Journal of the College of Education for Girls for Humanities

The Holy Quran addresses the subject of the mind and its various mental processes, both directly and indirectly. This study aims to define the scope of freedom and constraint in light of the Holy Quran. The central question this study addresses is: What are the scopes and limitations that the Holy Quran establishes regarding the freedom and constraint of the mind in thought and choice? This study aims to demonstrate the importance of this topic and clarify it in a sequential and scientific manner, following the thematic interpretation method and employing inductive and analytical research methods. The study relies on the Holy Quran to extract the verses related to freedom and constraint.

The flash column poem is an intellectual extension that emerged from the development that occurred in the structural framework of the Arabic poem. It is an intense poetic product rich with hidden meanings. Its invention is attributed to Dr. Mushtaq Abbas Maan, who is its first pioneer who transcended poetic quantity and was content with semantic condensation intertwined with symbols and signs emanating from the heritage. He combined heritage and modernity and poured them into a new mold that he called (the flash column). This research came to reveal the poet's vision and the methods he employed in shaping his poetic texts, as well as the structural techniques in which those poems were fused. The research method was carried out by selecting texts rich with hidden symbols and signs and presenting them to the field of analysis and criticism with a new modernist vision that was not known before.

This research addresses the concept of the unfamiliar in the play The Rock by the Iraqi writer Fouad Al-Takarli, as an aesthetic and philosophical approach to revealing the dimensions of human and existential experience in theatrical work.
The concept of the unfamiliar is evident in The Rock by Fouad Al-Takarli as an artistic and aesthetic tool used by the writer to arouse existential anxiety and break the traditional framework of realistic theater. The unfamiliar does not appear as an incidental element but rather forms the core of the dramatic structure of the text, as it is based on the use of symbolic characters, mysterious events, and abstract language, in addition to the absence of clear spatial and temporal boundaries. The play revolves around a group of people who stand helpless before “the rock” a heavy symbol with multiple connections that can be interpreted as fate, a coercive authority, or an existential crisis.

This study seeks to shed light on al-Buhturi’s ode (al-Sīniyya) as a cultural given that embodies dominant social and intellectual patterns and reproduces them within a suggestive and persuasive linguistic structure. The study is grounded in the premise that the ode does not merely glorify praise intertwined with wisdom; rather, it seeks to reinforce authoritarian discourse through rhetorical and symbolic mechanisms operating within a framework that normalizes and culturally legitimizes hegemony.
Adopting cultural criticism as a methodological approach, the study aims to uncover the implicit patterns concealed behind poetic expression. This approach is accompanied by a reading of the ode as a space for the interaction between poetry and power, where the personal intersects with the collective, and the aesthetic intersects with systems of reason. The study also seeks to challenge the hegemony of the aesthetic horizon, which has contributed to obscuring the cultural dimensions.

Arabic is highly respected by Muslims as the language of the Holy Quran and the tongue of their noble Prophet. It is through it that the legal rulings contained in the Quran and Sunnah were conveyed to them. It plays an important role in their lives when practicing their religious rituals of worship and supplications. This is a matter that is not debatable. Rather, the discussion among jurists has taken place regarding another aspect, which is its role in the deduction of Islamic jurisprudence and whether it is a condition for it or not? Where they were divided into two trends, the largest trend of them went to that it is a condition in it, and I have researched this disagreement in three topics, I have devoted to each of the two trends a special topic to review the evidence of its proponents and discuss it, and a topic to discuss these two trends and prefer between them, and the most likely of them is the saying that Arabic is a condition in deduction in the chapter of contracts and necessary declarations and to pay all the objections and requirements that were mentioned on this saying.

The study of narrative structure in speeches has gained significant importance in critical studies, particularly when speeches contain educational or moral values. The speeches of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her) provide a rich field for this study, given their profound educational values and eloquence, which can be manifested in narrative discourse. The importance of this research stems from the fact that a narrative study of speeches can delve into their underlying meanings and uncover the aims of the speaker by analyzing the narrative elements and components of the speeches.

