Journal of University of Babylon

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Morphological and histological aspects on the optic tectum of (Buzzard) were studied to describe the size ,position and the strurtural variation that related to bird behavior and function. The results of morphological aspects revealed that the optic tectum was large and thick . Its position was lateral and below the cerebral hemisphere. Histological aspects of this organ was studied with the using of rotary microtome and slides stained with Haematoxyline and Eosin (H&E) and periodic acid schift reagent (PAS) methods . The results of microscopic examination indicated that optic tectum was divided in to : Superficial layers which constitutes the stratum opticum (SO) and Deep layers which constitutes the stratum griseumcentrale(SGC) ,the stratum album centrale (SAC) and the stratum griseumperiventriculare (SGP). The majority population of neurons especially of different sizesfound in the stratum griseumcentrale (SGC) . optic fibers were displayed different patterns and orientations in various tectum .

Data summarization is a data mining technique to summarize huge data in few understandable knowledge. Attribute-Oriented Induction(AOI) is a data summarization algorithm, it suffer from overgeneralization problem. In this paper, we use an entropy measure to enhance generalization process, feature selection, and stop condition. Experimental results show that the proposed technique will reduce the effect of overgeneralization problem

The process of categorizing Internet traffic in forwarding machine called packet classification. This process becomes very important in the last years, due to the huge evolution for the network services.
This paper explains a taxonomy for the most popular and modern packet classification algorithms with its distinct features.As a result, this paper will guide the interested in packet classification field how can choose a suitable algorithm according to network service requirements.

Email has become one of the fastest and most economical forms of communication. However, the increase of email users have resulted in the dramatic increase of spam emails during the past few years.
Association rule mining has a wide range of applicability such market basket analysis,and medical diagnosis/ research and so on. This paper explains and study a taxonomy for the spam email classification by association rules in details.

This approach designed for checking the fake websites as an attempt to prevent Phishing attempts which includes criminally and fraudulently operations to acquire sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords and credit card details information.
The system will combine two techniques in order to notify Phishing one is based on the semantic web contents which might contain malicious intents (i.e. semantically checking verification of the integrity of the websites using a cryptographic one way hash function).
The second technique is supporting user reporting to the system's database to keep track of the user's experiences with fake websites.
Similar techniques still based on the manual monitoring and users reports while the proposed system implementation as plug-Ins as well as web based will assist to block any website might contain suspected contents in its behavior beside reports to ensure more security while surfing.

In this work, B3LYP density functional theory was employed to calculate the effect of cyano substituent group on the electronic properties of benzene molecule. These properties include the total energy, electronic states, energy gap, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, hardness, softness and electrophilic index. As a result, the total energy for the studied molecules was decreased linearly with increasing the cyano groups number and the cyanobenzene molecules are more soft with small energy gap in comparison with benzene. Increasing the cyano substituent added to the ring give the molecule more electrophilicity and more reactivity.

This paper is devoted to the study of the general properties of and Orlicz sequence space.

In this paper calculate the lower and upper Hausdorff measure for fractal sets while give these set parameter , we will generalized the main theorem in (Dehua, Meifeng 2007) on other fractal sets with different parameters.

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There are several materials which have negative effect on the genetic material. Scientific studies in many well-known universities all over the world confirm that water pollutants are one of the materials which have great impact on the DNA.
This study aimed to clarify the effect of environmental pollution on some genetic processes of Rat. The study include three groups, the first one is the control group which treated with tap water, the second group treated with cyclophosphomide in single acute dose (20 mg/kg) , and the last one treated with industrial waste water collected from Hilla fabric factory.
Chromosomal aberrations were used as an index to evaluate the relationship between the genetic processes and water pollution. The results clearly shows the significance increase in both structural and numerical chromosomes, there is a significance increase in Chromosome break, aneuploidy, Analytical chromosome, chromosome breakage, and Ring chromosome.
The industrial water pollutant show a high increase in the acceptable limits set by WHO. This increase has a great effect on chromosome aberrations both structural and numerical.
The predominant types of aberrations by exposure to industrial pollution were centromeric attenuation, break and ring, gap and end to end association.

