education, teaching, and da\\\\'wah in the modern era, given its wisdom, mercy, and gradual approach to change.

He was a major role in the transfer of the right novels about the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and the companions (Radwan Allah on them), and that Abu high (may Allah have mercy on him) classified as peace after the death of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and It moves from the might to be a world, and Abu high of the people of Basra, was more than reading the Qur\\'an, and had learned the Koran by the Jalil Abi bin heel (may Allah be pleased with him) and has been injured in his foot; Until he looked at her pieces, he died on a ninety-ninety-nine migration.

The early Abbasid era (132-232 AH / 749-847 CE) marked a pivotal stage in the history of Islamic economic thought. During this period, Muslim scholars engaged with the complex economic and social changes that swept through the Islamic state after the caliphate\\'s center moved to Baghdad. These scholars were not merely transmitters of previous economic traditions; they were diligent thinkers who contributed to developing a comprehensive economic vision rooted in the Quran and Sunnah (Prophetic traditions), while simultaneously addressing the demands of the new reality. This research analyzes the economic perspective of Muslim scholars during this crucial period, focusing on their theoretical frameworks and practical stances on economic issues, and the extent to which they were influenced by the surrounding political and social conditions.

The Companion Safwan ibn Umayya was one of the most prominent figures who contributed to the political, social, and economic events that Mecca witnessed during the time of the Prophet. He was one of the leaders and dignitaries of the Quraysh, known for his wisdom and sound judgment. He was also one of the fiercest opponents of the Islamic call in its early days. However, he embraced Islam after the conquest of Mecca, becoming one of those whose hearts were to be won over to Islam. His Islam was exemplary, and he participated in the Battle of Hunayn, contributing to the Muslims\\' material and military support. He was also considered one of the narrators of the Prophet\\'s hadiths, and a number of the Tabi\\'in (Successors) narrated from him. He went out to fight in the Levant, witnessing the battles of Fahl and Ajnadayn, and died in the plague of Amwas in the year 18 .

This study aims at investigating the impact of reviving the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo and its role in managing Mamluk-Ilkhan conflict, focusing on utilizing the Caliphate militarily, legitimately and diplomatically. After Baghdad\\'s fall (656 AH/1258 AD) to the Mongols and the Abbasid Caliph was killed, the Islamic world witnessed a political vacuum represented by the absence of the Caliphate. Still, the Mamluk Sultanate revived the Caliphate to be a tool to gain the legitimacy against the Ilkhan Mongols. The study attempts to illustrate the impact of reviving the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo and utilizing it in the Mamluk-Ilkhan conflict. The study starts with an overview of the key motives that led the Abbasid Caliphate to be revived in Cairo at the hands of Sultan Baybars. Then, it deals with how the Caliphate was employed in the management of the military conflict concerning either its direct participation in the battles or its legitimate discourse. Moreover, it also deals with how the Caliphate was exploited diplomatically in the conflict management, especially after the Ilkhans tried to reframe their position after embracing Islam, giving the conflict a legitimate dimension beyond the military one. Finally, it sheds light on the scientific impact due to the employment of the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo.

The enlightened and progressive segment of Tunisian society realized that the advancement of the country could only be achieved by improving the status of Tunisian women. This required liberating them from their long period of stagnation and isolation, and ensuring equal opportunities between them and men, as women are the cornerstone of achieving comprehensive national development. Improving the status of women would contribute to raising the level of economic growth, strengthening social stability, and improving the levels of culture, education, and health in the country.
However, the lack of equal opportunities, the marginalization of women, their subjugation to outdated social customs and traditions, and their weak political and economic participation have negatively impacted the country in terms of development, social justice, and economic well-being. Women\\\\'s representation in Tunisia during the period under study, from independence in 1956 until 2004, was not genuine and at the required level, despite all the privileges they gained after the promulgation of the Personal Status Code. The implementation of these measures tended to be merely formal or symbolic, rather than substantive. Women\\\\'s freedom and political and diplomatic representation were used as a facade to present the regimes as democratic, without women possessing any real power or clear political influence.

