Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

The present study was carried in Mhawelat Al-Zuhair situation, Abu
Al-Khasseb in Basrah governorate during the growing season 2007 and
2008, to study the effect of three rate of potassium (0, 260, 520) gm
K2O/Date palm/year, and four times of bunch thinning (without thinning,
thinning after 2 weeks of pollination, thinning after 4 weeks of pollination
and thinning after 6 weeks of pollination) and two varieties of date palm
(Hillawi and Sayer) and their combinations on yield properties during
different stages of fruit growth (Rutab and Tamr stages).
The study results showed signification increasing in total yield with
increasing of potassium rates. So Potassium rate of 520 gm K2O/Date
palm/year gave the highest means of total yield. While thinning time gave
the lowest means of total yield. Control treatment (without thinning) gave
the highest total yield, (27.31-27.53) kg during two studied seasons. Also
results indicated potash fertilizing time of thinning variety and their
combinations had significant effects on ripening fruit persent for two
periods (15/1 and 22/7) of two studied seasons. Potassium rate 520 gm
K2O/Date palm/year with first time of thinning of Hillawi had given the
highest means of ripening fruit percent during the periods and studied
season (12.92 and 14.76)% , (45.91 and 46.16)%.

An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2009-2010 at Al-Dair,Basrah. The aim was to study the Effect of Foliar Spraying of ascorbic acid and the number of sprayings on yield and quality of lettuce cv."local". The experiment included 16 treatments came from the interaction among four ascorbic acid concentration of 0,50,100,200 mg/l applied with spraying one, two ,three and four times at 10 days intervals starting at 25 days after transplanting. Randomized Complete Block Design was used in a factorial experiment. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used at probability of .
Results showed that foliar spraying of ascorbic acid at 100 mg/l increased yield and improved plant characteristics such as, number of total and folded leaves, fresh weight of total and folded leaves, leaf area per plant ,plant fresh and dry weight and leaves dry matter and total soluble solid. Spraying with four times was the most effective in fresh weight of total and folded leaves and plant fresh weight compared to other spraying times. The interaction of the two factors of study had a significant effect in some characteristics. The highest folded leaves, fresh and dry weight and total productivity came from foliar spray with 100 mg/l ascorbic acid every tow times 413.3 g,682.0 g,50.57 g and 17.146 ton/donum, respectively.

An experiment was conducted during summer season of 2010 at Al-Deir,Basrah. The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of plant numbers per hole (two or three plants) and the addition of three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 , 30 and 60 kg N/donum) and the interaction between them on some vegetative growth and yield of snak cucumber plants cv."local"
Results showed that leaving two plants per hole gave a significant increases in vegetative growth (plant length, number of lateral branches and leaves number) , female and male flowers , the number of fruits per plant and fruit weight compared to leaving three plants per hole . whereas, thin to three plants per hole was the most effective in early yield (2.173 ton/dounm) and total productivity (3.200 ton/donum).Nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a significant effects in all vegetative growth ,flowering and yield characteristics. The interaction of the two factors of study had a significant effect in most characteristics.

This study was co of Palm Research at the University of Basra in 2009 in order to draw materials like uxins , Cytokinins (0 , 5% , 10%) and used of concentrations as substitutes in the propagation of date palm tissue culture, planted quarters buds Ratios and cultured on media composed of a salt MS full strength and sucrose concentration of 30 g / L and Agar-agar concentration of 6 g / liter and used several transactions that included combinations of plant growth regulators and different concentrations of materials like uxins and Cytokinins. Cultures were incubated in darkness for four months at 27±1c° and sub cultured was done every four weeks then the culture was transfer to lights at 1000 lux at periods16 hours daily.the results showed that: 1 - The treatment was included the materials like uxins with concentration 10% 2ip the existence a concentration of 3 mg / L.it was gave the highest percentage of quarters of buds growth and the difference was not ignificant for the treatment of plant growth regulators, amounting to 91.5% and 90.1%respectively. 2 – results show the treatment of growth regulators plant led to the formation of lateral buds in the lowest period of time, amounting to 159 days and was followed in influenc treatment included the materials like uxins concentration of 10% there 2ip a concentration of 3 mg / L, amounting to 168.5 days so the treatment included the concentration of like cytokinine 10% the presence of NAA concentration of 1 mg / L, amounting to 167 days, as noted above Sayer than and Hillawi cultivar in the formation of lateral shoots for the lowest possible time. 3 - The results showed high rate of lateral buds when use the treatment of plant growth regulators and both cultivars, followed by the impact of
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treatment included materials like uxins concentration of 10% of the existence of 2ip and treatment contained similar concentration of 10% cytokinine the existence of NAA. 4 - The results were showed that treatment included the materials like uxins and cytokinines without industrial growth regulators led to the formation of lateral buds in relatively good period of time coparted with treatment of growth regulators, as well as gave a good rate to the number of lateral buds and for both cultivars