An immunological study were performed to estimation the concentrations of immunoglobulin IgE , IL-4 , IL-13 and PGE2 by ELISA , calculate the total and differential WBCs counts of patients with asthma , as well as the relationship between this disease and gender in Babylon province . The study reveals that the IgE and IL – 4 levels were significantly increased (p<0.05) in patients (second and third age categories ) compared with healthy subject . The results illustrated that the patients show a significant elevation in IL – 13 levels in first (p<0.01) , second (p<0.05) and third (p<0.01) age categories respectively compared with control group ;furthermore, the study revealed that the concentration of prostaglandin –E2 (PGE2) show highly significant elevation (p<0.05) in patients compared with healthy individuals . The results displays that there is no significant differences (p<0.05) in total WBCs count between patients and control group , and the same results was in means of neutrophils , lymphocytes and monocytes ; while there were significantly increased (p<0.05) in eosinophils (first and second groups ) and basophils (all groups) in patients compared with healthy subject ,furthermore, the results reveals increased ratio of disease in females compared with males .

A study of 61 patients suffering from acute and chronic hydatid cyst disease, were selected randomly, was done in Hilla Teaching Hospital, three private hospitals and in private clinics in Hilla City during the period from September 2011 to June 2012. The patients ranged from (15- ≥64) years old of both sex (49 females and 12 males) , Also, there are 15 confirmed hydatid cyst – free individuals were employed as a control group in the present study.In addition, the present study was applied on 15 hydatid cyst-infected sheep and on 5 hydatid cyst-free sheep as a control group in Hilla abattoir station.
Two mil. of blood sample was taken from each infected subject (human and sheep) , and from their control group too. Then transported to the hematological laboratories for counting total and differential white blood cells.
The study results revealed that there were significant differences in both TWBCs and DWBCs in both studied subjects(infected human and infected sheep) when be compared with their control groups:
Since ,there are different percentages of lymphocytes , neutrophils and eosinophils (which were differed significantly) , were presented in both studied groups. While , the present study did not show any significance difference within both studied groups in relation to their bloods percentages of monocytes and basophils respectively.

Background: Pesticides cause ecological problems which may result in immediate mass mortality and biological magnifications.Objectives: To study the effect of organophosphorus on liver of male mice.Material and Methods: Male Balb/c mice weighing 30-35 gm, 60 days old, were treated orally with monocrotophos(1/3 LD50,1.8 mg/kg bw) and methyl parathion (1/3 LD50 ,2.8 mg/kg bw) for 30 days. The liver weight, and aminotransferase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in homogenates were estimated.Results: The present study revealed the levels of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferases and alanine aminotransferases, were significantly (p<0.05) increased in liver with all of the two organophosphates.Conclusion: It has been concluded that (monocrotophos and methyl parathion) caused increased in the levels of phosphatase and aminotransferase as well as decreased in liver weight.

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The ab initio restricted Hartree-Fock method is used to simulate the electronic structure of aluminum arsenide nanocrystals consists of (216-738 atoms) with sizes ranging up to about 2.5 nm in diameter. The calculations are divided into two parts, surface and core. The oxygenated (001)-(1×1) facet that expands with larger sizes of nanocrystals is investigated to determine the rule of the surface in nanocrystals electronic structure. Results show that lattice constant and ionicity of the core part are decreasing by increasing the size of nanocrystals. The smallest investigated nanocrystal is 1.83% larger in lattice constant and 13.5% larger in ionicity than the converged value of largest investigated nanocrystal. Increasing nanocrystals size also resulted in an increase of core cohesive energy (absolute value), increase of core energy gap, and increase of the core valence bandwidth. The surface states are found mostly non-degenerated because of the effect of surface discontinuity and oxygen atoms. The method shows fluctuations in the converged energy gap, valence bandwidth and cohesive energy of core part of nanocrystals duo to shape variation. The present work suggests the addition of ionicity and lattice constant to the quantities that are affected by quantum confinement phenomenon. The method of the present model has threefold results; it can be used to approach the electronic structure of crystals bulk, surface, and nanocrystals.

This research has presented an alternative-novel ,easy, fast and no contamination. Noble metal gold Nps was prepared by pulsed (Q-switched , step method for preparation of pure and stable noble metal versatile Nanoparticles in a high ablation rate and size selected manner with a high concentration,long period of stability, less aggregation, non toxic and (1064 and 532) nm doubled frequency-Nd:YAG) laser ablation of gold metal plates immersed in double diand deionised water( DDDW). The optimum preparation parameters had been optimized for the best formation efficiency of pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) process, which are laser shots is 20 pulses laser energy in 600 mJ , liquid depth is (10) mm. TEM images and size distribution of Au particles obtained in distilled water at different wavelengths have been confirmed .

