journal mustansiriyah of sports science

The research aimed to investigate the effect of the level of mental alertness on the Attacking performance of the players of the Iraqi Youth Handball Team participating in the Arab Championship in Najaf Al-Ashraf 2024. Accordingly, the experimental approach was followed, which aimed to understand the effect of the level of mental alertness on the Attacking performance of handball players through measurement and experimentation procedures. The current research community was determined by the Iraqi clubs, where two groups of players from the Iraqi handball team were selected, consisting of (14) players distributed among (7) players in the experimental group and (7) players in the control group. The valences of the two research groups were calculated in terms of ( The age of the players, the players’ previous Attacking performance, and their level of mental alertness (attention and concentration while playing). A training program focused on the level of mental alertness of handball players was implemented, which included various exercises such as attention and concentration exercises, sensory exercises, and quick response exercises. These exercises were distributed during the training sessions that lasted for 4 weeks, and 8 training sessions were implemented during this period.
A test was developed to evaluate the Attacking performance of handball players based on the effect of the level of mental alertness, and the results and conclusions confirmed the emergence of the effect of the level of mental alertness on the Attacking performance of the players of the Iraqi youth handball team in the 2024 Arab Championship. Based on the hypotheses, the results and conclusions confirmed differences between groups in estimates of offensive performance. After implementing the training program, which indicates the impact of the program on performance. As a result of the hypotheses, the researcher presented recommendations for future research on strengthening Attacking performance and the causes that affect it, with the aim of developing understanding and practice in this field in a deeper and more detailed way.

Reaching high athletic levels in all sports is linked to the integration and advancement of many physical, mental, skill, tactical, and other requirements, and the game of boxing is one of the games whose players are characterized by many requirements due to the nature of the performance in it, which is characterized by different and fast situations that require boxing players to have the ability to distinguish and move. With the surprises caused by the opponent also exploiting gaps in the opponent’s defense. The physical and motor skill and mental abilities are among the important basic requirements for the boxing player, which enable him to overcome many of the situations that occur during the competition as well as to continue playing with high effectiveness without falling in level throughout. Fighting rounds
. Hence, the researcher decided to study this problem and develop appropriate solutions for it by applying a problem-centered learning strategy in learning basic boxing skills for students. The researcher used the experimental method (one group with a pre- and post-test) to suit the nature of the research and its objectives. The research community consisted of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala for the academic year (2023-2024 AD), who numbered (247) students, and the main sample for the research was (12). Students representing the experimental group were given two familiarization units and a tribal news procedure. The curriculum was applied to the experimental group with 8 educational units for the skills under study

The study aimed to identify the level of organizational change and environmental adaptation and the role of organizational change in environmental adaptation among the administrations of institutional sports clubs in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher used the descriptive approach in both styles (survey and correlational) to suit the nature of his research problem. The research community consisted of (252) members. These clubs, which number (30) in Baghdad Governorate, (175) members were chosen as a constructive sample for the research. They were chosen by a simple random method (lottery) with a percentage of (69.44%) from the total research community. The constructive sample was divided into (15) members to represent the sample of the exploratory application with a proportion of (5.95%), and ( 160 members represent the statistical analysis sample, representing (63.49%), and (77) members represent the research application sample, representing (30.55%) of the total research population. The researcher used statistical bag methods (Spss). The researcher reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are:
1 -The administrations of institutional sports clubs in Baghdad Governorate enjoy a moderate level of organizational change and environmental adaptation.
2-There is a discrepancy in the level of adoption of organizational change plans by the administrations of institutional sports clubs in Baghdad Governorate, which is reflected in the level of environmental adaptation in those clubs.
In light of the conclusions, the researcher reached a number of recommendations, the most important of which are:
1 -Increasing the interest of the administrations of institutional sports clubs in Baghdad Governorate in supporting structured plans to develop the level of organizational change among their employees and enhancing them with the support of their sponsoring institutions.
2 -Urging the administrations of institutional sports clubs in Baghdad Governorate to optimally invest their resources, capabilities, and material and technical capabilities to enhance the dimensions of environmental adaptation among their employees.

