Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

Research into Iraq’s position in the Corruption Perceptions Index is one of the important topics, as it examines the reasons that led to Iraq’s position at the bottom of the world, and the consequences resulting from that, in giving a picture that contains some negativity, about the size of the phenomenon in Iraq, and about the defect in Dealing with the phenomenon.
The research deals with a problem, the content of which is: Why is Iraq ranked at the bottom of international corruption perceptions, and what is the consequence of that? It examines the reasons behind this phenomenon and the results it leads to.

There is no doubt that the power is considered to be a major axis in the international relations, and since it aims to fulfil the national interests of states, it had to develop its concepts to suit the development of international life and the complexity of international relations. Accordingly, the uses of power have developed, starting with military power, then economic power, passing through informational and digital power, and ending with cyber power.
Despite the change that has occurred in the structure of traditional war and its classification into an international armed conflict, a non-international armed conflict, and sometimes a civil war, countries’ resort to the use of electronic force is constantly increasing due to the reduction it provides in the cost of wars by using new tools such as viruses, spyware, and piracy of military and strategic information.
As a result, cybersecurity has received a great attention from many countries around the world, such as the United States of America, Russia, and China, where these countries are trying to achieve a distinguished position in mastering this power, and using it to achieve the goals of their desired international policies

Climate change is a global environmental issue and a common concern for humanity, and it is an inevitable result of civilization development, especially after the industrial revolution All areas of life
At the level of the Iraqi situation , Iraq faces several challenges posed by Climate change , Such as high temperature, lack of rain, water scarcity , land salinity , and the increase in the proportion of sand and dust storms and the resulting disasters, which impedes development and hinders efforts to reduce poverty , enhance livelihoods , and reduce conflict to obtain natural resources.
On the other hand, women are more vulnerable to climate change due to their dependence on natural resources their daily roles in life and their social and economic situation , especially in developing countries such as Iraq.

The concern about informal institutions and their impact on drawing the general state policy is very complicated and hard because of the difficulty in identifying these institutions and their activities in any government. There are some governments of democratic systems which allow informal institutions to share them in making decisions or even changing some already taken ones. Consequently, such institutions have a very effective real role in drawing the general policies and in influencing the state decisions. Examples of such institutions are those of the civil society and the private sector. Civil society institutions have an effective part in most issues related to society and recently its part has become apparent in environmental field, nationally and internationally, by referring peoples’ attention to the consequences of pollution of environment and stopping environmental abuses. As for private sector, it is of great importance in developing all industrial activities and it is one pillar for the progress of the state, one of which is the economy pillar which in turn reinforces the national income according to lawful bases and state continuous permanent commitment. For this reason, agricultural prosperity comes first and it’s the priority of this sector because it is related to peoples ‘every day food. As Iraq has many natural resources, it is in need to sustainable agricultural development programs. The private sector contributes in a vital way in flourishing the agricultural sector and in turning our country from exported into an imported one by growing strategic products and all this would help in maintaining our natural resources and for the wellbeing of the coming generations.

Following the recent discovery of oil and gas deposits spread throughout Egypt, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine (Israel), Greece, and Turkey, the Eastern Mediterranean region has gained significant importance due to its geopolitical and strategic location. Leading the way in eastern Mediterranean oil and gas exploration are Egypt, Israel, and Cyprus. Additionally, Turkey views this region as strategically significant, regards it as a red line in its foreign policy, and opposes regional players who work against its interests there. As a result, the issue of how much the regional elements Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, and Israel represented influenced Turkey's position in the Mediterranean basin region arose. The study aims to confirm the following hypothesis: the greater the importance of the region and the more the efforts of regional state actors to challenge Turkey's regional leadership in the Mediterranean Basin, the more oil and gas exploration occurs in the region.

This research has shed light on the most important factors in the rise of geopolitical value and value in terms of the importance of this research because it is a subject of great value and great value. As the scholars did not address the subject in a comprehensive or holistic way, as for the purpose of the research, it is to determine the real motives behind the calls .for secession, in addition to knowing the meaning of Basque nationalism Basque Country Geographical Study. It should also have high quality attractiveness from neighboring countriesGeographical unity is one of the factors leading to the interdependence and cohesion of national groups, and the national feeling remains the master of the situation. Although geographical barriers exist between many regions, as exemplified by the rise of Spanish nationalism in the Liberian Peninsula despite its geographical separation from the rest of Western Europe in the Pyrenees.

