Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

Continuous exposure to traumatic circumstances or events causes the nurse to suffer from moral injury. In order for its properties to be complete, an individual must feel that there is a noticeable and influential violation or departure in moral values, standards and beliefs, whether from the individual himself /herself or from others, without the ability on his/her part to correct or remedy the mistake. Moral harm may lead to the individual having difficulty controlling his/her emotions when exposed to negative or traumatic events. The difficulty of emotional regulation is represented in the individual's inability to understand and realize his/her emotions, and the negative emotions control him/her in a way that impedes his/her benefit from his/her previous experiences, with his/her inability to go towards his/her goals when s/he goes through negative emotions, as well as his/her weak ability to flexibly employ the strategies of emotional regulation, and his/her inability to control his/her emotions while facing traumatic events or tension and threat.
The current research aimed to examine the following:
-Moral injury among male and female nurses.
-Differences in moral harm according to; gender: males - females; marital status: single - married, number of working years: (1-15) (16-30) (31 and above); and educational attainment: preparatory - diploma, bachelors.
-Difficulty of emotional regulation among male and female nurses.
-Differences in the difficulty of emotional regulation according to; gender: males – females; marital status: single – married; number of working years: (1-15) (16-30) (31 and above); and educational attainment: preparatory school, diploma, bachelor’s degree).
-The relationship between moral injury and difficulty of emotional regulation among male and female nurses.
- The extent to which moral injury contributes to the difficulty of emotional regulation among male and female nurses.
The results revealed that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between moral injury and the difficulty of emotional regulation among nurses. The moral harm contributed statistically to the difficulty of emotional regulation, as the change in the difficulty of emotional regulation in nurses is due to the moral harm. Finally, the researcher came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The problem statement of this research lies in the possibility of the Supreme Commission for Hajj and Umrah (SCHU) in Iraq utilizing public relations (PR) communication activities on its Facebook page. Furthermore, how can these activities contribute to achieving the Commission's objectives and enhance the public's understanding of the services and care it provides to pilgrims (Hujjaj) and minor pilgrims (Mu'tamireen (
This research aims to explore the role played by public relations communication activities in shaping the mental image of the Supreme Commission for Hajj and Umrah among the Iraqi public, to identify the most used public relations activities by the Media and Public Relations Department in the SCHU, to determine the type of mental image the public holds about the Commission, and subsequently, to offer valuable recommendations for improving the Commission's performance and enhancing the effectiveness of its efforts in the field of public relations communication activities within governmental institutions and bodies.
This study is considered descriptive research, relying on the content analysis tool to describe and analyze the public relations communication activities, the content of the SCHU's Facebook page, the technical tools used, and the strategies emphasized by that content. To achieve this, the researcher utilized the comprehensive inventory method for all the Commission's posts on its Facebook page for the period from (1/10/2024 to 31/3/2025), which amounted to (377) posts. The research reached several positive and negative results.
The results showed that the Commission relies on diverse public relations communication activities through its posts on its Facebook page. The Commission placed significant importance on utilizing varied public relations strategies through its posts on its Facebook page. The media strategy played an important role, as the Commission prominently used this strategy through the content of its posts. The Commission also employed appeals (Istimalat) in its posts across its Facebook page.

The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of a proposed training program based on sensory activities in developing cognitive skills in children with autism spectrum disorder, by comparing the results of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessments.
The study employed an experimental design using a single-group pre-test and post-test approach. The sample consisted of ten children with mild autism spectrum disorder, aged 6 to 10 years, enrolled at the Jara Center for Autism, who participated in the sensory-based training program.
A specialized assessment tool was developed to measure cognitive skills, ensuring its validity and reliability. The final version of the tool included 27 items distributed across four main domains: attention, perception, thinking, and memory.
The sensory-based training program comprised 47 sessions. Following the completion of the program, a post-test assessment of cognitive skills was conducted. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, including the Friedman test for comparisons across the three measurements and the Wilcoxon test for pairwise comparisons. The results yielded several important findings regarding the program\'s effectiveness in enhancing cognitive skills in children with autism spectrum disorder, notably:
• The sensory-based training program proved effective in developing cognitive skills among children with autism spectrum disorder.
• The program provided a stimulating educational environment that accommodated individual differences, thereby enhancing performance across all fundamental cognitive skills.
Based on these findings, the researchers recommended adopting sensory-based training programs in educational and rehabilitative institutions to support the development of core cognitive skills (attention, perception, thinking, memory) in children with autism spectrum disorder.