The aim of the research is to prepare tests to develop explosive power and header scoring accuracy based on stability and movement for young football players, build tests to develop header scoring skills through stability and movement, develop special exercises to develop header scoring skills for young players, identify the extent of the impact of exercises and testing methods on developing explosive power and skill. Scoring with the head using stability and movement. The researcher used the experimental method because it suits the nature of the research. As for the research population and sample, the total research population reached (60) players from Baghdad clubs participating in the youth league. As for the research sample, the researcher deliberately chose three clubs, namely (Al-Zawraa, al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Force, and al-shorta). Then the researcher designed a test method to develop the skill of scoring with the head, including stability and movement, and designed special tests for this test method, where the researcher conducted the exploratory experiment and then conducted the pre-test on the research sample and the main experiment, and then the post-test in order to know the extent of development in the level of the players and the extent of their effectiveness. An experimental method for developing explosive power and head scoring skills, including stability and movement, In light of this, the researcher reached the following conclusions that the designed test method has a positive effectiveness in developing the skill of scoring with the head, including stability and movement. The special exercises used have a positive effect in developing the skill of scoring with the head, including stability and movement. Tests designed to develop the skill of scoring with the head, including stability and movement, are of great importance in developing this skill among young players. In light considering, the following recommendations were reached: adopting the experimental method designed to develop the skill of scoring with the head, including stability and movement, as a testing and training method.
. Using the exercises under study in training and focusing on the player’s mastery of the skill of scoring with the head according to the testing method. Using the experimental method designed to develop the skill of scoring with the head for other groups, whether young or advanced.

The research problem is summarized in the following question: Is the explosive power of the legs developed by using deep jumping at different heights? Is the accuracy of shooting high jumping developed by using deep jumping at different heights?
The research aims to identify the effect of deep jumping exercises at different heights on the explosive power of the legs of junior handball players. As well as to identify the effect of deep jumping exercises at different heights on the accuracy of shooting high jumping among junior handball players.
The researchers assumed that there were significant differences in the (pre-post) test for the experimental and control groups for the explosive power of the legs in favor of the post-test. There were also significant differences in the (pre-post) test for the experimental and control groups for the accuracy of shooting high jumping in favor of the post-test. In addition to the presence of significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the test (post-post) in the variables of explosive power of the legs and accuracy of shooting by high jump in favor of the experimental group.
The researchers used the experimental method with the experimental and control groups. The research sample consisted of (16) players from Diyala Sports Club aged (15-17) years, and they were divided randomly by lottery into two groups (8) players for each group (experimental and control).
The researchers concluded that deep jumping exercises have a positive effect on explosive power of the legs, and that deep jumping exercises have a positive effect on accuracy of shooting by high jumping in handball. The researchers recommended the necessity of using deep jumping exercises in training curricula that target the development of muscle strength and some attacking skills in handball

The research aimed to identify the effect of educational units using the generative learning model in learning some basic handball skills and retaining them for students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The research problem came from the researcher’s observation in this field that he found there is a weakness in the use of modern learning models and their application in the field. Education and teaching of practical lessons, relying only on recitation by the teacher and reception by the student. Hence the importance of the research lies in helping physical education teachers use the generative learning model, which helps in improving some of the students’ basic handball skills. The researcher used the experimental method. By designing two equal groups, the researcher identified the research population, which is the second-year students for the academic year (2022-2023) in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, who number (150) students. The research sample, using a simple random method, amounted to (36), with (18) students for each group, where Some students were excluded for various reasons. Homogeneity and equality were conducted for the two groups in the pre-test, then the main experiment was applied for the research, and then the post-test was conducted. A set of statistical methods were used to reach the results of the research, and then the results were presented and discussed