The research focused on the study of scientific life in the city of Dinur during the Abbasid era (132-656 AH / 750-1258 AD). We focused on the most prominent scientific figures of the city, as many of them emerged and took it upon themselves to spread Islamic culture in the city of Dinur and other cities of the Islamic East, and among them were He left and moved to the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad, and other cities in Iraq, such as Basra and Kufa. Some of them moved and traveled to Mecca, Egypt, the Levant, and other Arab Islamic cities, and among the most prominent scholars of the city of Dinur.During the Abbasid era, Abu Hanifa al-Dinuri (282 AH/895 AD), the writer, linguist, historian, and famous for his engineering, mathematics, and botany, who had trips to Medina, Iraq, and Palestine, and his trips extended to the shores of the Arabian Gulf in pursuit of knowledge, Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Wahb al-Dinuri (308 AH/920 AD). The scholar and jurist who recited the Qur’an in Dinur had trips to Iraq, the Levant, Al-Ray, Egypt, and other places. Yusuf bin Ahmad bin Kaj Al-Dinwar (d. 405 AH/1015 AD), the judge in Dinur, the jurist is one of the most senior Shafi’i scholars. He had a trip to Iraq in pursuit of knowledge, and many other scholars.

This study offers a sophisticated historical and socio-political analysis of the public health landscape in Iran under the Qajar dynasty (1796–1925), a pivotal period defined by the profound tension between deeply rooted medical traditions and the onset of modern Western transformation. The research investigates the precarious sanitary and environmental conditions of the era, characterized by a fragile urban and aquatic infrastructure that rendered Persian society vulnerable to devastating, cyclical outbreaks of cholera, plague, smallpox, and the 1918 Spanish influenza. These epidemics are examined not merely as clinical phenomena, but as socio-political catalysts that exposed the administrative and structural limitations of the Qajar state.
Furthermore, the study scrutinizes the evolution of institutional health policies, tracing the transition from rudimentary, fatalistic traditional practices to the institutionalization of modern medicine. It highlights the influence of European diplomatic encounters, the imposition of quarantine measures (Quarantina), and the fundamental role of the "Dar al-Funun" school in reforming medical education and introducing clinical anatomy. Central to this analysis is the formation of the "Sanitary Council" (Majles-e Hefz-e Sehheh) and the eventual establishment of the Pasteur Institute in 1920. The research concludes that the public health crises in Qajar Iran served as a critical mirror reflecting the broader struggle for modernization, where the fight against contagion became an inadvertent driver for structural, legal, and administrative reform within the modern Iranian state:

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This research examines the pivotal economic role played by the land of Al-suwad in supporting the Abbasid Caliphate, as one of the most important agricultural regions in the Islamic world. This region was characterized by the fertility of its soils and the abundance of its water resources, which made it a major center of agricultural production and a primary source of agricultural revenues, which the state relied on to finance its various institutions. The research sought to analyze the natural and human components that contributed to the prosperity of agricultural activity, highlighting the role of advanced irrigation networks, which the Abbasid state paid great attention to, as well as the role of cities in marketing the agricultural surplus and stimulating commercial traffic. The research also dealt with the Kharaj system as a fundamental pillar of the Abbasid economy, in terms of its organization, development and related financial policies. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach based on the extrapolation and comparison of historical texts, in order to reach an accurate understanding of the nature of the economic role of the land of blackness. The research concluded that the integration of Agriculture, Irrigation System, financial regulation, and trade exchange in this region was a decisive factor in strengthening the power of the Abbasid state and ensuring its political and economic stability., grassroots organization, and its contribution to intensifying political pressure on the apartheid regime.

The research further analyzes the transition period between 1989 and 1991, during which South Africa experienced significant political changes, including negotiations and the gradual dismantling of apartheid structures.