The issue of the guardianship of the jurist can be classified from the postulates of Shiite jurisprudence, as the history of the guardianship of the jurist goes back to the beginnings of jurisprudence itself. For Imam Al-Mahdi (peace be upon him), and as a result of the absence of an infallible Imam after him, this thought began to theorize the state, in an attempt to fill the leadership vacuum left by occultation, and most of the opinions went to the best person to fill this void the jurist who enjoys a psychological faculty that makes him refrain from incest and be a scholar The theory of velayat-e faqih found its practical application with the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran, and later movements and parties, especially Islamic parties, were influenced by it.

Sovereignty is considered one of the most important distinguishing characteristics of the state and one of the pillars upon which it is based, as it is one of the main components alongside the people and the region. Sovereignty is also linked to political authority as it is the tool that regulates the affairs of the state. It is also considered one of the characteristics that characterize political authority in the state, and this is what made it receive attention. A great jurist of international law and the highest authority alike. In international law, the concept of sovereignty refers to the state’s exercise of its powers and the way it deals with political entities. The research dealt with the concept of sovereignty from the perspective of Western thought and its concept in Islamic thought.

The theory of the structure of political opportunities is related to the study of popular protests or social movements according to several dimensions, namely (openness or closure in the political system, the directives of political systems towards the protests, alliances of elites and their divisions), and moreover our research shows the Iraqi political system after 2011 in terms of openness and closure in the Iraqi political system in the Iraqi constitution and laws, as well as the electoral system and party pluralism, as well as the regime's directives towards the protests from 2011 to 2019. Our research also illustrates the alliances of Iraqi elites and their divisions according to several stages from 2011 to 2021.

Technological development intersects with terrorism to a large extent, beyond the use of the Internet and social media, in order to spread ideas, obtain support and financing, and recruit new elements, to the area of tactics and techniques of terrorist attacks, and everything related to the arsenal of terrorist weapons in the present and future, while technology offers many benefits. In various fields, and contribute to achieving multiple gains for humanity, they provide extremist and terrorist organizations and elements with a set of weapons and means through which they attempt to bypass monitoring and control efforts and the restrictions imposed on the use of weapons. They also help in planning and implementing their terrorist operations, after the terrorist was part of the weapon. Used in the terrorist operation, other types of weapons, tools and means have entered the terrorist scene. The weapons used have allowed the implementation of operations across distances, through remote control devices, drones and other technologies that enable terrorist elements to amplify the effect of operations according to In order to reduce costs, including the costs of terrorist elements carrying out operations, and causing the greatest amount of losses and terror in the targeted community or the country.

The US policy towards the Middle East region has been affected by a set of security dimensions, foremost among which is the fight against terrorism, energy security, and ensuring the security of Israel. The United States has extremist and terrorist groups that threaten its interests in one way or another in this region, and fighting these groups in cooperation with the countries of the region is a vital issue in American policy, and with regard to energy security, this region has occupied central importance in American policy, and this importance comes in part from The presence of natural resources, especially oil, and given the dependence of many countries in the world on this vital material, securing oil supplies for the United States and its allies imposed itself on American policy, and with regard to ensuring the security of Israel, the United States has sought, since the official establishment of Israel in 1948, to ensure its security By all means, especially in the security and military field, with the aim of asserting its qualitative superiority in its regional environment at the level of the Middle East region, and reducing security threats. to her.

The research deals with the federal system as a political and constitutional system, as it is considered one of the highest political systems for managing governance affairs, and is adopted by the ast countries that are characterized by vast areas. This system ensures peaceful coexistence and the combination of two types of interests at the same time, the interests of the federal state in general and the special interests of the parties involved in the formation of this union. Perpendicular to power and wealth between the constituent units of the state in a way that is completely different from the central state, and we find Many organizational forms are established within the general framework of federalism, such as political federalism, economic federalism, social federalism, educational federalism, security federalism, educational federalism, and financial federalism.