The study was carried out in the period from 1/10/2007 up to 10/5/2008 in an unheated greenhouse in the College of Agriculture , Basrah Universityp, to study the effects of cutting type , indole butyric acid on cuttings of Conocarpus lancifolius . The study consisted of 12 treatment combinations with three factors , including type of cutting terminal , semi-hard wood or hard wood cuttings and indole butyric acid concentrations 0 , 500 , 1000 mg./l. and dipping. Complete randomized block design was used with five replicates , Each experiment was represented by 15 cuttings for each replicate . Treatment means as well were compared using R.L.S.D. ( 5% level ) . The most important results are summarized as follows :-That hard wood cuttings were superior with regard to rooting percentage , reaching 72.81% , in comparison with rooting percentage of 56.66% and 52.58% for terminal and semi-hard wood cuttings respectively . Both fresh and dry weight of root system of hard wood cuttings were also superior in comparison with other types of cuttings . Semi-hard wood cuttings were significantly higher in terms of length and diameter in comparison with hard-wood cuttings . However , terminal cuttings were superior in number of primary and secondary roots , in addition to root length , diameter , fresh and dry weight . Indol butyric acid treatment caused a significant increase at concentrations of 500 mg./l. in both length of roots and number of primary roots, at 1000 mg.l caused a significant increase in the number of secondary roots.Rooting percentage was the highest reaching 77.81 % for untreated cuttings in comparison with 46.80% , 43.57% and 74.09% for those treated with IBA at 500 and 1000 mg./l. or dipping respectively .The same treatment also caused a significant70increase in number and diameter of secondary roots , which caused an increase in root fresh and dry weight .

A total of 16 Fungi species and strains were isolated from plant roots of Brassicaa olearacea var-capitata andCucumis meloand potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) , the volatile oil extracted from Mentha longifoliashowed an inhibition activity against all fungi growth examinated in this study .The concentrations 100 and 500 μg/ml oil showed an inhibition activity reached to 100% for all fungal growth except Aspergillus niger 1,2 and Rhizotonia solani 1, which recorded inhibition percentage reached to 98,94 and 80% , respectively , at concentration of 100 μg/ml , the samepercentage recorded in concentration of 50 μg/ml for all species belong to Alternaria and Cladosporium,while the growth of R.solani 2 was inhibited 100% at 5 μg/ml .
The results indicated that is no significant differences among all tested fungi except R. solani 1 which significantly differed from other fungi and gave less affect at percent of 42.14% , while R.solani 2 recorded highest percentage of inhibition which was 81.42% .سجلت النسبة المئوية للتركيز 50 ميكروغرام/مل لجميع الأنواع التي تنتمي إلى Alternaria وCladosporium، في حين تم تثبيط نمو R.solani 2 بنسبة 100% عند التركيز 5 ميكروغرام/مل.
أشارت النتائج إلى عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين جميع الفطريات المختبرة باستثناء R. solani 1 الذي اختلف معنوياً عن الفطريات الأخرى وأعطى تأثيراً أقل بنسبة 42.14%، في حين سجل R.solani 2 أعلى نسبة تثبيط بلغت 81.42%.
sujilat alnisbat almiawiat liltarkiz 50 miikrughramu/mil lijamie al'anwae alati tantami 'iilaa Alternaria waCladosporium, fi hin tama tathbit numui R.solani 2 binisbat 100% eind altarkiz 5 miikrughram/mil.
'asharat alnatayij 'iilaa eadam wujud furuq maenawiat bayn jamie alfitriaat almukhtabarat biaistithna' R. solani 1 aladhi aikhtalaf menwyaan ean alfutriaat al'ukhraa wa'aetaa tathyraan 'aqala binisbat 42.14%, fi hin sajal R.solani 2 'aelaa nisbat tathbit balaghat 81.42%.