In our research, we address the development of Moroccan-Libyan relations between 1969 and 1989 and their direct impact on Moroccan labor in Libya within a historical analysis that connects the political transformations between the two countries with their economic and social repercussions. The Al-Fateh Revolution of 1969 marked the starting point for a new phase in Libyan politics under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi, characterized by revolutionary orientations that differed from Morocco's political approach during the reign of King Hassan II. This led to periods of tension and instability in relations between the two countries, which had clear effects on the fate of Moroccan labor in various service sectors. The research focuses on studying the positions of both countries on political developments within them and the extent to which these positions reflected on the flow of Moroccan labor to Libya and their overall conditions. Moroccan labor suffered harassment, expulsion, and freezing of their funds by the Libyan government during periods of strained relations between the two countries, especially after the severance of relations due to Libya's support for coup attempts against King Hassan II, its stance on the Western Sahara issue, and its recognition of the Sahrawi Republic in 1980, While the stages of rapprochement, especially after the signing of the labor agreement between Morocco and Libya in 1983, the signing of the Oujda Agreement in 1984, the declaration of the establishment of the Arab-African Union, and the subsequent signing of other agreements between the two countries, contributed to a relative improvement in the conditions of Moroccan workers in Libya, through the inclusion of articles that stipulated the regulation of Moroccan labor affairs within Libya.

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Ramla bint Abi Sufyan (may God be pleased with her), one of the Mothers of the Believers and a wife of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), is a prominent figure in Islamic history. She combined noble lineage with strong faith and unwavering commitment to her principles. She lived through significant stages of the Islamic mission, from her migration to Abyssinia to preserve her faith to her marriage to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). She played a vital role in public life through her steadfastness, her transmission of knowledge and hadith, and her influence on the Muslim community of her time. Her life serves as an example of a believing woman who contributed to building society with wisdom, patience, and devotion to her faith.

This study highlights a prominent figure from the First Abbasid Era (132–232 AH / 750–847 AD): Lady Zubaydah bint Ja'far bin Abdullah bin Abi Ja'far al-Mansur, the wife of Caliph Harun al-Rashid and one of the most noble women in her actions. She was the granddaughter of the founder of the Abbasid State, Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, whose reign spanned (136–158 AH / 754–775 AD). However, her significance did not stem merely from her lineage and ancestry; she forged her own legacy and stood as an exemplary model. She showed a keen interest in science, culture, and politics, and was a pioneer in the field of construction and architecture. Notably, she designed the water supply system in Mecca as well as the pilgrimage route (Darb Zubaydah). To this day, her name remains immortalized through her monumental works. Furthermore, she was deeply invested in politics, science, culture, and the arts, holding scholars, poets, and writers in high esteem

This research examines the political procedures for the accession of the Sultan of Granada to power in the Nasrid state, as one of the significant issues in the political history of al-Andalus during its final period. The study aims to reveal the mechanisms adopted in the transfer of authority, beginning with the oath of allegiance, the role of the ruling family, and the influence of political and military elites in legitimizing or removing rulers. It also discusses the impact of internal political conditions, including dynastic conflicts and struggles for power, in addition to external threats represented by Christian kingdoms, on shaping the nature of governance and political procedures. Furthermore, the study highlights the concept of political legitimacy in the Nasrid state and its relationship with military authority and political alliances. The research relies on Andalusian historical sources and modern references to analyze the political system of Granada and its role in maintaining or destabilizing political authority.

Biographical works are of paramount importance in documenting the historical events relating to certain people. These chronicles reveal the significant interaction between people and the political, administrative, and economic events and forces at play, demonstrating the importance and depth of the study within the historical period in which the historian lived and interacted.
Therefore, biographical works contain important and fundamental scholarly material that often surpasses general history books in its content, information, and methodology.
The importance of historical study in biographical works and individual biographies is evident in the historian's own importance and personal connection to the subjects, particularly the Arabs among them. This connection enhances the historian's scholarly standing and administrative ability to track their movements and residences, thus contributing to the compilation of historical material. Most biographical works, especially those about individuals and cities, are records of the prominent figures of the era, the scholars of the cities, jurists, hadith scholars and literary figures.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon His truthful and trustworthy Prophet, the best of all creation, Muhammad ibn Abdullah, and upon his family, his companions, and those who follow them in righteousness until the Day of Judgment.
The study of Islamic history in general, and the Prophetic biography and the Rightly Guided Caliphate in particular, is considered one of the most important fields of historical research. The Prophetic biography and the Rashidun Caliphate represent the true starting point of Islamic history. Among the most significant aspects of this field is the study of biographies of notable men and distinguished figures, especially the noble Companions (may Allah be pleased with them), in order to introduce them more thoroughly and enable readers to gain deeper knowledge and benefit.
From this perspective, the idea of the present modest research emerged, aiming to study one of the most distinguished personalities in Islamic history, entitled: “The Noble Companion ʿUmārah ibn Ḥazm al-Anṣārī (may Allah be pleased with him) and His Impact in the Early Islamic Period.” both the Prophetic and the Rashidun eras.
Through careful investigation and