The game of football contains many different situations and situations during play, training or competition, which requires the player to be prepared and highly focused
Paying attention and understanding situations and how to move to address situations, behavior and tactical thinking, that is, harmony between tactical information with the basic skills that result in achieving victory, if the two researchers considered the importance of tactical thinking in facing dangerous play for this study, and they are considered among the important aspects in the numbers of players in the Iraqi League for first-class clubs. Football.
Research problem: Through the researcher’s experience as a football player, he noted that it is necessary to know tactical thinking and risky play, as well as to know if there is a relationship between tactical thinking and risky play and how strong this relationship is for players the Iraqi League for first-class football clubs.
The objectives of the research are to identify the level of tactical thinking among football players of Al-Sikka Club, the Iraqi League for first-class clubs. Identifying the risky behavior of Al-Sikkat Club football players, the Iraqi league for first-class clubs. Identifying the relationship between tactical thinking and risk behavior among Sikak Club football players
Iraqi League for First Division Clubs.
The research hypothesis: There is a statistically significant relationship between tactical thinking and risky play among football players of the Sikak Club of the Iraqi League for first-class clubs.
Research methodology: The researcher used the descriptive approach using the linked relationships method because it is the most appropriate method for the nature of the problem and achieving the objectives of the study. Therefore, the research community was determined for the players of the Iraqi League for first-class football clubs, as their number reached (100) players, and the researcher chose Al-Sikka Club, which numbered (22) players. To form the research sample, the researchers adopted the intentional method in selecting the sample from the researcher’s population and for the proximity of the sample. The research sample was assigned 2 players, a pilot experiment, 20 players, then the research variables were applied to them, and after applying the tests, the raw results were collected and tabulated, from which the researchers reached conclusions.
There is an inverse correlation between tactical thinking and risky play among players in the Iraqi League of First Division Football Clubs.
The researchers recommended the application of the two scales of tactical thinking and risky play by the training staff and specialists to identify the difficulties and problems facing the players because of what the two scales contain

The study aims to identify the relationship between organizational loyalty among physical education teachers and the attitudes of their students
Towards scouting, the researcher used the descriptive method using survey methods and correlational relationships on the sample
It reached (80) for sports education teachers in Baqubah District, the center of Diyala Governorate, and after distributing research tools to them and collecting data and processing it statistically, and through the results, the researcher reached the most important conclusions, including: The degree of organizational loyalty among sports education teachers is very good towards the educational institution to which they belong. . The degree of their students’ attitudes towards scouting is high compared to the hypothesized mean. There is a significant correlation between the two scales and their dimensions and fields, except for the field of scouting arts. In addition, organizational loyalty explains a percentage (0.084) of students’ attitudes toward scouting. The researcher recommends the following:
It is necessary to pay attention to students’ trends and increase their desire to participate in scouting activities in a way that enhances their loyalty towards patriotism. Conducting other research on organizational loyalty and job satisfaction among school principals at all levels and from the point of view of physical education teachers and their role in the participation of their students in sports and scouting activities for both genders

The research aims to prepare exercises as an aid to develop the deception skill of young players by preparing exercises that are applied as an aid to develop the skill. The aim of the research is to Prepare exercises as an aid to develop the deception skill.
The research assumed There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests for the experimental and control groups in developing the deception skill of the research sample. As for the research methodology and procedures The research was conducted on the handball team of the specialized schools in Baghdad for the Cubs category, and the number of players was 20 players, The researcher used the experimental method with the experimental and control groups in the pre- and post-tests, the researcher concluded that The special exercises prepared by the researcher using the assistive method had a positive role in developing the deception skill of the research sample.

The introduction and importance of the research included attention to special exercises because of their impact on developing the basic movements of the completely blind students in the research sample, as the sense of sight plays a very important role in the process of interaction that takes place between a person and his environment, in addition to the fact that the largest part of education takes place through the sense of sight, this sense is responsible for coordinating and organizing the impressions that are received through the other senses. Thus, the visually disabled person lives in a narrow, limited world as a result of his disability, and he wishes he could get rid of it and go out into the world of sighted people. He has psychological needs that he cannot satisfy, and social trends that try to isolate him from the sighted community, and he faces situations in which there are types of conflict and anxiety. All of this leads the visually disabled person to... lives in poor mental health, as well as weakness in performing basic movements.
This may lead him to poor adaptation to his surrounding environment and difficulty in carrying out his daily life. From here the problem of the research became clear, as it was found that disabled people with visual impairment (the blind) have a clear weakness in basic movements (walking, jumping, changing direction). In order to find the development of these movements, the researcher decided to prepare special exercises in order to help the blind person develop some of his basic movements and practice them properly to help him. To carry on his daily life.
The researcher also followed the experimental approach with one experimental group with two pre- and post-tests to suit the nature of the study, and after the research population was determined from the students of Al-Noor Institute for the Visually Impaired by (18) students, the research sample was determined intentionally, where (8) students were identified for the group. Experimental, where special exercises were applied for a period of (12) weeks, with (2) educational units per week, and only the main part of the educational program was targeted. Before and after applying the exercises, basic movement tests were conducted (walking, jumping, and changing direction), and the program used the statistical package (SPSS) to analyze the results. After conducting the necessary statistical treatments, the study concluded that the special exercises prepared by the researcher had an impact on some basic movements (walking, jumping, and changing direction) with statistical significance between the pre- and post-tests and in favor of the post-test.
The results of the study also showed that there were statistically significant differences in the variables of the study (walking, jumping, and changing direction) and in favor of the post-tests of the experimental group.
The researcher recommended several recommendations, the most important are: the need for teachers to know the extent of the impact of special exercises, develop educational programs to develop the capabilities of blind students, and involve parents in Training and educational courses and programs to increase their awareness of the importance of self-reliance in their children’s future lives.