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This study aims to identify the impact of a program based on the use of smart classrooms in improving vocational self-efficacy and attitudes towards vocational education among a sample of tenth grade students in Irbid city, The sample of the study consisted of (160) students. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean of the control group and the experimental group in favor of the experimental group, and that there is a statistically significant difference between the results of the pre-test and post-test vocational self-efficacy and attitudes towards vocational education scales in favor of the post-test; There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the genders in the post-test on the vocational self-efficacy scale in favor of females, and there are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the genders in the post-test on the attitudes towards vocational education scale

This study aims to highlight the general framework of peacebuilding within local communities, as well as to identify the key actors involved in this process. It also explores the main peacebuilding methodologies applied at the community level. The study examines the characteristics of local communities and distinguishes them from broader societal structures, drawing on established sociological literature. In addition, it reviews major peace agreements implemented in Nineveh Governorate as a case study of local-level peacebuilding.The findings indicate that the most effective level of peacebuilding in local communities is the bottom-up approach, where initiatives emerge from grassroots actors and move upward. There is also evidence of successful interventions at the mid-level leadership tier. Key actors at these levels include community leaders—such as tribal sheikhs—community activists, local civil society organizations, and certain local administrative bodies. Furthermore, international donor organizations operating in Iraq—such as UNDP, IOM, GIZ, and USIP—have played a significant role in supporting these efforts, The study concludes that the most prominent peacebuilding methodologies used in local peace agreements include dialogue, negotiation, conflict transformation, and the establishment and training of peace committees.

The current study aims to investigate the effect of teaching science using the Fishbowl Strategy on developing deductive thinking among fourth-grade elementary students. To achieve this goal, the researchers formulated a single null hypothesis. The study was limited to fourth-grade students at Aryas Mixed Elementary School during the academic year 2024–2025.
The researchers adopted a quasi-experimental design with two equivalent groups. The experimental group was taught using the Fishbowl Strategy, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. The research sample consisted of 42 students, with 21 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group.
Equivalence between the two groups was ensured based on the following variables: chronological age (in months), intelligence, third-grade science scores (from the previous academic year), parents’ educational level, and a pre-test of deductive thinking.
The research instrument was a deductive thinking test consisting of 18 items, each with three answer choices. The instrument demonstrated validity and reliability, and all discrimination indices were found to be acceptable.
The researchers analyzed the data statistically using the SPSS program. The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the deductive thinking test, in favor of the experimental group. Based on these findings, the researchers concluded that the Fishbowl Strategy is effective in enhancing deductive thinking among fourth-grade students.

The current research aims to identify (effect of the Written Conversation strategy on generative thinking among second-year intermediate students), and for the purpose of achieving the research goal, a quasi-experimental design with partial control was adopted for the two groups (experimental and control) with a post-test in generative thinking, representing the research population of second-year students. average in government middle and high schools in the Mechanics District affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Baghdad / Al-Karkh II for the academic year (2023-2024), and the research sample amounted to (62) students, including (31) for the experimental group taught according to the Written Conversation strategy and (31) For the control group taught according to the usual method, the two research groups (experimental and control) were equivalent with several variables, and it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the two research groups at the significance level (0.05). This means that there is equality between the two research groups, and the scientific material was specified in the three chapters. The first for Chemistry for the year (2023-2024), and behavioral objectives were formulated for these classes, which numbered (150) behavioral objectives representing the six levels of Bloom’s taxonomy in the cognitive field, in addition to preparing (25) teaching plans for each of the two research groups, as for the research tool “thinking.” The generative test was built as it consists of the exploratory dimension, which consists of (9) items distributed among three skills, each skill has (3) situations, and the other is the creative dimension, which consists of (2) two items distributed between two skills, each skill has (2) situations. The validity of the tool was verified after presenting it to a group of arbitrators. The generative thinking test was applied to two exploratory samples, one to determine the clarity of the items and response time, and the other for the purpose of analyzing the test items statistically and calculating the psychometric properties, and after relying on a set of appropriate statistical methods, which were analyzed and processed. The research data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS+22). The results showed: The experimental group taught according to the Written Conversation strategy in the generative thinking test outperformed the control group according to the usual method. In light of this, the researcher came up with a number of results and conclusions and presented a number of Recommendations and proposals