This study aims to demonstrate the moderating role of emotional intelligence in leaders, with its dimensions of self-understanding, self-management, social understanding, and relationship management, in the relationship between strategic agility (an independent variable with its dimensions of strategic sensitivity, unity of leadership, and resource flow) and organizational success (a dependent variable with its dimensions of organizational readiness, appropriate staffing, survival, and growth). Given the importance of this topic in commercial banks in Baghdad and its impact on the lives of most people, the research was conducted in a sample of commercial banks in Baghdad. A survey was conducted among a sample of 387 individuals working in commercial banks in Baghdad. Data was collected primarily through a questionnaire, as well as through personal interviews and Arabic and foreign sources and references.

Pope Pius IX's stance was a pivotal moment that profoundly impacted the years of Italian unification. His opposition to the unification of the Italian kingdoms, including Rome, had serious repercussions that affected the course of the process. The Pope's insistence on retaining his temporal authority over the Papal States, a power long enjoyed by his predecessors, coupled with the potential stripping of his secular authority and confining his powers to purely religious matters, made him one of the fiercest opponents of Italian unification. His position was further strengthened by the widespread support he received from the French Emperor, Napoleon III, who gave the Roman question a new dimension and reinforced the stance of the Church of Rome and its leader, Pius IX, who rejected the establishment of a unified state under the leadership of the Savoy dynasty and the curtailment of Rome and its Church's once immense power. However, French aid to Rome was short-lived, especially as Napoleon III's international diplomacy began to lose its luster, particularly with Prussia, with whom he fought his last war, which also marked the end of his support for the Pope. Thus, Rome's gates were open to the Italian imperial army, which succeeded in conquering and annexing it to the new kingdom.

This study includes: Neighborliness among the Arabs before the Prophetic Mission: Its Importance and ts Impact on Establishing Security and Peace in the Arabian Peninsula Society Before the Prophetic mission, the Arabs developed customs, traditions, and noble values that were passed a many from generation to generation, among which was the concept of ''neighboring less'' (al-jawar), through which the principles of security and peace were solidified in the pre-Islamic Arab society.
The study focuses on defining the term "neighborliness" linguistically and the key words associated with it.It also addresses the noble Qur'anic verses that refer to the terms "jawar" or "ijara" (protection). Additionally, the study discusses the reasons and motivations that led to the establishment of neighborliness among the Arabs before Islam.
The study also covers the various types and forms of agreements of neighborliness established between parties.This research is based on a range of ancient Arabic sources and modern secondary references, including "Al-Kamil" by Al-Mubarrad, "Al-Aghani" by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, and "Al-Muhabber" by Ibn Habib al-Baghdadi, as well as poetry collections like the Diwan of Imru’ al-Qais, the Diwan of ‘Amr ibn Kulthum, and the Diwan of Al-Farazdaq, among others. It also references works such as "Al-A’lam" by al-Zirikli, "Jumhura Khutab al-Arab" by Ahmed Zeki Safwat, "A Concise History of the Arabs" by Philip Hitti, and "Tribalism" by Ihsan al-Nass, among others.
The conclusion presents the key findings reached by the researcher

This research paper aims to present a comparative study between two of the most significant regional integration experiments in the contemporary world: the European Union in Europe and the League of Arab States in the Arab region. The importance of this comparison stems from the fact that both unions possess, in principle, the structural and strategic components that could enable them—if their objectives and mechanisms were effectively harmonized—to become influential global powers, and potentially a pole capable of balancing major actors such as the United States, Russia, and China. The comparison is structured around several key dimensions, including: founding conditions, stated objectives, organizational structures, decision-making mechanisms, as well as the structural and political challenges confronting each institution. This analytical approach reveals a fundamental divergence in their respective trajectories; the European Union has developed an advanced model of integration built upon strong institutions and binding supranational legislation, whereas the League of Arab States continues to operate as a coordination-based framework with limited effectiveness and lacks binding authority over its member states—an issue that has long hindered deeper integration. The study also highlights the contrast in expansion and sustainability. The European Union has succeeded over the decades in enlarging its membership and integrating new states into its institutional framework, while the League of Arab States faces persistent challenges, including the suspension or freezing of some memberships due to internal crises and political conflicts, as seen in the cases of Syria and Yemen. The significance of this comparative analysis emerges in light of contemporary global transformations, where globalization—and the post-globalization environment—imposes shared challenges on regional blocs. Therefore, understanding the structural and institutional disparities between the two models becomes essential for assessing the prospects of regional integration and its capacity to endure within an evolving international system.

