journal of Economics And Administrative Sciences

Focus of the research problem to study the interest of Oil Projects Company / Ministry of Oil to consolidate the notion of empowering the team & confidence through the senior leadership were tested the role of senior leadership promotion strategy to enable the group through the correlations & influence, So that we propose appropriate recommendations to address them & reached a search to several conclusions. Notably & a high level of transformational leadership at the level of sub-dimensions, Confirmed the results on the significant relationship between transformational leadership & empowerment of work teams which indicated that the application of ideas associated with transformational leadership enabled the team .

A preliminary test single stage Shrinkage (PTSSS) techniques is used for estimation the scale parameter  of an exponential distribution when a prior knowledge about  is a available in the form of initial estimate 0 of . It is proposed to estimate  by a testimator that is based upon the result of a test of the hypothesis H0 : = 0 against the hypothesis HA :  0 with level of significance . If H0 is accepted we take , where the weighting factor is a function of the test statistic for testing H0 or may be constant such that . However if H0 is rejected we take , where and is the classical estimator of  (MLE). Choosing the weighting factor , (i =1,2) appropriately, an expression for the mean squared error (MSE) and Bias of are derived and comparisons are made with classical estimator ( ) in the sense of efficiency and last earlier studies.

Information Technology has become one of the Most Prominent tools in the Era of Technology and Telecommunication of our Digital World. For that Reasons most Organizations had taken the tools Adapted to their Present and Future Directions and for the Improvement for it's Operations and Workability in Internal or External Enviroment. Consequently the Points of Strength Beats the Weakness and as Result of Increase Opportunities and Decrease the Threats Facing these Organizations. This Search has been made to test the Existence or not Existence role of the Information Network Technologies that Include {Internet and Extranet} in Application of Information Technology that Include {Electronic Purchasing and Electronic Marketing}. We Depended Upon Case Study and Check List; we got from then the Data and the Needed Information to be analyzed to reach the result of this Search. This Search Reached a Very Important Conclusion that Include the Existence of role of Information Network Technologies in Application of Information Technology. This Search Recommend that the Company must Special Attention to Internal Network (Intranet) as well as given a Great Role to Information Technology Application Represented in (Electronic Purchasing and Electronic Marketing).

ان العولمة هي ظاهرة العصر وبحكم شمولية ابعادها وعمق اثارها اصبحت قضيتها تثير جدلا واسعا بين الباحثين (واصحاب القرار) متضمنا المصطلح والمفهوم والتجليات والمضمون والوسائل والاهداف، ولقد بدأت ملامح وخصائص هذه الظاهرة تتسارع لتشكل الهندسة الجديدة لاقتصاد القرن الحادي والعشرين وفي ظل هذا الاتجاه نحو تقسيم العمل الدولي ظهرت نتائج ومزايا عكست مديات التغيرات على مجمل الحياة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للمجتمعات الانسانية، واصبحت مناقشة ودراسة اثارها على الاقتصاديات النامية ولا سيما تأثيراتها في سوق العمل من الاولويات المهمة جدا، نظرا لما تتمتع به بعض الدول النامية من ميزة نسبية تتمثل بوفرة عنصر العمل الرخيص قياسا بالدول المتقدمة وان انتشار التكنولوجيا والمعلوماتية وسهولة انتقال رؤوس الاموال ادى الى تغيرات في نوع العمالة المطلوبة وتوفير فرص العمل ومترافقا مع انحسار دور الدولة وتعاظم دور السوق، واتساع ظاهرة البطالة في كثير من الدول النامية منها والمتقدمة. وفي ضوء المتغيرات الدولية والتطورات التكنولوجية والتدفق الهائل للمعلومات وما تبعها من المتغيرات في نمط ووسائل وفنون الانتاج مع تغير سريع في المهن وظهور مهن جديدة تتطلب نوعية معينة من القوى العاملة ومهارات ومعارف متعددة، يستشعر الجميع زيادة الطلب على التدريب واعادة التدريب وضرورة العمل على معالجة سلبيات سياسات التعليم والتدريب والتشغيل ومواجهة اكبر التحديات التي تواجهها احتياجات سوق العمل المتغيرة من حيث حجم ونوعية العمالة المطلوبة.
وجاء البحث كمحاولة لتوضيح مدى تأثير ظاهرة العولمة في العمالة والبطالة ومن ثم تأثيرها على سوق العمل المصري.

لا زال انضمام العراق الى WTO مثار جدل لما يترتب على هذا الانضمام من اثار كبيرة وخطيرة على الاقتصاد العراقي الذي لا يزال يعيش ظروف صعبة ناتجة عن تدمير قدراته وبناه التحتية اثر الحروب والحصار والتي امتدت لحوالي ثلاثة عقود .
العراق يحتاج الى فرصة اعادة تنظيم قدراته وامكاناته سواء في القطاع الصناعي او القطاع الزراعي وان الاخير يمثل حالة تتطلب منها منح العراق افضليات تدعم هذا القطاع الحيوي الذي يعاني هو الاخر من آثار الاهمال وتدني نسب مشاركته في GDP مما يتطلب وضع سياسات واتباع برامج عملية وتطبيقية تمكنه من اعادة بعضها الى مكانته وتجعله قادراً عند دخول العراق ضمن عضوية WTO فاعلاً وايجابياً وذلك امر هام وضروري جداً لمستقبل الاقتصاد العراقي.