This study aimed to identify the level of Functional procrastination among heads of academic departments in private colleges from the perspective of faculty members, based on Herzberg's theory. To achieve this aim, a descriptive correlational approach was used, and a questionnaire was administered to a randomly selected sample of (440) faculty members (30%) of the total study population of (1467) faculty members in private colleges in Karbala Governorate during the (2025-2026) academic year. The results showed no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level in the responses of the study sample regarding the degree of job procrastination based on the two study variables (gender and academic title). Based on these findings, the researcher recommends further evaluative studies to identify the level of job procrastination among college employees and its relationship to other variables, which may contribute to reducing its levels

Inattentive blindness is defined as the failure of an individual to notice a clear visual stimulus present within their visual field when their attention is focused on another cognitive task that is depleting their attentional resources . This definition indicates that the problem is not with visual perception itself, but rather with the lack of attentional allocation to that stimulus, thus preventing it from entering conscious awareness. Also Known as Inattentive blindness is a natural consequence of the limits of human consciousness, where attention acts as a cognitive filter that allows some information to pass into consciousness and blocks other information, resulting in the complete disregard of stimuli even if they are prominent and obvious when they do not correspond to the individual’s current task.. the current research aims to identify the following : 1-The Term of Inattention Blindness 2- the limits of human attention 3- the Term of Inattention Blindness and his role in the Cognitive system 4- the Theories explaining inattentive blindness 5- the Research methods in inattentive blindness , After reviewing the theories that explained attentional blindness and Methodology and procedures for measuring inattentive blindness , the research reached a number of conclusions , including 1- the define a term of inattentive blindness 2- Understanding the limits of human attention and consciousness 3- the Tasks of attentional blindness or the Practical application of the study of inattentive blindness, In conclusion , the research concluded some recommendations and suggestions

The present study aims to explore the following:
1. The phenomenon of quiet quitting among employees in the private sector.
2. Gender-based differences in quiet quitting.
The research sample consisted of 350 employees working in private sector companies specializing in telecommunications and internet services. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The researcher adopted the Quiet Quitting Scale developed by Ismat et al. (2024) as the primary research instrument. The study was grounded in theoretical frameworks that explain quiet quitting, including Axel Honneth’s Theory of Recognition and Social Exchange Theory. The validity of the scale was verified through face validity, item discrimination power, and the correlation between individual item scores, total scale scores, and domain-specific scores. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha method. After administering the scale to the research sample, data were collected and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), employing appropriate statistical methods such as the one-sample t-test, independent samples t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The results indicated a high level of quiet quitting among the sample, with statistically significant gender differences favoring female participants. The researcher concluded with several findings, recommendations, and proposals.

The present study aimed to identify the effect of the Learning Cells and Concept Circles strategies on the acquisition of Kurdish grammar concepts among seventh-grade basic students. The study was limited to a sample of seventh-grade students in daytime basic schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Garmian, Kifri District, for the academic year (2024–2025). The sample consisted of (91) students distributed as follows: (31) students in the first experimental group who studied Kurdish grammar according to the Learning Cells strategy, (30) students in the second experimental group who studied the same subject according to the Concept Circles strategy, and (30) students in the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method.The researcher established equivalence among the three research groups in the variables of chronological age (in months), intelligence, and prior knowledge test. The grammatical concepts to be taught during the experiment were specified. Behavioral objectives were formulated, and the necessary teaching plans for the three groups were prepared and presented to a panel of experts and reviewers. The researcher also constructed a grammatical concepts acquisition test. The researcher personally taught the three groups, and at the end of the experiment, the research instrument was administered to the students of the three groups. After statistically processing the data, the results showed the positive effect of the Learning Cells and Concept Circles strategies on the acquisition of Kurdish grammar concepts.

Madani Salih is a big name in the world of culture in general and the world of philosophy in particular – at least for me – and for a number that maybe small, and some may not be pleased with this statement.
The great Madani Salih has an opinion on Greek philosophy.
I believe his opinion is important in this period of philosophy. In this research, I have tried to summarize Madani Salih view on Greek philosophy and condense it as much as possible, proving that he is one of those who know the history of philosophy very well, and is not mythical, not theological, not ideological in his understanding of it. In these you will find a summary of a sound civil opinion on Greek philosophy from Thales to Plato.