The searcher aims to: Identifying the effect of the instructional program on the development of the motivation to achieve success for intermediate running players.
The purpose of choosing the research community was to include all the players of the first-class team (youth) for short-distance running activities, as the number of the original research reached (59) players, and the research sample was ten players, who were randomly divided by lottery into the experimental group, numbered (5) players, and controlled . group numbers (5) players that selected randomly through random sampling because the players were first-class players, youth that aged 16-18 years old..
the researchers concluded that:-
1- The guidance program has a positive effect on the development of motivation for short and medium running games for youth.
2- There are statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group that received the guidance program compared to the control group that did not participate in the guidance program.

The importance of intensive lactic exercises is highlighted as one of the significant training methods that help in developing the abilities of runners. This type of training contributes to enhancing physical capacities such as special strength endurance and special speed endurance. The research problem, observed by the researchers, is the weakness in strength endurance and speed endurance due to the lack of using lactic exercises, which negatively impacted these abilities and thus the performance. The researcher used the experimental method on a single sample consisting of five (5) runners for the 200-meter race. Specific tests for strength endurance, speed endurance, and the performance of the 200-meter run were determined. The researcher conducted pre-tests and then applied the proposed exercises by the athletes' coach, which were based on intensive lactic exercises, for a period of three months. After completing the training, post-tests were conducted. The research concluded that the use of intensive lactic exercises works on developing speed endurance, strength endurance, and the performance of 200-meter runners under the age of 19. It was suggested to adopt the proposed intensive lactic exercises for young runners in the 200-meter event

in accordance with the condition of forced turnover legislated by the International Law of the Game; It leads us to the need for students to possess the ability to coordinate and know how to move with accuracy in motor performance in the most attacking and defensive skills.
From the above, a problem emerged for the researcher, the first reason for which was the necessary method to improve the special cognitive aspects of students in the fourth stage, especially if we know that these skills are interconnected with each other during play, so improving Knowledge in making appropriate decisions in moving among members of one team is very important in The goal of these attack and defense strategies is successful. The other reason that reinforced the size of the problem is that the researcher felt, as a result of her observation and field follow-up, that some, but not all, of the volleyball teachers and coaches, when teaching and training attack and defense plans , may not show interest in their choices of optimal educational exercises or lack of Pairing and interfering between the form of the plan according to the pentagram strategy and integrating prior knowledge of movement and accuracy of decision-making by the coordinators of the plan group, whether attacking or defensive. I used a tightly controlled design for the experimental and control groups with (12) students for each group, each group consisting of (6) Members of the team from the beginning of the experiment in order to ensure harmony between the two research groups throughout the duration of the experiment. The study resulted in improving the level of knowledge and harmony among members of one group, as well as the development of attack and defense strategies in volleyball for fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Science.