Analysis of Covariance consider to be quite important procedure to reduce the effect of some independents factors before going through the experiment.
By this procedure we can compare variances causes from the difference between treatments and error term variance of they are equals or less than consider to be not significant, otherwise if is significant.
We carry on with this comparison until we find the greatest covser for the significant variance flam the treatments.
There are methods can be used like least significant difference method, Duncan method and Turkeys' w-procedure and Student Newman.
Key Word: Analysis of variation; Split plot design; Repeated
Measurements.

افرض ان (X1, X2, …. , Xn) هي عينة عشوائية من توزيع له دالة احتمالية الكثافة . المثال المعتاد في مثل هكذا تقدير للامكان الاعظم (MLE) هو ليس وحيد باخذ ليكون كثافة منتظمة عليه، مثل .
انظر [Bicked and Doksum (1977, P111)] او [Hogg and Craig (1978, P(207)] بالاضافة الى احضار بعض الامور غير الطبيعية. هذا المثال وصف ذلك من الممكن له MLE'S في فترة معينة.
في هذا المبحث تكون فئة كبيرة من الامثلة والتي تكون مع احتمالية موجبة. الـ MLE بنيت على مثال بحجم 2 هو غير وحيد في طريقة اساسية، ذلك ان الاختبارات ممكنة لـ ليست في الفترة. الكثافات لبعض معنى طبيعي ذلك يمكن اختبارها ان تكون احادية لاجل ان (MLE) مبنيه على ملاحظة مفردة هي دائماً وحيدة. الكثافة الكوشية مع معلمة محاية هي هكذا امثال. المناقشة يمكن ان تكون متقطعة لتوضيح غير وحيدة اساسية لـ MLE لاجل امثلة بحجوم اختبارية وان مناقشة مسالة بناء كفوء لتقديرات عدم وحدانية MLE'S. [انظر 1980 Lehmann].

The Iraqi Government had used all Possible methods of financing the fiscal deficit according to the economic and Political Circumstances at the time. It had borrowed from abroad during the 1980s. Those methods of borrowing led to negative impacts on the Iraqi economy such as increased external dept burden, higher inflation rate, negative interest rate and accumulation of domestic debt.
The "Financial Management and Public Debt" law no 95/ 2004 made a great change in those methods of Financing fiscal deficit in Iraq. Before 2004, the deficit was financed by issuing Treasury Bills and selling them to the Central Bank of Iraq with a prefixed interest rate. Thus, it is, in fact, a financing by new cash issuance. However, after the issuance of law 95/ 2004, and the issuance of the CBI law no. 56/ 2004, in addition th setting the instruction of selling treasury bills in public auctions by the Ministry of Finance, and stopping the CBI to lend funds to the Government, the financing of the deficit using the TB became a systematic process based on competition in wich the commercial banks only can participate.
Accordingly, the MOF had made (106) auctions of (91) days during 2004- 2009 of which (18) auctions that were cancelled for different reasons. The average of participation of banks was ultimately in 2004: 9 out of 32 commercial banks participated in the auctions.
The amounts of the TB sold was about (16.2) trillion Iraqi Dinars for the same duration. The interest rate's average was between 21% for 2007 and 4.1% for 2004 which runs parallel to the CBI interest rate. The commercial banks had the greater share of the TB's, ehich was between (66- 84%) of the value of the TB's.

The organizations recognize what the effective role of time management in achieving competitive advantage and success. But the effectiveness depends on integrating some organization actions which perspective are relating with it by significance relations and high affect. From this the research problem is arising، which descripe the recognizing of libraries managers for the role of some organizational actions. The samples from (40) libraries managers are chosen.
The major results: these organizational actions are related and affected on the time management if integrated with one anothers more than if related in separate.

In this research weights, which are used, are estimated using General Least Square Estimation to estimate simple linear regression parameters when the depended variable, which is used, consists of two classes attributes variable (for Heteroscedastic problem) depending on Sequential Bayesian Approach instead of the Classical approach used before, Bayes approach provides the mechanism of tackling observations one by one in a sequential way, i .e each new observation will add a new piece of information for estimating the parameter of probability estimation of certain phenomenon of Bernoulli trials who research the depended variable in simple regression linear equation. in addition to the information deduced from the past experiences or self dependence. the research also contains a comparison between both approaches using practical application of both approaches for estimating the simple linear regression between the income and the state of having a house living in for the official in college of Administration and Economics in Salah-Alden University/Erbil .