This study examines the assassination of Emperor Caracalla in 217 AD as a pivotal event in the history of the Roman Empire during the third century AD. The incident is situated within the broader context of escalating internal conflicts among the ruling elite and the growing influence of the military institution in shaping political authority. The study focuses on the figure of Macrinus, analyzing his social background and administrative career, as well as the factors that facilitated his transition from an official position to direct political involvement, highlighting his role within the political and military transformations of that period.
Furthermore, the study explores the nature of the relationship between Macrinus and Caracalla, including the political and administrative tensions that characterized it.

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Journal of Historical and Cultural Studies, Vol.17, No. (70), (2026): 1 – 10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/jhcs.17.70.1.2026

The study highlights the emergence of the UDF as a broad coalition that unified various opposition forces, transforming fragmented resistance into a coordinated mass movement. It examines the UDF’s role in mass mobilization, grassroots organization, and its contribution to intensifying political pressure on the apartheid regime.

The research further analyzes the transition period between 1989 and 1991, during which South Africa experienced significant political changes, including negotiations and the gradual dismantling of apartheid structures.

This research provides a historical and institutional study of the office of "Sahib al-Tabi" (The Keeper of the Seal) in the Regency of Tunis from 1782 to 1837, a period that witnessed a radical transformation in the structure of the Husaynid power. The study traces the historical roots and evolution of this office from a technical, bureaucratic task centered on safeguarding royal seals and decrees into a dominant political, military, and economic institution that formed the executive backbone of the state, particularly with the rise of the "Mamluk" elite of European and Caucasian origins. Furthermore, the research highlights the diplomatic and military roles of Sahib al-Tabi in managing regional crises, negotiating with European consuls, and wielding financial influence through monopolizing tax-farming (Lizam), overseeing the mint (Dar al-Darb), and accumulating private wealth, which materialized into landmark architectural complexes and religious endowments (Awqaf) such as the Halfaouine Complex. Finally, the study examines the decline of this office due to internal assassinations and liquidations among the Mamluks, culminating in its complete marginalization and transformation into a ceremonial, protocol-based role in 1837 under the administrative and military reforms of Mushir Ahmad Bey, who dismantled traditional powers in favor of modern centralized ministries.

This research explores the political and organizational role of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa between 1983 and 1991. Apartheid, established in 1948, was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that excluded the black majority from political, economic, and social participation.

The study highlights the emergence of the UDF as a broad coalition that unified various opposition forces, transforming fragmented resistance into a coordinated mass movement. It examines the UDF’s role in mass mobilization, grassroots organization, and its contribution to intensifying political pressure on the apartheid regime.

The research further analyzes the transition period between 1989 and 1991, during which South Africa experienced significant political changes, including negotiations and the gradual dismantling of apartheid structures.