Many societies have some sports that play a pivotal role in enhancing human physical strength and martial arts and preserving religious values and beliefs. The most prominent of these traditional heroic sports are Zurkhaneh and Sumo, two sports that have their historical origins in the Iranian and Japanese cultural heritage.
The research aims at shed light on the historical origins, symbolic rituals, and traditional elements of the sports of Zurkhaneh and Sumo, and to highlight the distinctive characteristics of the sports of Zurkhaneh and Sumo through objective analysis and comparison.
The methodology used in this research is the historical approach, using the method of comparative analysis. This method includes analyzing information derived from scientific sources and historical and cultural literature related to the sports of Zurkhaneh and Sumo, in a manner consistent with enhancing understanding and awareness of the sports of Zurkhaneh and Sumo through exploring their historical origins, religious rituals, and cultural traditions.
The most important conclusions were that both sports, Zurkhaneh and Sumo, have deep historical roots and great cultural importance in their societies, still, they differ in origins, historical development, spread, and global recognition.
The most important recommendations were the necessity of archiving historical information about traditional sports to preserve cultural heritage and provide information to researchers and those interested.

The research aims at prepare a scale for psychological endurance among elite handball league players, to identify the type of relationship between psychological endurance and the effectiveness of performance of some defensive skills for elite handball league players. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of three clubs from the elite handball league participating in the 2023-2024 sports season. The research sample was deliberately selected for players from the clubs (Al-Hashd, Al-Talaba, Al-Karkh) with (54) players. The goalkeepers were excluded from the work sample as well as the players who did not participate at all in the matches, so the work settled on (38) players. The sample was divided into a sample of the exploratory experiment, numbering (4) players, and a sample for preparing the scale and application, numbering (34) players. The researcher (Hussein, 2004) used the psychological endurance scale, which consists of (33) phrases. To complete the steps of preparing the study scale, the scientific foundations were used to prepare the scale, as the researchers conducted a statistical analysis of the scale phrases. Then, the researchers, along with the assistant work team, applied the scale and performance effectiveness to the research sample, which numbered (34) players. The researchers concluded that 33 phrases were prepared, distributed over 6 areas, for the psychological endurance scale for elite handball league players. The results showed the significance of psychological endurance for elite handball league players using the scale that was presented to them, and the existence of a significant correlation between performance effectiveness and the psychological endurance scale for some defensive skills for elite handball league players. The importance of psychological endurance in enhancing players' performance in defensive aspects, which enhances their ability to achieve positive results in matches.

the research aims at build and codify a measure of the cognitive style of first-class referees in the Iraqi league. As for the areas of research, the human field included first-class referees of the Iraqi football league for the season (2023 - 2024) in the central and southern regions, and the time frame was determined for the period from (22/6/2024) until (2/2/2024) As for the spatial field, it includes the halls and stadiums of the investigated clubs in the central and southern regions.
The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method, and the research sample consisted of (191) judges. The research sample was chosen intentionally and numbered (160) judges, distributed as follows, where the scale was applied to the sample of the exploratory experiment, numbering (10) on (1/3/2024), and their percentage from the research population (6.25%). As for the construction sample, the scale was applied to a sample consisting of (90) judges during the period from (20/4/2024 to 15/3/2024). Their percentage of the research population was (56.25%). As for the codification sample, the scale was applied to a sample consisting of (60). (Definitely during the period from (2/6/2024 to 5/1/024) and their percentage of the research community (37.5%), the (SPSS) system was used to obtain the research results, it is as the following:
• A tool was built and codified to measure the cognitive style of referees.
• The cognitive style of referees plays a prominent role in improving the level of referees’ performance in football.
The researcher recommended.
• Adopting a cognitive style scale for first-class football referees
• The cognitive style scale can be used by coaches periodically during the sports season, which allows identifying this psychological variable and how to identify referees’ weak areas and how to develop them.
• Preparing training courses and programs for referees for the purpose of developing mental processes (cognitive style) because of its importance in the level of performance.

The speed events are interesting events that have special physical requirements in order to achieve outstanding results and compete internationally, in order to pay attention to individual games, especially the age groups of juniors in athletics. The 400m event is a fast running event with difficult requirements in terms of special physical abilities required to achieve the achievement, as this race requires a tremendous amount of speed, endurance and strength in addition to the requirements of willpower, determination and continued struggle. Reaching the best high levels in this race requires a high level of important elements and qualities of physical fitness and the training of this category of racers is focused on and endure the strength characteristic of speed through exercises of Kinetic link that help develop muscles and raise their physical ability and then affect the improvement of achievement. Resistance exercises with rubber ropes is the training method of modern training arena.