The study tackles the market orientation and the organizational learning as independent variables each included three sub-dimensions, and the variable of business performance as affiliated variable. These three variables have interacted to form the framework around which the study revolves. Since the banking sector has become an important part of which service sector is made, as well as it represents the basic pivot for the process of building and the development of the economies of countries, the Iraqi banking sector have been taken to be the sample of this study. A nonrandom sample of nine Iraqi banks was chosen, including four state banks (Al-Rafdain, Al-RaSheed, Industrial Bank, and Agricultural), and five private banks (Baghdad, Investment, Middle-East, Darussalam and Al-Warkaa banks). Upon the measurement and analysis of the study variables and testing the correlation and the exchange interaction, the study comes up to a group of conclusions among which the high level of variables of the study samples, another finding is that there is correlation relationship between the two independent variables (the market orientation and organizational learning), in addition to the existence of moral effect for the mutual relationship in business performance. While it turned out that the effect of each variable become weaker in business performance individually.

Economists believe that the rate of domestic inflation is mainly determined by several factors including money supply and exchange rate، where the money supply is clearly related and linked to monetary base (HB). They also think that the impact of exchange rate on money supply can be explained particularly through the mechanism of the movements in the balance of payments and foreign assets.
The aim of this study is to find out the impact of the fluctuations in money supply and exchange rate on the rate of domestic inflation in the Libyan economy. The study tries to contribute to the literature by examining the effects of money supply and exchange rate on the rate of domestic inflation in the Libyan economy during the period of 1990-2008.
The study divided into four sections، following the introduction، section two gives a brief review of the relationship between the inflation rate، money supply and exchange rate based on the economic theory. It also، attempts to address the issue of stabilized function of the demand for money and the main determinants of the exchange rate based on thoughts of variety of economic schools (e.g. classical and new-classical schools).
Section three gives a descriptive analysis of relationship between the inflation rate، money supply and exchange rate in the Libyan economy. Further، the money supply (in its wide (MS2) and narrow (MS1) concept) and exchange rate are determined and explained in this chapter in order to give the theoretical background for the following chapter.
Sophisticated economic models and econometric techniques have been utilized in Section four in order to achieve the main objectives of this study. These models and techniques include Error correction model (ECM) and Granger Causality model. The Error Correction Model is developed and tested in this chapter in order to analyze the long and short run relationship among the rate of inflation، money supply and exchange rate in the Libyan economy during the period 1990-2008. Furthermore، a two-way causality between the variables of the exchange rate and inflation (CPI)، has been tested using the methodology of Granger causality test in this chapter in order to determine the causation or the direction between these variables.
The main results of this study are illustrated in Section four. These results indicate that a two-way causality between exchange rate and inflation represented by consumer price index (CPI) occurred and found to be statistically significant. The result of Error correction model (ECM) shows that there is a long and short relationship among the variables under investigation. Furthermore، The granger causality test indicates that the presence of a causal relationship with one direction from the money supply in its broad definition (MS2) to consumer price index (CPI) and the exchange rate of the Libyan dinar against the U.S. dollar (E).
Accordingly، money supply (MS2) and the exchange rate of the Libyan dinar are the main determinants of the rate of inflation in the Libyan economy in the short and long term

Still Financial institutions, including banks, a key target for money launderers to transfer illicit funds to the legitimate funds and by weaknesses in the internal audit procedures applied in the banks or through a lack of legal structure to combat this phenomenon in addition to the procedures by other regulations
The samples from private banks in Baghdad and distributed 35 form to identify the members of these banks who work in the internal audit activity and results appear in the paper that there is direct impact of the internal audit of 60% to curb money laundering, The rest of the figure is attributed to other factors may be legal, administrative or linked to the application of international standards

Competitive advantage is a substantial strategic objective for organizations. It requires high levels in the quality of products and services provided to customers, continuous improvement of costing , care for creativity and innovative employees, and speed unique to the marketing and financial engineering, and business re-engineering processes. The situation in this area, requires actors to attract and develop human resources, including help in proper implementation of the strategic tasks that targeted by those institutions. According to the opinions and viewpoints of management scholars, the competitive advantage resource is the most important issue for organizations in the third millennium, which can be achieved through the construction of organizational knowledge, human capital, and their development to serve in transforming them into the learning and expert organizations, to know how to accelerate to be more efficient and flexible in the market.

The health section is considered to be one of the most important section in the field of service economical and social unit because of its concern in the life of human begin and society and the process of determining the need of drugs and estimating them correctly is one of the elements that would affect the quality of services presented to patient to and society in reducing the costs resulted from surplus inventory and the expiration date of drugs therefore it becomes necessarily looking for techniques or mechanisims in the process of estimating the needs for drugs for developing performances to attain the strategic goals in the health section and the problem of the research is contained in the difficulties that face the Ministry of Health in attuining the previse fitness between the size of real demand and the size of expected the size demand that resulted from utilizing traditional or shallow and simple techniques which resulted in reducing the degree of confidence in the outcomes of those techniques in estimating the needs of drugs and then westing the public property the research aims to use relevant quantitative models to attain the precise fitness between the size of real demand and the size of anticipated demand for reducing the errors at the estimating process for the needs and then saving the public property and attaining the quality at health services the research contains five topics the first topic related to the methodology and the second one contains the theoretical frame the third one seeks in the reality of the estimation process for the needs of drugs for the health unit whereas the fourth one related to the usage of the scientific techniques used in the for casting of the needs and finally the fifth topic related to the conclusions and recommandations