This study was conducted at the laboratories of Plant Protection Department / College of Agriculture / University of Basra during the period of 2008 – 2009 in order to evaluate the efficiency of some insecticides Actara Alphacypermethrin ,Chess ,Karate and Malathion in control the black bean aphid Aphis fabae. Results showed that the insecticides Actara and Chess with recommended concentration were the best in their effect on black bean aphid nymphs , the mortality percentage after three days from treatment reached to 68.20 and 55.26 % for the above insecticides respectively . Also the time period three days gave a mortality rate of 59.23, it was significantly differed from the other two periods 48 and 24 hours which were 42.70 and 33.53 % respectively . Results also indicated that the insecticides Actara and Chess were the best in their effect on aphid adults after three days from the treatment , the mortality percentage reached to 71.93 and 61.10 % respectively compared to the control treatment which reached to 5.50 % . The field experiment revealed that Actara was the best insecticide in reducing the adults number after 14 days from the treatment , it was reached to 73.56% , followed by Chess which gave a mortality percentage of %58.38

Present study deal with the estimating of the population density of two species of alate termites namely Microcerotermus diversus Silvstri and Anacanthotemes vagans Hagen in Basrah. Results indicated that the first species termite Microcerotermus diversus appeard in the fourth week of March and their density increased in April in all studies locations the desity reached its highest level with 560 lnsectes/trap. The second species Anacanthotemes vagans appeard in the fourth week of January and their density reached the highest level with 294 lnsects/trap. There were two periods (Spring and Autum) to the first species but Spring and Winter periods to the second speciesResult also there was acorrelation between the two species and some chemical and physical properties. There was positive asignificant correlation between density of first species and soil content from clay, promisty , depth of nest , table water level However , there were negative correlation between the second species and previous soil properities

The total number of species were collected from south east AL-hammar marsh during the period from November 2006 to November 2007 were 36 species belong to 32 genius and 17 families. the highest number of species were collected on June2006 which reached (26, 21)while the least number of were collected on December 2006 (9 ,11) in two study station respectively. The results showed record three new species in study areas they include Rinaloricaria sp ,Eluotheronema tetradactylum and ,Johnius belengerii, which belonged to the families Loricariidae, Polynemidae,
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Sciaenidae respectively .Atotal number of fishes specimen which coughed were reached 10078 specimens the highest number of fishes were caughted in October 1125 specimen and the lowest number of fishes were caughted on December 258 specimen, five species comprising 79.89% of the total catch , Liza abu, Carassus auratus, Gumbusia holbrokii, Alburnus mossulensis and ,Acanthobrama marmid respectively. L.abu dominated of other species by its highest number in six months which reached 27.24% of the total number of caught, while numerically dominated for G.holbrokii were 14.5% on July, C.auratus 26.7% on Join while A.mossulensis 8.3% on June and A.marmid 9.3% on July

This study was conducted in Hartha experimental station / Agriculture College/ Basrah University to investigate the effect of three types of ploughs, moldboard, disc and chisel, on soil shear strength . The experiment were carried out in uncultivated and cultivated soils for two depths ( 0-15) and ( 15-30) cm. The experiment was carried out using split- split plot design of three factors, ploughing type, ploughing depth and Barley crop growth stages. The . The results showed the followings:The ploughing operation reduced the soil shear strength considerably. The moldboard and disc ploughs reduced the soil strength more than the chisel plough in both soils. The soil cohesion, in general, increased with depth. Crop growth increased the cohesion in both soils. The angle of internal friction increased with crop growth development.

This study was conducted in Hartha experimental station / Agriculture College/ Basrah University to investigate the effect of three types of ploughs, moldboard, disc and chisel, on soil penetration resistance. The experiment were carried out in uncultivated and cultivated soils for two depths ( 0-15) and ( 15-30) cm. The experiment was carried out using split- split plot design of three factors, ploughing type, ploughing depth and Barley crop growth stages. The . The results showed the followings: Penetration resistance decreased, with ploughing . The moldboard plough gave higher penetration resistance than the other plough types. The penetration resistance increased with the depth and with crop growth development. There was no significant difference between the penetration resistance of both soils .
Key

Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of some drip irrigation parameters on the distribution of water in alluvial soil . The study was designed as a factorial experiment within split – plot design using RCBD in three replicates . The study included three factors , A ( irrigation interval ) was put in main plots and combination between B ( irrigation level ) and C ( emitter discharge ) was put in sub-man plots . The average of discharge was calculated for all three types of emitters after construction of drip irrigation system in the field experiment . Uniformity distribution was estimated at the first , mid , end of growing season of okra , The diameter of wet zone was measured for emitters before beginning the experiment and at the end of growing season .The results showed a decrease in the values of uniformity distribution of emitters that used in experiment at the end of growing season in comparison with its beginning . The decreasing ratios of turbo emitter, spiral , and G.R. was 3 % , 4% , 12 % , respectively . The results showed increasing of area and volume of wetted soil of treatments , which were irrigated in 3 days irrigation interval , and by increasing of irrigation level and emitter discharge , in comparison with 5 days irrigation interval . The diameter of wetted area was increased at the end of experiment period , in comparison with its beginning

The data of morphological properties indicated that the clay pans has been found at depth 75 – 140 cm with thickness varied at about 15 – 34 cm in general study area , and it is hard horizon in the pedon with fine texture and vary hard consistency in dry state while it is very firm in moist state , for wet state is slightly sticky to sticky and very plastic . Also , it showed angular – blocky structure with grade of type strong and class changed from medium to coarse . and it has a few very fine pores , without roots . The clay pans are different according to the colour from the adjacent remaining horizons where the dominance is for adull yellow orange and gray light in the dry state while in wet state the dominance is for dull yellowish brown . The clay pans are different according to the Boundary from the adjacent remaining horizons where the dominance is for clear .

The data of soil physical properties indicate that clay pans have clayey
texture in all pedons of study area , with dominate for clay particles of
values at about 521.8 – 659.2 gm .kg-1 and decreasing in silt and sand
particles content . The values of bulk density changed from adjacent
horizons and it have avalues at about 1.57 – 1.72 3 m
, Also the
hydrolic saturation conductivity is very low compared with remaining
horizons that lying above and below it with values 0.0012 – 0.0050 m / day
. The poropsity is low and compactness is high other than adjacent
horizons with values 32.80 – 39.69 % for poropsity and 60.31 – 67.20 %
for compactness , and highest pentration of pentrometer in clay pans at
about 1820–1940 2 knm

The phenolic compounds were extracted from Garlic Allium sativum L Onion Alluim cepa L.Spearmint Menth spicata L.Basil Ocimum basilicum L. and Celery Apium graveolens using ethanol (98% for 24 hours on Lab temperature) and boiled distilled water for 30 minutes. The total phenolics content of the ethanol and water extracts as determined by the Folin –Ciocalteu method were found to be (64.3mg/g AGE Equv.) in water extract of Basil . The ethanolic extract of Garlic (94.91%) gave higher antioxidant compared with other extract and tocopherol (87.45%) and lower BHT (96.37%). Ethanolic extracts from Garlic and Onion showed high chelating effects on ferrous ion 82.71%,80.91% compared with EDTA 98.77% and citric acid 74.50% and scavenging hydrogen peroxide in ethanolic extract from Garlic was 96.29% where as ascorbic acid 80.12% and Rutin 72.52%. The Reducing power higher in ethanolic extracts.

Fifty isolates of molds were isolated from soil , cheese , whey. Those isolates were submitted to primary and secondary screening to select the isolate that produce the highest level of β-galactosidase. The enzyme was purified by several steps included, concentration with ammonium sulphate(65-80% saturation) followed by using Ion exchange chrommatochraphy DEAE sephadex A-50 and gel filtration on sephadex G-100 column. The final purification folds and the yield of the enzyme were 9.70 and 25.88%respectively, with a specific activity of 3216.12 Umg . The electrophoresis pattern on PAGE technique showed one single band indicating the high purity of the enzyme. The characteristics of the purified enzyme was investigated, the optimum pH for activity was 5 , pH for stability was between 4-6 . the enzyme retained 100% of its original activity after incubation between 20-50 Cº for 15 min., the optimum temperature for enzyme was 50 Cº and retained 100% of its original activity after incubation for 60 min, Activation energy for conversion of the substrate ONPG to products was 6.19 Kcal / mol , whereas for enzyme denaturation was 62.31 Kcal / mol . Molecular weight of enzyme by SDS-electrophoresis was found to be 97.72 KD , while it was 103.51 KD as determined by gel filtration. Inhibitors and activators effects on enzyme activity was studied , The results showed that manganese and sodium ions caused an increase in enzyme activity whereas the magnesium ,copper , iron and calcium decreased the enzyme to different levels , No effect of potassium on enzyme activity was noticed , The highest inactivation observed when enzyme treated with urea and galactose A little increasing in activity was occurred when treated with 2-mercaptoethanol, whereas the EDTA found to have no effect on enzyme activity. Kinetic characteristic of the enzyme showed that the Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) values using ONPG as a substrate were 1.435mM and 1040.23U ml respectively.The enzyme was tested for its ability to hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose by thin layer chromatography technique