It is undeniable that the legislator tended to reduce the intensity of oversight over local bodies by reducing the interference of central authorities in local affairs, but to the extent that opportunities and limitations were available, oversight at times revived and at other times declined over local bodies in Iraq. However, searching for it only requires exploring the depths of the constitutional and legal organization framing the system of administrative decentralization and the provisions of oversight of all kinds. It also requires tracking administrative precedents and practical practices that established bureaucratic norms, some of which increased supervisory performance and others obstructed it, to later be reflected on the overall local experience in Iraq, both positively and negatively. In addition to tracking the course of the political process in Iraq after the year (2003), and finally observing partisan practices, whether inside or outside power, and the extent of their reflection on the central and decentralized oversight side.

The phenomenon of political instability in Sudan after 2019 was organically linked to the future of political equations and their actors and elements, which originally aimed for the popular movement to hand over full power to civilians, in addition to establishing a democratic system in its modern form in order to respond to the structural development of the Sudanese state, that is, the crystallization of an agreed-upon social contract. It is based on equal citizenship, but in reality Sudan witnessed multiple crises after the year 2019, which pushed Sudan to slide into the abyss in light of the chaos of instability at various levels, which pushed Sudan towards an unknown future.

"The Korean Peninsula", "North Korea", "nuclear weapons", "the United States of America", "the European Union", "China, Russia", "the international system"

Iraq suffered long periods of tyranny and suppression of freedoms and expression of opinion. Women were not better off than men because they suffered from marginalization and exclusion, and after the change that took place in Iraq, women had to have the active role that women must believe in before others in order to achieve Democracy, political participation is one of the foundations of the democratic construction of contemporary society and indicates the extent to which the society has grown, and the role that women play deepens not only gender equality, but the development of the spirit of citizenship for everyone, which requires attention to this participation, which must be distinct, and indeed it happened there after Political change is an escalation towards political participation in general from the previous stage, with a discrepancy between each electoral cycle and the other through progress and retreat.

The term non-state actors applies to all forces, organizations, or entities that are not established by the state or a party to it, and have their own identity, enjoy complete independence from government funding and control, and possess their own resources that guarantee them the achievement of their goals in the environment in which they operate.
Non-state actors, as non-governmental social or economic entities, have come as a result of the transformation taking place in the structure of the international system and international politics towards the global system and global politics. Contrary to the previously imagined concept of power and influence, the new non-state actors often rely in their performance of “power.” “Soft power” as its primary source of power, unlike countries that place “hard power” as their first priority and have not resorted to the concept of “soft power” except in recent decades.
In general, studying the phenomenon of multiplicity of international actors leads to examining the new roles or activities undertaken by the new informal international actors, which are called ((non-state actors)), as it is no longer possible to ignore their role, which has become a large part of international political activity. And one of the most important facts of contemporary international relations, in a way that has begun to affect the international political system, whether in terms of the hierarchy of distribution of international powers, or in terms of the differences in the roles assigned to the active powers in the international system in general, as well as the differences in the goals of these powers and the differences in their vital interests, in addition to The components of power and ability that it possesses vary, and its role is no longer traditional within the limits of its relationship with other countries.

Political parties are considered an “important” pillar of democracy because they play an important role in the sustainability of the political system، consolidating development، strengthening the foundations of national unity، and crystallizing goals related to public policy. Since the founding of the modern state، political parties have played a “major” role in rebuilding countries and in restoring Democratic construction، as is the case in Britain، France and other countries، through the roles it plays in educating، raising awareness، spreading a democratic political culture، monitoring government work، preparing leaders، training competencies، and raising generations on democracy and human rights.
The Iraqi political parties focused their intellectual and mobilization efforts before 2003 on a primary goal of overthrowing the Baathist regime in Iraq، but they did not put forward any project to build a democratic civil state، which was reflected in the absence of the correct path for the behavior of these parties، which was represented by many mistakes and defects. In the founding، which included more interest in the process of sharing power and the legacy of the previous regime than in the process of building the state and its democratic institutions.