This study reveals that Muslim women during the Prophetic era played a vital and influential role in shaping the early Islamic society. Their participation was not marginal or symbolic, but substantial and comprehensive. Women contributed significantly to the spread of religious knowledge and the transmission of Hadith, as seen in the example of Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her), and they reinforced religious and social values through their guidance and teaching of other women, like Umm Salama and Asma’ bint Yazid. Moreover, their roles extended beyond religious duties to include social, economic of the Islamic society envisioned by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

The Abbasid era is regarded as one of the most significant historical periods in which the Islamic sciences witnessed remarkable development and unprecedented prosperity. During this era, Baghdad emerged as a prominent cultural and intellectual center that attracted scholars and thinkers from across the Islamic world. This paper aims to examine the features of the development of Islamic sciences in Baghdad during the Abbasid period, with particular emphasis on the factors that contributed to the emergence of a vast scientific movement encompassing religious sciences, linguistics, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. Baghdad was distinguished during this period by the establishment of pioneering scientific institutions, most notably the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma), which became one of the foremost centers for translation, authorship, and intellectual debate. in broadening the scope of knowledge, thereby making Baghdad a civilizational bridge between East and West. On the other hand, the study

This study examines the image of Iraqi women in European travel literature during the nineteenth century (1800–1900) as a problematic historical source for studying social history. The research problem lies in the tension between the documentary value of these travel accounts and the Orientalist biases that shaped stereotypical representations of Iraqi women. The study aims to critically analyze these portrayals and deconstruct the Orientalist discourse that produced them by tracing representations of women in both private and public spheres, including home life, work, clothing, marriage, and education, while comparing urban, rural, and Bedouin environments.
The research adopts a historical-analytical approach, employing both external and internal criticism to examine a selected corpus of European travel writings authored by male and female travelers. Their narratives are compared with local historical studies based on primary documents. The study concludes that travel literature does not directly reflect Iraqi social reality; rather, it constitutes a textual construction shaped by the traveler’s background, gender, and motivations. Furthermore, Iraqi women were active economic and social agents whose roles extended beyond the stereotypical .

This research examines the measures taken by Andalusian physicians to prevent infectious diseases during the Almoravid (447-541 AH / 1055-1147 Ad) and Almohad (541-668 AH / 1146-1269Ad) periods. This required significant medical efforts to investigate the causes of these diseases and prevent their spread. Numerous efforts were made to prevent the spread of epidemics, protect society from disease, and improve public health. The contributions of physicians and scholars in this field were prominent, and official support for medical efforts was evident through the appointment of physicians to prestigious positions within the state. The role of the ruling authority in ensuring that only qualified physicians practiced medicine was also highlighted.

Disagreements began to emerge among the comrades of the July 14, 1958 revolution in Iraq, stemming from a power struggle among its leaders. Their political orientations diverged sharply; President Abdul Karim Qasim sought to monopolize power, excluding the other revolutionary figures and thus deviating from the revolution's objectives. The Iraqi Communist Party sided with and supported him in this conflict. Meanwhile, Abdul Salam Arif and others embraced the idea of Arab unity, supported by the nationalists. This led to an uprising by some army leaders, most notably Colonel Abdul Wahab al-Shawaf, who launched the Mosul Revolution on March 8, 1959. This uprising was a reaction to Qasim's autocratic policies, the growing communist influence, and the exclusion of Arab nationalists from the Iraqi political scene, with the support of the United Arab Republic.

This research examines the worship and asceticism of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) as presented in the book Al-Shama'il Al-Muhammadiyya by Imam Al-Tirmidhi.
The study analyzes the narrations and traditions related to the Prophet’s devotional, spiritual, and ethical life. It highlights the characteristics of the Prophet’s worship, including night prayer, fasting, remembrance of Allah, supplication, and recitation of the Holy Qur’an, while explaining the impact of these acts of worship on shaping his exemplary personality as the perfect role model for Muslims .
The study also discusses the manifestations of asceticism in the Prophet’s life through examining his simple lifestyle, humility, generosity, and detachment from worldly luxury and material excess. It clarifies that the Prophet’s asceticism did not mean abandoning worldly life, but rather adopting a balanced approach that avoids attachment to material possessions while maintaining social responsibility and constructive engagement in life.
The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology by analyzing the texts contained in Al-Shama'il Al-Muhammadiyya and benefiting from relevant Hadith and biographical sources. The study concludes that the Prophet’s worship and asceticism played a major role in establishing the moral and spiritual foundations of the early Islamic society and in promoting values such as moderation, contentment, humility, and social solidarity.