This research aims to examine the personality of the physician Atheer bin Amr Al-Sakoni Al-Kufi , He is considered one of the most prominent Arab physicians in the early Islamic period, and his name is associated with his attempt to treat Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) after he was struck by Ibn Muljam. He used an innovative diagnostic technique involving inserting a hot sheep lung tube into the wound, which revealed that the injury had reached the brain. It is worth noting that historical and medical sources have neglected to mention him before this event, making this account the primary starting point for introducing him to the public.
Atheer Al-Sakoni is a figure about whom little is mentioned in historical and medical records. His mention is limited to scattered accounts that appear more in religious and political contexts than medical ones. Therefore, this research seeks to reread these accounts from a socio-medical perspective, balancing the momentous event of the assassination of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) with the scientific dimension of medical practice in Kufa. This is achieved through studying and analyzing texts that address the assassination, highlighting Atheer al-Sakoni's status and role in Arab society at that time, thus opening the door to a deeper understanding of the beginnings of Arab-Islamic medicine.
To analyze the narration of Atheer Al-Sakoni, which speaks of the examination of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) after his injury, it is necessary to follow a precise methodology that includes several aspects, including: studying the text of the narration in terms of its chain of transmission and content, investigating the chain of transmission of men, modern medical analysis and historical verification, and finally, mental and logical analysis.

This study aims to examine, classify, and analyze the spatial distribution of modern agricultural technologies used in plant production in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate. These technologies were classified starting from soil preparation techniques, through modern irrigation technologies, to pest and disease control technologies, in addition to tissue culture technology for date palms. Their distribution was analyzed across ten agricultural divisions, using statistical methods and software such as standard score classification and grouping into four categories. The data were also represented cartographically to illustrate the spatial distribution of agricultural technologies using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The results revealed a diversity and spatial variation in the distribution of these technologies among the agricultural divisions, according to the requirements of each division and the types of cultivated crops, reflecting the impact of these technologies on plant production in the governorate.

This research, titled "The Energy Cycle in the Study of the Expansion of the Universe," addresses one of the most important concepts in modern cosmology, a concept clearly considered a key factor in explaining the phenomenon of cosmic expansion. The research problem stems from the question of the nature of nature and its ability to function within the mysteries of the expanding universe, given the recent discrepancies between interpretations and observational results. The research aims to clarify the concept of force, explain its physical properties, analyze its role within the standard Lambda-CDM cosmological model, and discuss the observational evidence supporting the hypothesis of cosmic mysteries.
The research explored modern analytical frameworks by reviewing scientific literature and analyzing other astronomical data, including Type Ia background novae and cosmic microwave background radiation, while also considering other frameworks, including the cosmological constant proposed by Albert Einstein. The research concluded that energy represents a significant component of the universe and is crucial in explaining expansion, while its precise physics remains a subject of ongoing scientific research and debate.
The research recommends supporting future observational studies and more accurate model analysis to understand the properties of direct energy, including the intersection of physics and astronomical observation, in order to arrive at a more comprehensive interpretation of the fate of the universe.

This research addresses the issue of appointing administrative leaders in universities, considering it a matter directly related to their ability to fulfill their scientific and cultural mission. The university is not merely a service or administrative institution; rather, it represents a center for knowledge production, awareness development, and generational building. This makes the selection of its leaders one of the most important factors influencing its stability and development. From this perspective, the research focused on clarifying the theoretical and legal frameworks regulating the appointment process and the problems surrounding it, related to the absence of a clear methodology by the Iraqi legislator to define the appropriate mechanisms and criteria for filling these positions. In its first section, the study highlighted the concept of university administrative leadership, clarifying its meaning, characteristics, and the skills required of those who assume it. The levels of leadership were identified, namely the university president, the dean of the college, and the head of the academic department. The study also addressed the principles and criteria to be observed in the selection process, foremost among them the principle of equality and equal opportunity, given their constitutional value and guarantee of justice among faculty members. It also focused on the criteria of integrity and competence, as they are the two fundamental pillars for assuming senior university positions. Secondly, the study addressed the legal regulation of selection mechanisms, outlining the procedures for appointing university presidents, deans, and department heads, with an analysis of the three selection methods: free selection, election, and competition. The analysis revealed that the first method opens the door to political dominance and favoritism, which weakens university independence. Elections, on the other hand, may provide a democratic dimension but raise the risk of internal division, while competition remains the most effective path to achieving neutrality and meritocracy. The study also devoted significant space to monitoring the integrity of selection procedures, explaining the role of administrative oversight, both subjective and grievance-based, and the role of the administrative judiciary in annulling decisions that violate legitimacy and upholding the principle of equality and equal opportunity. In light of this approach, the study concluded that the existing flaw is linked to a lack of commitment to the principle of equal opportunity and a reliance on political or partisan loyalty rather than competence and integrity, which leads to poor institutional performance and a decline in the quality of higher education. Therefore, the study recommended the adoption of a system of competition and contestation, even for special positions, and the enactment of legislation that precisely regulates the issue of appointments, whether in person or by proxy, and ensures that selection is based on objective criteria, free from quotas and political considerations. This will achieve true independence for universities and enhance their academic and societal standing.