The research aims at identifying the effect of exercises accompanied by therapeutic methods to rehabilitate the sciatic labrum injury of football players. The researchers used the experimental method to suit it for applying the research and its procedures, using an experimental design with pre-, inter-, and post-measurements on one experimental group. This research is based on a sample that represents the research population with partial tear of the hip labrum from the age of (18:28) players registered in the Iraqi Football Association in first-class clubs. The research sample was chosen intentionally. Their number reached (17) cases for the doctor’s diagnosis based on the results of the x-rays. The largest concentration of infected cases was calculated over a period of (10) years and was found to fall between (18:28) years. (2) were drawn as an exploratory sample, (1) was excluded for non-compliance, and the remainder (14) were for the experimental sample. The research results have shown that the positive effect of existing exercises. There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements in favor of the post-measurement for the group. Rehabilitation exercises have a positive effect on those with partial tear of the hip labrum. Rehabilitation exercises influence restoring the range of motion and flexibility of the muscles working on the joint among members of the research sample.

Preparing special exercises for the players of the Sports Talent Center in basketball, aged over (14) years. Identifying the effect of exercises on the psychological fitness of the players of the Sports Talent Center in basketball, aged over (14) years. Identifying the effect of special exercises on the skill performance and the level of chest handling and jumping scoring skills of the players of the Sports Talent Center in basketball, aged over (14) years. Identifying the effect of special exercises on the psychological fitness of the members of the experimental research sample. To identify the effect of special exercises on skill performance and on the skills of chest handling and jumping scoring among basketball players of the Sports Talent Center over (14) years of age. The researcher assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the results of the pre-tests and the results of the post-tests for the experimental and control groups in the psychological fitness and the skill performance of the skills of handling and scoring in basketball of the research sample, there were statistically significant differences between the results of the pre-tests and the results of the post-tests for the experimental and control groups in the skill performance and of the skills of handling and scoring among the individuals of the research sample under study. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability to the research sample, and the research sample included the sports talent basketball players, numbering (25) players. The sample of the exploratory experiment is (5) players, leaving the remaining (20) players who were divided into two experimental groups of (10) players and a control group of (10) player who were randomly selected. They are part of the research community and their percentage is (80%) of the research community. The special exercises, included the variable of psychological fitness and its scale (by Dr. Omar Ali Hassan Allah Murad 2020-2019), skill exercises, presentation of the results, analysis and discussion, and statistical treatments using the statistical method (SPSS).

The physical qualities and their influential role in the development of sporting events, including the qualities of agility and coordination, which are among the important movement variables affecting bow and arrow event shooters because they are linked to physical components and characteristics that affect effectiveness, and that is their contribution to the activities affecting the sport of bow and arrow, especially skill, including shooting accuracy. From this, the importance has emerged to investigate the extent of the effect of special training for the elements of agility and coordination, because of their importance to bow and arrow players, as they help in changing their movements in the extent of performance of coordination and agility in the performance of shooting accuracy, which helps the archer to control his body in a steady state or during performance. As for the problem of the research, it is determined in the basic requirements of the shooter in terms of developing agility and coordination in order to be able to raise the efficiency of the shooter, since developing these two skills in shooting accuracy is the basis of the game. One of the objectives of the research is the extent of the impact of special training in developing agility and coordination in the shooting accuracy of the sample members, as there are statistically significant differences between the results of the tests in developing agility and coordination and their effect on shooting accuracy among the research sample of young bow and arrow archers. The researcher used the experimental method with pre- and post-tests and a single group design. As for the research sample, they were chosen by lottery and they are players. The special center for young bow and arrow archers, numbering (6) archers out of a total of (8) archers from the research community and (2) dimensions the arithmetic mean of the players’ weights was (61.4) with a standard deviation of (7.08), while the arithmetic mean of the players’ height was (1.724) with a standard deviation of (0.175), and the arithmetic mean of the players’ ages was (16.667) with a standard deviation of (0.916). of the exploratory experiment, which trained them and then conducted the experiment for the pre-test, on 2/5/2024 at exactly four o’clock in the afternoon. In the amount of (2) training units, for a period of (8) weeks, and a total of (16) training units, where exercises are given for the main section of the training unit, where the researcher concluded that there are statistical differences between the pre- and post-tests and in favor of the post-test in agility and agreement in shooting accuracy in Bow and arrow. The researcher came up with recommendations, including conducting periodic training tests for players by coaches for the purpose of revealing their weak points in performing other skills and abilities for other games. With bow and arrow.