The United States is no longer the only pole in the region, as China now has standards of power that qualify it to participate in creating a new world order, as the South China Sea is one of the most important waterways of strategic and economic importance in the world, and the United States is trying to maintain its position and dominance in the region. The Pacific Ocean and stands against any country that stands against its interests, especially its economic interests, in addition to its military presence. Given the important geographical location of the South China Sea, which connects many trade routes and international straits through which all major economies in the world pass, especially the United States and China, therefore, the United States It seeks to ensure the safety of its trade routes and the security of its market and work to prevent any obstacles that hinder access to these routes, while China seeks to work to contain American behavior in the Southeast Asian region, by working to provide a package of economic and development assistance to the countries of the region and expanding areas of cooperation with them, by While promoting an alternative "theory" that American intervention in the region and in the South China Sea disputes is what led to the threat to stability and destabilization of freedom of navigation, and not China, China also seeks to work to contain the growing defense and military relations between the United States of America and the countries of Southeast Asia, Finally, at the end of the study, the study presented an assessment of a position centered around a basic question: Will the Russian-Ukrainian model be repeated in the South China Sea of the US-Chinese conflict over Taiwan? .

Prince Abdul Qader Al-Jazairi bore the burdens of leadership at an early age, so he was able to lead the Algerian state and its struggle against the French occupation. Prince Abdul Qader Al-Jazairi was known as a man of leadership, heroism, and political, military, and social acumen, as he was able, in a short period, to establish a state with a military and administrative system. These were revealed The state struck painfully at the occupying French armies wherever and whenever it wanted, and thus the name of Prince Abdul Qader Al-Jazairi became associated with strategic leadership, courage, and chivalry. As soon as he mentioned the strategic leaders and their heroism, the name of Prince Abdul Qader Al-Jazairi was mentioned with them, as most of the studies that dealt with Prince Abdul Qader have I focused on this leadership aspect of his life. Therefore, the aim of this research was to reveal and identify the strategic leadership thought of Prince Abdul Qader Al-Jazairi, both political and military, and to shed light on the most important aspects of his political and diplomatic leadership ideas, in addition to his military leadership ideas, given that the prince was a field military commander in the battles he fought against the occupation. French.

This study attempts to shed light on the most important internal and external challenges facing the Iraqi decision-maker in the field of energy security after the geostrategic transformations that the world has witnessed. These challenges have had a significant impact on the Iraqi energy sector, which is considered the lifeblood of economic development, improving infrastructure and citizens’ livelihoods. The most important global geostrategic shifts are the transformation of the global system from a unipolar system to a polycentric system, geostrategic shifts in American foreign policy, geostrategic shifts in the policies of other major powers, especially Russia and China, the major change in the global energy map and finally the Russian war against Ukraine and its repercussions on global economy.

Environmental security has undergone many developments. It is an ancient concept that has evolved over time. There are many definitions of environmental security, as there is no definition agreed upon by thinkers and scientists. Likewise, the concept of environmental security has many characteristics and components, as the matter has been reduced to one component or characteristic. On the other hand, environmental security faced many challenges, whether at the Iraqi level or the international level, as there is no single challenge facing environmental security, and these challenges are different.

The aim of this research is to identify the importance of the Middle East in the geopolitical and economic balance between China and the United States of America, as the international arena is currently witnessing a competition between the two powers, as China desires to modify the current international system dominated by the United States from unipolarity to multipolarity to serve its growth goals. Economically, on the other hand, the United States seeks to extend its period of hegemony to a new cycle, and since the Middle East is among the important regions on the geopolitical and economic levels, it is considered an arena for competition between the two powers. The research was based on several hypotheses, including: that the importance of the Middle East made the region a target in itself for international powers, and also that China aims to modify the current international system to serve its economic goals. The research used the descriptive analytical method. The research reached a number of results, including: that Middle Eastern oil is of great importance in the Chinese strategy, and China also seeks to extend its influence outside its geographical surroundings to achieve strategic and economic goals, taking advantage of the current state of American decline, and with regard to the United States of America, it is still the major power. Dominating the Middle East region through its military deployment in the region, while its interest in the region’s oil declined after the increase in its shale oil production.