This research deals with the study and analysis of the issue of the impact of crimes against national security on the principle of diplomatic immunity, by analyzing the political and legal dimensions of this problem, and comparing international experiences in addressing it. The research concluded that the special nature of these crimes calls for a review of some aspects of immunity, through the development of clear international protocols that define permissible exceptions, and the strengthening of security cooperation between States. The research also puts forward a number of recommendations aimed at achieving a fair balance between protecting national security and respecting the obligations of international law.

The current research aims to know the digital stress and personal control belief among Preparatory Students, as well as to identify the significance of the difference in the relationship according to the gender variable (males - females), in addition to the correlation between the two variables. In order to verify this, the researcher adopted the digital stress scale prepared by (Steel et al. 2021) after translating it, as the scale consisted of (24) paragraphs. As for the personal control belief scale, the researcher adopted the scale prepared by (Berrenberg) Berenberg and Arabized by (Al-Dawash and Abu Halawa 2019), as the scale consisted of (45) paragraphs. Their psychometric properties were extracted and the two tools were applied to a sample of (160) male and female students, (86) males and (74) females, chosen from four schools within the Second Karkh Education Directorate in Baghdad Governorate, for the academic year 2025-2026. The research results showed the following:
1. Preparatory Students experience digital stress.
2. Preparatory Students do not possess personal control beliefs.
3. There is no difference in the relationship between digital stress and personal control beliefs based on gender (males and females).
4. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there is no significant correlation between digital stress and personal control beliefs among Preparatory Students

The current research aims to design an instructional program based on strategic learning strategies for students of the College of Basic Education and to identify the effectiveness of this program in improving achievement in the Teaching Methods course and developing systems thinking among the students of the College of Basic Education . To achieve the objectives of the research, null hypotheses were formulated concerning academic achievement and systems thinking. To accomplish the research goals, the researcher adopted two approaches: the descriptive method in designing the instructional program, and the experimental method to determine the effectiveness of the instructional program, based on strategic learning strategies, in improving academic achievement and developing systems thinking among students of the College of Basic Education. The researcher prepared an instructional program that included educational objectives, instructional content, teaching methods, appropriate strategies, accompanying activities, teaching aids, and assessment methods. The researcher verified its validity by presenting it to a group of experts and reviewers. She adopted a quasi-experimental design with partial control (an experimental group and a control group). The total sample consisted of (85) male and female students. Section (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group, comprising (42) students who studied the instructional program for the Teaching Methods of Science course according to strategic learning strategies. Section (B) was selected to represent the control group, consisting of (43) students who studied the same course using the conventional teaching method The researcher prepared two instruments. The first instrument was an achievement test in the Teaching Methods of Science course, consisting of (40) items, including (30) objective multiple-choice items and (10) essay items. The researcher verified its face validity, reliability, item difficulty level, discrimination indices, and the effectiveness of the distractors.The second instrument was a systems thinking scale consisting of (30) items. Its face validity, reliability, item difficulty level, and discrimination power were also established.The researcher personally taught both research groups. After the completion of the experiment, the two instruments were administered, and the data were collected and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) The statistical procedures and formulas were applied, and the results of the study revealed that the students of the experimental group, who studied the Teaching Methods of Science course through the instructional program based on strategic learning strategies, outperformed the students of the control group, who studied the same course using the traditional method. The findings also indicated the superiority of the experimental group in the post–systemic thinking scale compared with the control group. Furthermore, the results demonstrated measurable development among the experimental group students between the pre-test and post-test in favor of the experimental group over the control group, who studied the same subject through the conventional method. In light of these results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions

This research explores the topic of "The Aesthetics of Integration between Photography and Art Education," comprising four chapters. The first chapter addresses the research problem, posed as the question: How are the aesthetics of integration between photography and art education embodied? It also discusses the significance of the research and its objective: to identify the aesthetics of integration between photography and art education. The scope of the research focuses on studying the concepts of the aesthetics of integration between photography and art education (2001-2018). This is followed by a definition of key terms. The second chapter (the theoretical framework) includes two sections: the first addresses the functionalities of photography, while the second examines photography within art education. The third chapter details the research methodology, including the research population, the sample (comprising three drawings selected purposively), the research instrument, and the analysis of the sample.
Chapter Four includes the research findings and conclusions, along with recommendations and suggestions. Among the most prominent findings are the following:
1. The artwork of school students in art education classes represents a fertile ground for documenting the integrated creative achievements of students within a society imbued with cultural values, which are manifested in their social lives through the art of photography.
2.Art, in all its forms and manifestations, is a means of education, whether theoretical, practical, or both. It possesses the ability to elevate individuals educationally and artistically, carrying with it emotional and intellectual nourishment and providing a complete spiritual experience that impacts those who appreciate it, whether they are students in schools or members of the public visiting exhibitions. This is then documented through the art of photography.

The present study is a descriptive comparative analysis of the Kurdish language status in terms of language and identity, language policy and language planning before and after 2003, the year of US-led invasion of Iraq. Kurdish is the native language of Kurds, the second largest nationality in Iraq, where identity can cost life. The researchers observed media, analyzed official correspondences and constitutional articles, and conducted interviews to describe the state of Kurdish language in the periods of pre-war (before 2003) and post-war (after 2003) Iraq. The study examined the political and educational rights of the Kurdish language. It was concluded that the Kurdish language, though spoken by a minority, enjoys reasonably satisfactory rights in post-war Iraq, as compared to the pre-war status relative to language policies of minorities around the world.

Student-centered assessment strategies are widely recognized for promoting active engagement, critical thinking, and learner autonomy in EFL classes; however, their implementation by university instructors presents significant challenges. This quantitative study aims to identify the major challenges that university instructors face in using these strategies in EFL classes. For data collection, a close-ended questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was used, divided into four sections: systemic and institutional difficulties, student-related difficulties, teacher-related difficulties, and logistical and classroom difficulties, each containing five items. Participants were selected through convenience sampling; data were collected from EFL instructors (N = 33) at two Iraqi public universities during the 2025–2026 academic year. A major limitation of the study is the small sample size, which limits generalizability. Responses were collected both electronically and in person over four weeks, with ethical considerations including confidentiality, voluntary participation, and informed consent. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were computed using SPSS to indicate the extent of challenges. For reliability, internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Findings reveal that logistical and classroom difficulties are the most prominent challenges, due to heavy workloads, large class sizes, time constraints, limited access to technology, and overcrowded curricula. These factors often lead university instructors to rely on traditional teacher-centered assessment strategies. The study highlights the need for comprehensive interventions, including resource allocation, professional development programs, student training, and institutional reform, to enhance effective SCA implementation in Iraqi EFL university settings and better align assessment practices with modern educational goals.

Interactants using English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth, ELF) encounter misunderstanding and communication difficulties because they have different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. It has been proven that communication in ELF is characterized by cooperation rather than non-understanding, where participants skillfully use strategies to prevent non-understanding and maintain a smooth flow of their talk. These strategies are interactional practices referred to as communication strategies, which interactants adopt to address communication problems and achieve successful communication. This paper focuses on repetition, one of these communication strategies, as it is implemented in an ELF discourse by two interactants who use it to discuss a political issue. The paper consists of five sections. Section ‎1 briefly introduces English as a Lingua Franca and Communication Strategies. Section ‎2 presents research on repetition as a linguistic phenomenon in general and as a communication strategy in ELF interaction in particular. Section ‎3 displays the data to be analyzed. The data analysis is presented in Section ‎4. Section ‎5 comprises the discussion of the results arrived at in Section ‎4. Section ‎6 presents the conclusions drawn from analyzing and discussing the data.