The current research aims to:
1. The level of future perceptions required from the preparatory stage.
2. The statistical differences in future perceptions according to gender diversity (males, females) and specialization (scientific and literary), and whether there are statistically significant differences in the interaction between diversity (gender and specialization). The sample of the current research consisted of (400) official students in public schools in the Kut Center, Wasit Governorate. They were selected using a small random sampling technique. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted the future perceptions scale developed by the researchers (Arkan Muhammad Ali). The scale consisted of (36) items distributed across (3) dimensions: (planning, guidance, and anticipation). The researcher used an independent definition (Segine, 2008) to construct it. After verifying the availability of psychometric tools to measure future perceptions, and after applying them to the research, verifying the data, and processing them statistically, the research reached the following results:
1. The preparatory stage requires a good level of future perceptions.
2. There were no statistically significant differences in future perceptions, and the preparatory stage did not require them according to gender diversity (males, females). There were also no statistically significant differences in the specialization (scientific, literary), and there were no statistically significant differences in the interaction between (gender and specialization).
The results led to some recommendations, as well as suggested titles and future studies.

The security agencies in Iraq have witnessed a rapid evolution in the nature of challenges they face, making the establishment of an intelligence apparatus capable of handling complex security conditions a national necessity. Selecting individuals with appropriate psychological and behavioral traits is a fundamental step in forming effective intelligence units, as personality traits are a crucial factor in determining professional performance, especially in security and military environments that require discipline, accuracy, confidentiality, quick perception, and effective stress management. In light of escalating security threats, enhancing the professional competence of intelligence personnel has emerged as essential, given their pivotal role in maintaining internal security and addressing national challenges.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the back-to-back strategy in developing expressive writing skills among fifth-grade elementary students. The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental approach with a single experimental group design. The research sample consisted of (20) students from the fifth grade of primary school, selected intentionally. A diagnostic test was used, with a full mark of (100) and a minimum of (20). The test was reviewed for validity and reliability, and the researcher used appropriate statistical tools (including the t-test for one group and SPSS software) to analyze the results.

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In recent decades, the Arabic language has undergone profound transformations as a result of the social and technological shifts imposed by the era of globalization. Language is no longer merely a traditional means of communication; it has become an interactive arena for multiple patterns, including Modern Standard Arabic, colloquial dialects, and modern digital language. The proliferation of the Internet and social media platforms has led to the emergence of new linguistic forms that combine brevity, flexibility, and mutual cultural influence.
The importance of studying these linguistic interactions lies in understanding how the Arabic language evolves and responds to contemporary demands, as well as its role in shaping the cultural identity of individuals, particularly among the youth

The current study aimed to show the effect of a behavioral cognitive program to reduce school bullying and some
Irrational thoughts among elementary school students, by answering the question next: How can a cognitive behavioral program be built to reduce school bullying and some ideas Irrationality among elementary school students? In order to answer this question, it was verified Psychometric characteristics of the study tools on a sample of 70 students from the first grade. The average, and the sample of the basic study was chosen and the study tools were applied to it
29 elementary school students. A number of tools have been used, such as: scale
School bullying, irrational thoughts test, cognitive behavioral program, and treatment The data was obtained using the (t) test, and the results of the study .
indicated:

Background: Pressure ulcers are a significant global health concern due to their elevated rates of morbidity and mortality, the significant impact of PU on patient's biopsychosocial well-being is causing concern among nurses and other healthcare workers, Nurses require ample opportunity and training to acquire comprehensive knowledge about pressure ulcers (PUs).
Aim of the Study: To evaluate effectiveness of education program on nurse's knowledge toward prevention of pressure ulcer.
Methodology: A pre-experimental study conducted at the Neurological department Al_ Diwaniyah city from 15 November, 2023 to 8 May 2024. The study sample consisted of 30 nurses were exposed to the education program. The questionnaire was validated by experts and its reliability was verified by a pilot study. The total number of items included in the questionnaire was 22 items to evaluate nurses' knowledge.
Results: Findings of the current study showed nurses had negative health knowledge regarding pressure ulcer prevention based on a total mean score of 0.54 and this knowledge improved after applying education program.
Conclusions: According to the study findings demonstrate that the educational program successfully achieved its intended objectives by providing nurses with the essential knowledge and skills to prevent pressure ulcers.Key-wards: Pressure Ulcer, Nurse's