Fifty isolates of molds were isolated from soil , cheese , whey. Those isolates were submitted to primary and secondary screening to select the isolate that produce the highest level of β-galactosidase. The enzyme was purified by several steps included, concentration with ammonium sulphate(65-80% saturation) followed by using Ion exchange chrommatochraphy DEAE sephadex A-50 and gel filtration on sephadex G-100 column. The final purification folds and the yield of the enzyme were 9.70 and 25.88%respectively, with a specific activity of 3216.12 Umg . The electrophoresis pattern on PAGE technique showed one single band indicating the high purity of the enzyme. The characteristics of the purified enzyme was investigated, the optimum pH for activity was 5 , pH for stability was between 4-6 . the enzyme retained 100% of its original activity after incubation between 20-50 Cº for 15 min., the optimum temperature for enzyme was 50 Cº and retained 100% of its original activity after incubation for 60 min, Activation energy for conversion of the substrate ONPG to products was 6.19 Kcal / mol , whereas for enzyme denaturation was 62.31 Kcal / mol . Molecular weight of enzyme by SDS-electrophoresis was found to be 97.72 KD , while it was 103.51 KD as determined by gel filtration. Inhibitors and activators effects on enzyme activity was studied , The results showed that manganese and sodium ions caused an increase in enzyme activity whereas the magnesium ,copper , iron and calcium decreased the enzyme to different levels , No effect of potassium on enzyme activity was noticed , The highest inactivation observed when enzyme treated with urea and galactose A little increasing in activity was occurred when treated with 2-mercaptoethanol, whereas the EDTA found to have no effect on enzyme activity. Kinetic characteristic of the enzyme showed that the Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) values using ONPG as a substrate were 1.435mM and 1040.23U ml respectively.The enzyme was tested for its ability to hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose by thin layer chromatography technique

The chemical composition of Roselle's parts (calyces , leaves and seeds ) were investigated, Seeds' oil was extracted and studied for its physical and chemical characteristic .the results shows that all Roselle's parts contain all fundamental nutrition element ( Protein ,Fat , Ash fiber , carbohydrate , minerals and ascorbic acid , seeds had the higher content of protein 27.21 % , fat 19.1 % , ash 9.1 % , fiber 23.18 % ,minerals ; (Ca 125, p 610 ,Fe 76 , Mg 345 , Cu and Zn 3.5) mg / 100g, while calyces to be distinguish by high content in carbohydrate 20.1 % and ascorbic acid 13 mg / 100g .
The physical characters of seed's oil (Refractive index , melting point and viscosity) and the chemical characters ( peroxide value .Iodine number and saponification)were investigated. The Oil was liquid at room temperature , having Refractive index 1.236 ,melting point 26 C° ,viscosity 3.34 centipoise ,while its peroxide value was 3.98 meg / kg ,iodine number 90 .87 and saponification value 185.33 meg / kg . Seeds' oil contain higher rates of unsaturated fatty acid 71.14% (oleic, linoleic, linolenic) as well as saturated fatty acid 27.86% such as myristic, palmatic, steric

SUMMARYEleven isolates of Lactobacillus casei have been isolated from infant feaces at 10-40 days old. The isolates have been identified using biochemical test ,and the best isolate has the ability to produce acid from the milk was selected to exploit in the synthesis of fermenting milk production. The microencapsulation has been done to L.casei by preparing four starting for local and standard isolates which mixing 45ml of lagging at concentration 4% these including gelatin(G),dextrin(D),sodium alginate(A) and Arabic gum(Gu) each alone with 45%ml of skim milk at concentrati10%. these starters used in making ice milk (IM) .The effect of microencapsulation have been studied and .The ice milk production IMG , IMD, IMA and IMGu showed lowerst reduction in the survival logarithmic percentage number of L.casei about 22.5, 23.2, 22.0 and 22.6 respectively in accordance to IMF which reached 33.3 after 180 days of storage at -18C