In this work, effect of addition ferrous chloride(FeCl2) on some A.C and D.C properties of polystyrene have been investigated .For this purpose ,the PS films with (FeCl2) additive prepared with different percentages and different thicknesses. The experimental results showed that the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, A.C electrical conductivity are changed with change the concentration of additional salts and frequency of applied electrical field ,also, the results showed that the D.C electrical conductivity and activation energy are effected with change the concentration of additional salt and temperature .

Kinetic and mechanism studies of the oxidation of Formic acid(FA) by Cerium sulphate have been carried out in acid medium of sulphuric acid. The UV- Vis. Spectrophotometric technique was used to follow up the reaction and the selected wavelength to be followed was 320 nm. The kinetic study showed that the order of reaction is first order in Ce(IV) and fractional(0.66) in FA. The effect of using different concentration of sulphuric acid on the rate of the reaction has been studied and it was found that the rate decreased with increasing the acid concentration. Classical organic tests was used to identify the product of the oxidation reaction, the product was just bubbles of CO2.

The present work deals with the electronic structure of inorganic molecules in form ring, containing semiconductor atoms. Cyclobutadiene is the original ring before adding the silicon atoms and amino radicals. The present study includes six ring molecules . One quantum method is used to find the electronic properties of the studied molecules; it's: density functional theory with B3LYP/3-21G** level, it used to investigate the ionizations potential, electron affinity, chemical potential, total energy, energy gap, dipole moment and hardness. Calculations are carried out by employing the Gaussian 2003 program.
The silabutadiene molecules are more reactive, also hardness and energy gap decrease with increasing of silicon atoms and amino radicals added compare with the original ring, this means that adding silicon atoms lead to new electronic materials .

In this work a new pyrazole heterocyclic compounds has been prepared from Schiff base as a starting materials then reduction of the Schiff base with NaBH4 which gave the secondary amine (the starting material). The heterocyclic compounds prepared form the hydrazid derivatives. The compounds were identified by melting point , FTIR (KBr disc) , TLC the prepared compounds may have biological activity. All compounds names according to the chem. Draw version12 2010. In this work a new pyrazole heterocyclic compounds has been prepared from Schiff base as a starting materials then reduction of the Schiff base with NaBH4 which gave the secondary amine (the starting material). The heterocyclic compounds prepared form the hydrazid derivatives. The compounds were identified by melting point , FTIR (KBr disc) , TLC the prepared compounds may have biological activity. All compounds names according to the chem. Draw version12 2010.

In this paper, study the of effect cobalt chloride on optical properties of poly (methyl methacrylate). The samples of composites were prepared using casting method with different concentrations of cobalt chloride (0,1,2,3) wt.%. The optical properties have been studied in the wavelength range (200-800)nm. The results show that the optical properties ( absorption coefficient, energy gap) and optical constants ( refractive index, extinction coefficient and dielectric constants) change with increase of the cobalt chloride concentration.

The assessment of water quality is very important for knowing its suitability for various purposes. Water quality index (WQI) indicates the quality of water in terms of index number for any intended use. It is defined as a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters were taken for calculation of water quality index. In the present study, ground water samples were gathered from two regions located at Basrah governorate during culturing period in Autumn 2011. They are Bergussia and Zubair. Ten well samples were taken from each region for analyzing twelve parameters they are: electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO3-), total hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca+2), Magnesium (Mg+2), Chloride (Cl-), Sulphate (SO4-2), Nitrite (NO2-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Boron (B+). The evaluation of water suitability of present study for human drinking and other domestic purposes was achieved by means of WQI depending on guideline values of WHO (2006) for : electrical conductivity , total hardness, Calcium , Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate , Nitrite, Nitrate, Sodium , Potassium and Boron. Values of WQI ranged from 2052 to 3511 at Burgussia and from 2219 to 3743 at Zubair and rated unfit to human consumption according to the classification of Tiwari and Mishra (1985). These values belong to high water electrical conductivity and chloride of the studied wells comparable with other parameters. Also, correlation coefficient support this interpretation where there are strong positively correlation between WQI values and both electrical conductivity and chloride values (0.997, 0.919 respectively).While in the assessment of ground water quality for irrigation, electrical conductivity at 25°C (ECW), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), chloride, boron, bicarbonate and nitrate were used to calculation WQI values which ranged from 67.41 to 77.99 at Burjessia and from 67.43 to 77.48 at Zubair. These values associated with both ECW and Cl- in a strong negatively correlation (-0.968, -0.969 respectively).