The importance of this study appears in building a model of causal relationships between some characteristics of players and the speed of complex skill performance among young football players. This model includes a set of variables that can directly or indirectly affect the performance of players, and through the work of the researcher in teaching and training, he noticed that there are differences between players in the speed of skill performance composite between one player and another, and this case drew the attention of the researcher and worked to study it scientifically and accurately by building a model of causal relationships between the speed of skill performance composite We used the descriptive approach on a sample of (150) players from the youth teams and the researcher By identifying the tests and building the model, it was reached to develop a scientific research tool concerned with measuring the speed of the composite skill performance of young football players and recommended the use of the sports model that was reached in making appropriate decisions on the inclusion of players in youth football club teams

The study aims at identifying some dimensions of competition anxiety and sports achievement motivation among young players of some Baghdad Premier League football clubs, and to identify simple correlation coefficients between the implication of sports competition anxiety and sports achievement motivation. The research sample consists of players from some Baghdad Premier League clubs, which numbered (192) players. The Data was collected using a measure of sports competition anxiety and sports achievement motivation. Many conclusions were reached, including that there is great harmony between the implication of sports competition anxiety and the motivation to achieve success for football players. Harmony was found between the dimensions of sports competition anxiety and the motivation to avoid failure. In the research sample, there are direct effects of physical anxiety with the two implications of motivation for athletic to success, and the motivation to avoid failure. The direct effects of self-confidence in the two dimensions of motivation for athletic achievement were positive with the motivation for achieving success.

The aim of research is to
-The study aimed to prepare educational units using the group strategy according to Slavin’s model in learning some Basic handball skills.
The researcher used the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests, on a sample of second-grade middle school students, numbering 46 students who were distributed equally into the two research groups. The results of the post-tests showed that there were statistically significant differences between the results of the two groups in favor of the experimental group. The researcher also recommended the necessity of benefiting from the educational units prepared using the Clique group strategy according to Slavin's model in learning some skills Basic handball

The importance of the research was represented by using the Reigeluth model in teaching the skills of handling and shooting handball to students and introducing it into the educational and developmental units of this game. As for the research problem, through the researcher's field experience as a physical education teacher at Jaafar Al-Naqdi Intermediate School in Maysan, the researcher found the use of modern educational methods and models, including the Reigeluth model, which gives a wide space in information to the learner through which he has extensive experiences to confront any problem that he may face while performing any sports skill, which prompted the researcher to use the Reigeluth model in teaching the skills of handling and shooting handball to students. The most important goals were to identify the effect of special exercises according to the Reigeluth model in learning the accuracy of handling and shooting handball for students. To know the preference of the effect between the experimental and control groups and to learn the accuracy of the performance of handling and shooting handball for students, as for the research methodology, the researcher used the experimental method because it is compatible with the nature of the research problem, choosing the method of two equal groups with pre- and post-tests, and the research community and its sample were fourth-grade scientific students in Jaafar Al-Naqdi Intermediate School in Maysan for the year (2024-2023) numbering (24), they were distributed into two groups (control, experimental) equally in a random manner, and through the results obtained from the pre-post tests based on the research results that were reached within the limits of the research community, it was possible to reach the following conclusions, the educational curriculum according to the Reigeluth model contributed to learning the skills of handling and shooting in handball for fourth-grade scientific students in Jaafar Al-Naqdi Intermediate School, the steps of this model helped to increase the manifestations of attention to performing the skill in the best way among the research sample, which encouraged them to acquire information and reach the presentation of ideas. The researcher recommends several recommendations: adopting educational units with the Reigeluth model in teaching basic handball skills to students in the remaining stages of the stage as a successful educational curriculum, and the necessity of urging teachers of handball and other games to use the Reigeluth model in teaching