Spotted Leather Skin fish Scomberoides commersonnianus (Forskal, 1775) was dried in laboratory using solar dryer, available in chemical during 6 months storage periods at laboratory temperature (25±2) ˚C and compared with sun dried fish which obtained from the local market in Basrah. Validity and quality for human consumption also studied. The following findings were obtained:
Moisture content decreased by solar dryer method (in laboratory) and increased in sun dried method (retail in Basrah market) as it was 13.07, 22% respectively. On the other hand fat, protein and ash increased in solar dryer method up to 12.50, 46.06 and 28.18% respectively but they were less in sun dried method, they were 11.60, 41.54 and 24.78% respectively. It was observed that moisture content decreased, while fat, protein and ash increased with storage periods. So dryer method and storage period significantly effected (P<0.05) on them, and the chemical quality indicators pH , volatile nitrogen bases (mg N/100g fish) and thiobarbituric acid (mg malonaldehyde/Kg) were decreased when using solar dryer (laboratory), they were 6.002, 34.11 and 5.21 respectively compared with natural drying which were 6.359, 41.84 and 6 respectively.

48 samples was collected from three markets in Basra city were belong four dairy products of (white soft cheese, curls cheese, yoghurt and local kaimer). High numbers of coliform bacteria was founded in these products , To range ( 90×104-212×104,35×103-21×104,17×102-55×103 and 35×103-111×103 ) (colony forming unit/gm) respectively High numbers of E. coli O157:H7 bacteria was found in white soft cheese samples and braids cheese samples. It was to reach (141 and 247) colonies respectively, In yoghurt and Local kaimer samples they were (17 and 107) colonies belonged to E. coli O157:H7. 25% of these colonies were poor growth at (44 to 45) °C and 15% from colonies of were n't raffinose fermentation .

Afield experiment was carried out in loamy clay for the seasons 2008 and 2009 to study the effect of levels of nitrogen fertilizer and seeding rates on proso millet Panicum miliaceum L. Asplit plot has been used with three replicates according to completely randomized design which includes four levels of nitrogen (0,80,160,240 kg/ha) which represent the main plots,where as the sub plots represent the seeding rates of (10,15,20,25 kg/ha). The results showes that the nitrogen level of (240 kg/ha) affects significantly all the studied characters plant height,number of panicles/plant,number of grain/panicle,weight of 1000 grain,weight of straw yield and grain yield which gave(1.99,2.01)tan/ha for the two seasons respectively. The seeding rates of 15 kg/ha causes significantly effect on characters of grain yield which gave(1.81,1.82)tan /ha for the two seasons respectively.The use of 25 kg/ha has significantly effect on characters of straw yield which gave (11.31,11.26) tan/ha for the two seasons.there was interaction between levels of nitrogen fertilizer and seeding rates on characters of grain yield(2.23,2.22)tan/ha gave when used (240 kg N/ha) and seeding rates of (15 kg\ha) for the two seasons respectively

This study was conducted at plant protection Department/College of Agriculture/ University . of Basrah to evaluate the efficiency of some Biological and chemical factors and there interaction in control Tomato damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The results showed that biological control agent (Trichoderma harzianum ; Bacillus subtilis) have a high antagonistic ability in inhibition the growth of R.solani. It was also found that Flutolanil fungicide, copper and silicon elements were completely inhibited the growth of the pathogenic fungus at 30, 200, 500 ppm respectively. Pot experiment in Glass hose showed that T.harzianum + B.subtilis + Flutolanil (T + B + F) reavealed higest percentage of seed germenation reached to 100% compared with 60% for pathogen treatment. On the other hand T + B + F treatment reduced the percentage of damping-off rateto zero % compared with 45.395% of pathogen fungus R.solani. The result also showed that the use of biological agent as seed coating and chemical agent led to increased the concentration of NPK in tomato plant