A simple and facial flow injection method coupled with spectrophotometer detection was developed to determination of copper(II). The FIA system based on the reaction of Copper (II) with 4-(6-bromo-2-benzothiazolylazo) pyrogallol (4-Br-BTAP) at pH 5.8 with an absorption maximum at 570 nm. The optimum FIA variables were investigated. The proposed method has a linear calibration range 0.01-7.0 μg.mL-1 of copper(II) with the regression whereas the observed detection limit was 0.008 μg.mL-1 and the percentage of recovery of 103.64%. The proposed method was shown good precision with relative standard deviations was 0.96%. The sampling frequency was 120 determinations per hour. The method has been applied to the determination of copper in filling and metallic wire.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) was prepared with different molecular weight by bulk polymerization (M = 0.578 x 105 , 1.28x105 & 1.64 x 105 g/mole). Film of PMMA with TiCl3 salt additive ranged from (1-5%) cast from chloroform solutions onto glass plates (the films thickness was ~ 100μm) . The experimental results show the relationship between electrical properties & Viscosity average molecular weight. (DC conductivity) increased three order of magnitud with increasing molecular weight, the Eac (activation energy) values accordingly decrease as the average molecular weight increase. On the other hand , increased by several orders of magnitude with increasing TiCl3 content and applied temperature ranged from (40-100)0C. The activation energy is also determined and found to decrease with increasing salt content.

The presence of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) vector leads to differential group delay (DGD) among the polarization components, while the presence of polarization dependent loss (PDL) vector leads to attenuating one of the components and increases the other by a magnitude determined by PDL value. The study of each phenomenon individually does not give a proper description of the physical nature of the optical fiber system, because these two phenomena arise together at the same time. In this paper, we examine the combined PMD and PDL to generate random vectors at the concatenation sections as well as the total PMD vector. The derivation of the complex PMD vector formula of single section and concatenation sections leads to explain the properties of DGD and orthogonality of principal states of polarization (PSPs). However, new recursive formulas were found to the complex PMD vector, which are applied to illustrate the related random quantities.

A systematic study for and energies for even-even 20-32Mg by means of large-scale shell model calculations using the effective interaction USDB and USDBPN with SD and SDPN model space respectively. The reduced transition probability were also calculated for the chain of Mg isotopes. Very good agreement were obtained by comparing the first and levels for all isotopes with the recently available experimental data and with the previous theoretical work using 3DAMP+GCM model, but studying the transition strengths for Mg isotopes using constant proton-neutron effective charges prove the limitations of the present large-scale calculations to reproduce the experiment in detail.

ZnO/Si heterojunction has been constructed on (001) oriented silicon substrate using a (7 ns, 1 J) Q-swiched Nd:YAG laser  = 1.06 m for the ablation of ZnO target in the presence of oxygen gas as a back ground atmosphere, in order to prepare ZnO TCO's films. Electrical and structural properties of these film has been investicated reaching to the optimum oxygen pressure at which the device has been prepared. ZnO films, formed at 300mtorr oxygen ambient, showed an electrical resistivity of 0.0221 cm, without using post-deposition heat treatment. The electrical properties of the prepared device has been carried out and later the detectors parameter has been measured.

The purpose of this study was to compare regional bond strength at middle and cervical thirds of the root canal among glass fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) endodontic posts luted with different cements, using the push-out test. To compare the performance (retention) of two types of luting cements polycarboxylat cement and Glass ionomer cement used to cement translucent fibre post. and To compare the result of the push-out test at different storage times;1 week ,1month and 2 months.
Sixty caries-free, recently extracted single-rooted human teeth with straight root canals will be used in this study, The Roots endodontically instrumented canals were at a working length of 0.5 mm from the apex by means of conventional instruments for hand use (Dentsply, Switzerland) up to size 35.then root canal filling was performed followed by post space preparation up to 8mm including cervical and middle one third of root canal then the fibre post was cemented into canal post space then the root was sectioned to get cervical (4 mm in length) and middle (4 mm in length) thirds ,these thirds were examined by push out test to get values of retention of fiber post inside these canal thirds .The results of this study showed that there was no significant differences between push out bond strength between fiber post and root at cervical third as compared with middle third when using polycarboxylate cement to cement the fiber post to the canal walls but there was highly significant differences between push out bond strength between fiber post and root at cervical third as compared with middle third when using glass ionomer cement also the results showed that the glass ionomer cement. The results also shwed that the push out bond strength for GIC was higher than that of PCC and that the push out retention of GIC incrases with time,while no such changes occur with PCC.

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