Locally bread samples (flat bread and stone bread) were collected from Basra city and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer for four potentially hazardous heavy metals, Lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) ,iron (Fe) and cadmium ( Cd). The mean concentrations of Pb levels in flat bread and stone breads were(0.0051 mg kg-1) and(0.005 mg kg-1)dry weight, respectively. Also, the mean concentrations of Zn levels at these breads were (4.6 mg kg-1) and (2.96 mg kg-1) dry weight, respectively. while for Fe were (2.82 mg kg-1)and (2.26 mg kg-1) dry weight, respectively, Cd was not detected in all samples. The high levels of daily intake of Pb, Cd , Fe and Zn may cause public health problems, Monitoring heavy metals is imperative during wheat production, storage, mill flour and baking bread for reduction of public health concerns

A subsoiler of single tine was designed and provided with two shallow tines fixed in front of it. The shallow tines lateral distance between them can be changed. The leg of the subsoiler was provided with foot and the foot was provided with wings at one stage of the experiments. The subsoiler was tested in silty clay soil using four operating depths 30, 40, 50 and 60cm. Three lateral distances were used between the shallow tines 40 , 50, and 60 cm. Wings were also used at one stage of the experiments. The subsoiler combinations are S, S+sh40, S+sh50 and S+sh60.
The draft force of the subsoiler combinations increased as the operating depth increased. The increase was between 15.82 to 17.88kN for four subsoiler combinations when the operating depth increased from 30 to 60cm. The draft force requirement of each centimeter of depth on average is 0.560kN. Using shallow tines with subsoiler increased the draft force requirement and it increased with lateral distance between the shallow tines. The draft force requirement with shallow tines increased as the operating depth increased. The draft force requirement of each centimeter of shallow tines lateral distance for the shallow tines (30cm) is 0.062kN it increased to 0.091kN (91N=9.3kg). Providing the subsoiler with wings increased its draft requirement especially at greater depths. The highest draft requirement was recorded to deeper operating depth (60cm), wider lateral distance (60cm) and with wings on the foot of the subsoiler.

Silty clay soil was plowed by deep digger mold board plow at two moisture content (M.C) levels of 15% and 24.5%. The soil was plowed at three plowing depths (10, 15 and 20cm). Tractor of weight of 32.3kN was passed once to five times on the soil surface for both moisture content levels. The soil bulk density at M.C. level of 24.5%was 1.11, 1.16, 1.20, 1.25 and 1.30ton/m3 while at M.C. level of 15% was 1.22, 1.27, 1.32, 1.35 and 1.42ton/m3 for depths 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-25ton/m3 respectively. The plowing operation reduced the bulk density (average) of the soil from 1.31 and 1.20ton/m3 to 1.07 and 1.02ton/m3 for moisture content levels 15% and 24.5% (21% and 17.6%) respectively.
When the tractor was passed once on the soil surface the bulk density of the plowed soil of M.C. level of 15% increased from 1.08 to 1.32ton/m3 to become greater than that of unplowed (1.31ton/m3). While for M.C. level of 24.5%, the bulk density increased from 1.02 to 1.12ton/m3 but it remains lower than that for unplowed soil (1.20ton/m3). However, when the tractor was passed five times, the bulk density of plowed soil for M.C. level of 15% increased to1.45ton/m3. While for M.C. level of 24.5%, the bulk density increased to1.23ton/m3 and in this M.C. level the bulk density of the plowed soil exceeded the unplowed soil at the fourth passes.
The soil compaction was more sever at the shallower plowing depth than the deeper operating depth for both M.C. levels. For operating depth of 10cm the bulk density for M.C. of 15% increased from 1.10 to 1.35ton/m3 for one tractor pass which exceeded the bulk density of unplowed soil (1.27ton/m3). However, for operating depth of 20cm the bulk density increased from1.06 to1.30ton/m3. For M.C. of 24.5% the bulk density increased from 1.03 to 1.14ton/m3 but remained lower than that for unplowed soil 1.21ton /m3 but for operating depth of 20cm the bulk density increased from 1.019 to 1.10ton/m3

Tannins of T. aphylla L. leaves have been extracted, then number of preliminary qualitative chemical tests were carried out on the extract. The results revealed that the extract consist of four tannin compounds. In an attempt to assess the possible antioxidant activity for tannin extract of T. aphylla L. leaves, two assays were conducted. It was found that tannin extract possesses strong antioxidant activity (80.1%) as well as strong reducing power (increases as the extract concentration increases).